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PubMed1989

Phenotypic and functional differences in NK and LAK cells in the peripheral blood of sooty mangabeys and rhesus macaques.

Greater than 75% of the sooty mangabey monkeys at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center are naturally infected with SIV without any apparent clinical symptomology. On the other hand, experimental infection of rhesus macaques with SIV results in a clinical syndrome similar to human AIDS. These differences with regard to SIV infection prompted us to examine the natural immunosurveillance system of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from SIV-infected and uninfected monkeys of these two species. Phenotypic and functional studies of precursor and effector NK and LAK cells in the PBMC from these two species were carried out using monoclonal reagents, flow microfluorometry (FMF), and the standard in vitro 51Cr release assay against prototype K562 (NK sensitive) and RAJI (NK resistant, LAK susceptible) target cell lines. Data indicate that both NK and LAK cell activities in the PBMC of sooty mangabeys were significantly (P less than 0.01) greater than those in rhesus macaques. The predominant NK effector cells and LAK cell precursors were shown to be Leu 19-CD8+ in the PBMC of sooty mangabeys and Leu19+ CD8- in the PBMC of rhesus macaques as determined by panning depletion techniques and FMF analysis. On the other hand, the predominant LAK effector cells were found to be dual marked Leu 19+ CD8+ in rhesus macaques and Leu 19- CD8+ in sooty mangabeys. These qualitative and quantitative differences were not due to SIV infection of these two species since PBMC from both SIV-seropositive and virus-positive and SIV-sero-negative and virus-negative monkeys gave similar results. Moreover, of importance is the finding that the functional NK and LAK precursor cells are CD8+ and CD8- in sooty mangabeys and rhesus macaques, respectively. These data may have implications for the natural SIV/SMM virus-positive asymptomatic state of sooty mangabeys and may provide useful tools for tracing the ontogeny and lineage derivation of NK and LAK cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effects of cyproterone acetate with combination of testosterone enanthate on seminal characteristics, androgenicity and clinical chemistry in langur monkey.

Daily oral administration of 1 mg/kg b.w. of cyproterone acetate and simultaneously administered testosterone enanthate (2 mg/kg b.w./15 days; i.m.) to adult male langur monkeys over a period of 90 days caused a gradual decrease in the count (to azoospermia) and motility of spermatozoa, concurrently with an increase in the percentage of non-motile as well as abnormal and immature sperm. Semen weight, volume, seminal fluid volume and circulating testosterone levels decreased nonsignificantly. Semen pH, libido and body weight remained unimpaired. The levels of SGOT, SGPT, serum alkaline phosphatase, LDH, bilirubin, Na+, K+ and hematological values did not alter significantly. All the changes were reversible. The results indicate that the combination regimen seems to affect the fertility in two ways, i.e. by inhibiting spermatogenesis in the testis and maturation process in the epididymis without altering the androgenicity.

Androgen Antagonists↗
PubMed1985

Changes in the biochemical composition of semen following danazol plus testosterone enanthate administration to the langur monkey.

Changes in the biochemical composition of semen, which reflect the accessory sex organ functions, following danazol (100 mg/day; orally) plus testosterone enanthate (50 mg/month; i.m.) administration have been investigated in langur monkey. The levels of acid phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase and glycerylphosphorylcholine in the semen decreased significantly; whereas fructose, citric acid, magnesium and semen volume did not show any significant changes. A gradual decrease in the motility and count of spermatozoa was observed. At 60 days of treatment all animals became azoospermic. No drug related hematological changes were observed. The combination therapy impaired the epididymal and prostatic functions along with suppression of spermatogenesis.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1986

Testis functions and sexual potentia in langur monkey treated with a combination steroidal contraceptive formulation.

