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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

[Pulse oximetry and capnography in intensive care transportation: combined use reduces transportation risks].

OBJECTIVE: Due to the growing number of diagnostic and therapeutical procedures intensive-care patients must be transported intra- and interhospitally more often. These transports are among the most critical events during intensive-care therapy, with a high incidence of potentially life-threatening mishaps [23]. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible benefit of the combined application of pulse oximetry and capnometry for patient safety during transport. METHODS: In a prospective clinical study 48 mechanically ventilated patients were allocated at random in 2 main study groups, 24 patients were investigated during interhospital transportation with an ambulance car, the other 24 patients during intrahospital transports. They were classified according to APACHE II and TISS. Blood pressure, heart rate and arterial blood gases were measured at eleven selected times. Twelve randomly chosen patients out of each main study group were monitored additionally with pulse oximetry and capnometry. The results were compared using the Mann-Whitney-U test. P < or = 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients had a TISS more than 40. The mean APACHE II-Score was 14 +/- 5. The overall incidence of potentially life-threatening mishaps was 9. Six out of these 9 occurred in the 24 patients with additional monitoring and were immediately detected by pulse oximetry or capnometry. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of pulse oximetry and capnometry offers the possibility to detect potentially life-threatening problems in ventilated patients during transport. This allows for early therapeutical consequences and may help to reduce the risk of transports.

APACHE↗
PubMed1999

Oxygenator exhaust capnography as an index of arterial carbon dioxide tension during cardiopulmonary bypass using a membrane oxygenator.

We have studied the relationship between the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in oxygenator exhaust gas (PECO2) and arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass with non-pulsatile flow and a membrane oxygenator. A total of 172 paired measurements were made in 32 patients, 5 min after starting cardiopulmonary bypass and then at 15-min intervals. Additional measurements were made at 34 degrees C during rewarming. The degree of agreement between paired measurements (PaCO2 and PECO2) at each time was calculated. Mean difference (d) was 0.9 kPa (SD 0.99 kPa). Results were analysed further during stable hypothermia (n = 30, d = 1.88, SD = 0.69), rewarming at 34 degrees C (n = 22, d = 0, SD = 0.84), rewarming at normothermia (n = 48, d = 0.15, SD = 0.69) and with (n = 78, d = 0.62, SD = 0.99) or without (n = 91, d = 1.07, SD = 0.9) carbon dioxide being added to the oxygenator gas. The difference between the two measurements varied in relation to nasopharyngeal temperature if PaCO2 was not corrected for temperature (r2 = 0.343, P = < 0.001). However, if PaCO2 was corrected for temperature, the difference between PaCO2 and PECO2 was not related to temperature, and there was no relationship with either pump blood flow or oxygenator gas flow. We found that measurement of carbon dioxide partial pressure in exhaust gases from a membrane oxygenator during cardiopulmonary bypass was not a useful method for estimating PaCO2.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Tight control of prehospital ventilation by capnography in major trauma victims.

BACKGROUND: Tracheal intubation combined with controlled ventilation of the lungs is an important part of the prehospital management of major trauma victims, but gauging the adequacy of ventilation remains a major problem. METHODS: Ninety-seven major trauma victims who underwent tracheal intubation in the field and controlled ventilation of the lungs during prehospital treatment by a Helicopter Emergency Medical Service were assigned randomly to one of two groups: (1) monitor group (n=57) and (2) monitor-blind group (n=40), according to whether the anaesthetist could or could not see an attached capnograph screen. In the monitor-blind group ventilation was set by using a tidal-volume of 10 ml kg(-1) estimated body weight and an age-appropriate ventilatory frequency. In the monitor group, ventilation was adjusted to achieve target end-tidal carbon dioxide values determined by the 'physiological state' of the trauma victim. Arterial blood gases were measured upon hospital admission while maintaining the ventilation initiated in the field and the Pa(CO(2)) value obtained was used as the determinant of the adequacy of prehospital ventilation. RESULTS: The incidence of 'normoventilation' was significantly higher (63.2 vs 20%; P<0.0001) and the incidence of 'hypoventilation' upon hospital admission was significantly lower (5.3 vs 37.5%; P<0.0001) in the monitor group; patients with severe head and chest trauma and haemodynamically unstable patients and those with a high injury severity score were significantly more likely to be 'normoventilated' upon hospital admission in the monitor group than in the monitor-blind group. CONCLUSIONS: The data support the routine use of prehospital capnographic monitoring using target end-tidal carbon dioxide values adapted to the physiological state of the patient in major trauma victims requiring tracheal intubation in the field.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Capnography during jet ventilation for laryngoscopy.