Administration of a combination formulation of danazol (100 mg/day; oral) plus testosterone enanthate (TE) (50 mg/15 days; i.m.) for 30 to 60 days in adult male langur monkeys resulted in the reversible suppression of testicular function without affecting the sexual potentia. Testicular weight and volume decreased significantly along with the mass atrophy of germinal epithelium and impaired morphology of Leydig and Sertoli cells. A conspicuous shrinkage of seminiferous tubules, Leydig cell nuclei and Sertoli cell nuclei was noted. Elevation of testicular cholesterol, total lipids, glycogen and phosphatases activity with the depletion of total proteins, nucleic acid, sialic acid and fructose was noteworthy. All changes were maintained during maintenance dose studies (danazol: 50 mg/day; oral plus TE: 50 mg/15 days; i.m.) for 60 days. Resumption of all measures to normal was evident following 120 days of recovery. It can be concluded that the exogenous TE substitutes the serum testosterone levels to maintain extratesticular androgen actions even after interference by danazol of Leydig cell function along with spermatogenesis inhibition.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Limitations in developing gossypol acetic acid as a male contraceptive.

Highly purified gossypol acetic acid (5 mg/day; oral) alone and in combination with potassium chloride (0.25 mg/day; oral) was tested in adult male langurs for 120 days to evaluate reversibility of its antifertility action and possible hypokalemia. The treatment resulted in severe oligospermia with impairment of sperm motility. Sperm morphological defects were evident. The functional activities of accessory sex glands and libido remained unimpaired. Occurrence of hypokalemia was found more pronounced in the gossypol alone group. Extensive renal potassium loss was evident and conversely the renal excretion of sodium decreased markedly. The activities of serum transaminases increased significantly. Other parameters of blood and of urine did not show any marked alterations. Complete reversal of the above changes was evident following 90 to 105 days of withdrawal of treatment. In conclusion, the oligospermia achieved was reversible and the hypokalemic response of langurs is similar to human and not related to impurity of the drug.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1991

Antispermatogenic effects of tolnidamine in langur (Presbytis entellus).

Tolnidamine (50 mg/kg body weight; twice a week; oral) was administered for 90 days to adult male langur monkeys (Presbytis entellus entellus Dufresne) to assess its contraceptive potential. Semen weight, volume, seminal fluid volume, colour, pH and libido remained unchanged. Sperm motility, vitality and morphology were impaired with the advancement of treatment. Sperm density reduced to severe oligospermia following 75-90 days of treatment. Increased number of immature germ cells were also noticed. Resumption of changes to pretreatment range was observed following 90 days of cessation of treatment. However, sperm density remained low all through the recovery period of 150 days. Seminal fructose, ACP, LDH and citric acid concentrations did not change markedly. A significant depletion in GPC and magnesium levels was recorded during treatment and early recovery periods. Alterations in germ cells and Sertoli cells were also observed. A progressive but reversible rise in serum creatinine was evident. Other clinical parameters and body weight response revealed no drug-related alterations. In conclusion, tolnidamine medication induced irreversible inhibition of spermatogenesis.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1984

Autoradiographic deoxyglucose study of visually activated extrastriate cortex in the primate: three-dimensional reconstruction.

Activation of the visual system with a moving black and white geometric pattern resulted in dense patches or columns of 2-deoxyglucose label in primate extrastriate visual cortex. The three-dimensional reconstruction of these metabolic columns showed that they were arranged in irregularly shaped slabs which extended in an essentially rostrocaudal plane. The slabs tended to merge with one another and to subdivide throughout their course in the extrastriate visual cortex.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Arginine residues at codons 112 and 158 in the apolipoprotein E gene correspond to the ancestral state in humans.

Apolipoprotein E is a secretory glycoprotein that associates with lipoprotein particles and is coded for by a single locus on chromosome 19. The three common allelic isoforms of this protein (apo E2, apo E3 and apo E4) are associated with distinct patterns of lipoprotein metabolism and variable risks for coronary artery disease. In addition, recent work has shown that the presence of the apo E4 isoform constitutes a major risk for developing late-onset Alzheimer's disease as well as hypercholesterolaemia. The only differences between these isoforms result from cysteine-arginine interchanges at codons 112 and 158. There is considerable disagreement in the literature concerning the identity of the ancestral allele. In order to resolve this, 24 chimpanzees and individuals from a number of other primate species were analysed. All were similar to apo E4. This suggests that apo E4 is the ancestral allele and that apo E2 and apo E3 arose after the split of the human and chimpanzee lineages.

Alleles↗
PubMed1987

The pathology of lymphoreticular and genital tissues of silvered leaf monkeys (Presbytis cristata) experimentally infected with Wuchereria bancrofti.

The discovery of the silvered leaf monkey, Presbytis cristata, as a suitable experimental host for the human filarial parasite, Wuchereria bancrofti, opened the door for major advances in our understanding of the disease caused by this parasite. To study the pathogenesis of bancroftian filariasis in this model, 15 adult P. cristata which had been experimentally infected with 250 infective third-stage larvae of the parasite were examined. After inoculation with larvae, the monkeys were maintained under study for periods of 2 to 3 years, at which time all had achieved patent infections. At necropsy, Wuchereria-induced macroscopic lesions were not detected in experimentally infected monkeys. Microscopic findings included nematodiasis, microfilariasis, lymphadenitis, lymphangiectasis, perilymphangitis, splenitis, orchitis, periorchitis, epididymitis and funiculitis. Sections of normal adult worms were most often found in lymphatic vessels near lymph nodes, or in the lymphatics of the male genital system. These worms caused microfiliariasis in some regional lymph nodes. Inflammatory responses to filariae were most prominent in proximity to degenerated and dead worms, whereas intact, normal appearing adult worms elicited only minimal cellular response.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Spontaneous external endometriosis in a De Brazza's monkey.

A spontaneous case of external endometriosis in a 22-year-old female De Brazza's monkey is described. During diagnostic laparotomy, peritoneal adhesions of the uterus to the urinary bladder, ovaries and abdominal wall were seen. A surgical biopsy of soft tissue attached to the ventral surface of the uterus was examined histologically and consisted of endometrial glands and stroma. These findings were compatible with a diagnosis of endometriosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Evolution and transcription of old world monkey globin genes.

Although apparently inactive in the whole animal, the delta globin genes from three species of Old World monkey (rhesus, baboon and green monkey) are all functional in an in vitro transcription assay. Their activities in vitro are similar to that of the functional human delta gene. A fourth monkey gene, from the colobus monkey, is transcribed approximately fivefold less efficiently than the others. This reduced in vitro activity results from a 20 base-pair deletion, which removes the normal site of mRNA initiation. When the deletion is repaired by site-directed mutagenesis, transcriptional activity increases to the level observed for the other delta genes. We also report the complete nucleotide sequences of the colobus beta, colobus delta, and rhesus delta genes. Sequence comparisons show that the delta and beta genes in the same species have not exchanged genetic information since the divergence of the human and monkey lineages. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences affirms that the Old World monkey delta genes are evolving more rapidly than their functional counterparts. Moreover, the rate of replacement substitutions has risen to equal that of non-coding DNA, as expected for genes no longer under selective constraint.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

Subtractive cloning of complementary DNAs and analysis of messenger RNAs with regional heterogeneous distributions in primate cortex.

Morphological heterogeneity of individual neurons in the mammalian brain must ultimately result from differences between cells in their profiles of gene expression. However, the degree to which neurons located in different regions of the brain express different sets of genes is not known. Using differential cDNA cloning procedures, including subtractive hybridization and differential colony screening, a quantitative analysis of RNAs with heterogeneous distributions in the telencephalon of the rat and Old World monkey has been performed. The results suggest that no species of RNA exist with a distribution specific to the hippocampus or neocortex of the rat with an abundance greater than 0.05%. Additionally, the results with an abundance of 0.05% or greater which is present in neocortex of the monkey but absent from the cerebellum suggest that only one species of mRNA exists. A Northern blot analysis of cDNA clones representing mRNAs present in the neocortex but absent from the cerebellum of the monkey is presented, establishing the effectiveness of subtractive hybridization between different regions of the brain for cDNA cloning. Also presented is in situ hybridization analysis of the cellular distributions in primate neocortex of two mRNAs. One of these RNAs, detected by clone 1B4 is present in cortical laminae V and VI, and exhibits a high degree of heterogeneity in the overall density of labelled cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Effects of rank and novel females on behaviour and hormones in male talapoin monkeys.