Jet ventilation is often used during laryngoscopy to permit improved visualization of the larynx and to eliminate a potentially flammable endotracheal tube when laser surgery of the airway is performed. Observation of chest wall movement and blood gas analysis are the usual standards for assessing the adequacy of ventilation during jet ventilation. It is reasonable to hypothesize that measurement of end-tidal CO2 concentrations during jet ventilation can be used to assess the adequacy of ventilation during jet ventilation. To test this hypothesis, end-tidal CO2 concentrations were determined during mechanical ventilation through an endotracheal tube and during jet ventilation. At the time that each end-tidal measurement was obtained, a sample of arterial blood was also obtained for later blood gas analysis. For both mechanical ventilation and jet ventilation, well defined relationships between end-tidal CO2 and arterial CO2 tensions were obtained. However, the relationships are distinct: the difference in arterial to end-tidal CO2 tension during supraglottic jet ventilation at a conventional respiratory rate was found to be 13.4 +/- 6.8 mm Hg (mean +/- SD) compared with 5.7 +/- 5.2 mm Hg obtained during conventional ventilation through an endotracheal tube.

Capnography↗
PubMed1997

A delivery system for inhalation of nitric oxide evaluated with chemiluminescence, electrochemical fuel cells, and capnography.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a system for delivery of inhaled nitric oxide. DESIGN: Prospective, laboratory study. SETTING: Engineering laboratory. SUBJECTS: A standard ventilator (Servo Ventilator 300), supplemented with extra gas modules for nitric oxide delivery. INTERVENTIONS: Two ventilator-integrated gas modules, delivering < or = 10 parts per million (ppm) or < or = 100 ppm of nitric oxide, were used in adult and neonatal modes during volume-controlled ventilation. Set nitric oxide concentration and FIO2 were systematically changed and compared with the measured concentration. Short-term mixing was tested in adult, pediatric, and neonatal modes by substituting nitric oxide with CO2, and measuring the delivered concentration by a fast-response CO2 analyzer during five successive respiratory cycles. Long-term mixing was tested with the administration of 25 ppm of nitric oxide for 7 days. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Delivered concentration of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide were simultaneously measured at the Y-place by two methods-chemiluminescence and electro-chemical fuel cells. The maximum absolute difference between set and measured concentrations of nitric oxide in the adult mode was 0.6 ppm at a set concentration of 10 ppm and 2.7 ppm at a set concentration of 100 ppm. In the neonatal mode, the maximal difference was 3.1 ppm at a set concentration of 100 ppm. Nitrogen dioxide concentration increased with increasing concentration of nitric oxide and oxygen to 2.6 ppm (as measured by the chemiluminescence analyzer) and 3.6 ppm (as measured by the electro-chemical fuel cell), at a setting of 100 ppm of nitric oxide with an FIO2 of 0.90 in the neonatal mode (2 L/min). During the short-term test of mixing stability throughout the respiratory cycles, a constant set CO2 concentration varied maximally by +/-6.2% from the set value in the neonatal mode, whereas the variance was by +/-6.5% in pediatric mode, and by +/-8.0% in the adult mode. During the long-term test, nitric oxide concentration varied maximally by +/-2.6% (as measured by the chemiluminescence analyzer) and by +/-2.3% (as measured by the electrochemical fuel cell). CONCLUSIONS: An accurate precision in delivered nitric oxide concentration was achieved during intermittent flow ventilation, and this accuracy was independent of tested ventilator settings. The delivery system administered an almost stable concentration throughout a respiratory cycle and during long-term delivery. If the mixing point is in the inspiratory part of the ventilator, valid measurement of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide delivery concentrations are possible. Both techniques for measuring nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide have drawbacks.

Administration, Inhalation↗