Two social groups of captive talapoin monkeys (Miopithecus talapoin), each with three intact adult males and three or four ovariectomized, estrogen-treated adult females, were observed. Socio-sexual and aggressive interactions were recorded, and levels of testosterone, cortisol, and prolactin were measured in male serum. Cortisol and prolactin titers did not reflect male rank, nor did changes in one of these hormones parallel changes in the other. In both groups males formed a linear dominance hierarchy, defined in terms of the direction of aggression among animals. Highest male rank was associated with frequent socio-sexual interaction and elevated testosterone levels, even in the absence of ejaculations. Males in one group copulated with females, but no male in the other group copulated. All males of each group were then housed with all females of the other group which resulted in marked changes in males' behaviour; socio-sexual interactions increased in C group males and decreased in B group males. This illustrates the influence that females may have on male behaviour in general, and in particular outlines the potential for female dominance and the consequences this may have especially on reproductive behaviour.

Aggression↗
PubMed1983

Social influences on circulating levels of cortisol and prolactin in male talapoin monkeys.

Three captive groups of adult talapoin monkeys (Miopithecus talapoin), each with four males and four or five ovariectomized, estrogen-treated females, were observed. Behavioral interactions were recorded and levels of cortisol and prolactin were measured. In each group, males formed a linear dominance order, determined by the direction of spontaneous aggression; highest male rank was associated with frequent socio-sexual interactions and lowest rank with infrequent socio-sexual behavior. The first study compared males' cortisol and prolactin titers when all males were either housed with estrogen-treated females, or singly caged. The two lowest-ranking males of each group had elevated cortisol levels when group-housed; prolactin levels did not reflect these changes. In the second study, males of one group interacted with females when only the lowest-ranking, or the highest-ranking, female was made attractive (i.e., received estradiol), while the other females were present, but not estradiol-treated. Across these conditions (1) frequencies of some socio-sexual and aggressive behaviors changed, (2) cortisol levels increased in all males, and (3) prolactin levels decreased in three of four males. Dissociation of changes in cortisol and prolactin titers suggests that these hormones may be differentially responsive to social modifications, not simply reflecting a single intervening variable, such as "stress."

Aggression↗
PubMed1985

Subordination in male talapoin monkeys lowers sexual behaviour in the absence of dominants.

Three experiments assessed the consequences of social status for the socio-sexual behaviour and endocrine state of adult male talapoin monkeys (Miopithecus talapoin). In the first study, each of five males was individually placed into a group of adult females. Neither behavioural responses, nor plasma levels of testosterone, cortisol, or prolactin, predicted males' rank or hormone levels when all males were subsequently placed with these females. In the second study, each of four mixed-sex social groups lived continuously in a large cage for periods ranging from 9-15 months. There were marked differences between the behaviour and hormone levels of highest- and lowest-ranking males. In the third study, each highest- and lowest-ranking male from these groups was individually placed with females. Males that had experienced social subordination for long periods (9-15 months) showed infrequent sexual behaviour and had elevated levels of cortisol and prolactin. These results indicate that the experience of chronic social subordination is a strong predictor of how males will subsequently behave, since both the endocrine and behavioural effects of subordination persist even after the dominant males are removed.

Aggression↗
PubMed1984

An outbreak of poliomyelitis caused by poliovirus type I in captive black and white colobus monkeys (Colobus abyssinicus kikuyuensis) in Kenya.

In the latter part of 1982, three black and white colobus monkeys, Colobus abyssinicus kikuyuensis, from a small breeding group maintained at the Institute of Primate Research in Kenya, became paralysed within one month. Two of these cases were fatal and the third animal survived. The clinical and pathological findings suggested a poliomyelitis-like disease. This was confirmed by the isolation of wild strains of poliomyelitis virus type I from faeces, spleen, kidney, lung and central nervous system from affected animals.

Animals↗