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PubMed2006

Histological intestinal recovery in chickens refed dietary sugar cane extract.

Sugar cane extract (SCE), the residue after removing glucose, fructose, and sucrose from sugar cane juice, has growth-promoting, antistress, and immunostimulation effects. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of refeeding dietary SCE on recovery of BW and intestinal histology after withdrawing feed from chickens. Forty-eight male Sanuki Cochin chickens were assigned randomly to 6 treatments and 8 replicates in a completely randomized design. The 6 treatments were intact control chickens fed ad libitum a basal commercial grower mash diet; 3 d of feed withdrawal; feed withdrawal followed by 1 d of ad libitum access to the same commercial mash diet (AFC); and free access to the commercial mash diet with 0.05, 1, or 3% SCE for 1 d. All SCE groups gained more weight in 1 d of refeeding than the AFC group (P < 0.05). Compared with the AFC group, the SCE groups increased cell mitosis (P < 0.05). On the villus apical surface, flat epithelial cells of the feed withdrawal group developed more protuberated cells than those of the intact control group in all refeeding groups. Compared with the AFC group, the SCE groups showed more protuberated cells. In addition, in the 0.05% SCE group, cell clusters aggregated by many cells were observed on the villus apical surface. The present histological intestinal alterations in chickens refed a SCE-containing diet demonstrate that the villi and epithelial cells might be hypertrophied because of some component in the SCE, resulting in quicker BW recovery in SCE-fed birds compared with those in the AFC group.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1998

Migration, ethnicity and environment: HIV risk factors for women on the sugar cane plantations of the Dominican Republic.

OBJECTIVE: To determine risk factors for HIV infection among women living in the sugar cane plantation communities (bateyes) of a large private sugar cane company in the Dominican Republic. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of sexually active female volunteers living in the bateyes. METHODS: Of 98 bateyes, 23 were randomly selected and visited by a mobile medical unit, to interview, examine and test volunteers for seroreactivity to HIV and syphilis. RESULTS: The 490 subjects ranged in age from 16 to 72 years (median, 37 years); 53% were born in Haiti, 36% in Dominican Republic bateyes, and 12% elsewhere in the Dominican Republic; 58% had no formal education; and 87% had no income. HIV seropositivity was found in 28 women (5.7%), including 8.8% of those aged < 35 years. By logistic regression analysis, HIV infection was independently associated with age < 35 years [odds ratio (OR), 4.5; P < 0.01), being single with children (OR, 4.3; P < 0.01), more than one lifetime sex partners (OR, 3.4; P = 0.06), engaging in sex during menses (OR, 3.2; P = 0.02), and self-description as a prostitute (OR, 4.4; P = 0.05)1. For Haitian women, those coming to the Dominican Republic alone were more likely to have HIV infection than those coming with a male partner. Less than 4% of women reported condom use at last intercourse. CONCLUSIONS: Women in the bateyes have a much higher rate of HIV infection than that estimated for women in the general population of Dominican Republic and a rate comparable to that of female sex workers in the Dominican Republic. AIDS prevention in the bateyes should address condom education and distribution as well as employment opportunities and education for women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Burkholderia silvatlantica sp. nov., a diazotrophic bacterium associated with sugar cane and maize.

In a previous study, nitrogen-fixing isolates were recovered from the rhizosphere of maize and from surface-sterilized leaves of sugar cane cultivated in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, these isolates were identified as belonging to the genus Burkholderia, and whole-cell-protein profiles demonstrated that they are closely related to each other. In the present study, novel isolates were recovered from the roots of different sugar-cane varieties cultivated in diverse geographical regions of Brazil. Twenty-one nitrogen-fixing isolates were analysed using polyphasic taxonomy criteria, including DNA-DNA relatedness, 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, fatty acid profiles, whole-cell-protein patterns and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis profiles, as well as morphological, physiological and biochemical characterization. The analysis confirmed that these isolates belong to a novel species within the genus Burkholderia, for which the name Burkholderia silvatlantica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain, SRMrh-20(T) (=LMG 23149(T)=ATCC BAA-1244(T)), was isolated from the rhizosphere of maize var. Avantis A2345 cultivated in Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed2004

Preliminary crystallographic analysis of sugar cane phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthase.

Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthases (PRS; EC 2.7.6.1) are enzymes that are of central importance in several metabolic pathways in all cells. The sugar cane PRS enzyme contains 328 amino acids with a molecular weight of 36.6 kDa and represents the first plant PRS to be crystallized, as well as the first phosphate-independent PRS to be studied in molecular detail. Sugar cane PRS was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. Using X-ray diffraction experiments it was determined that the crystals belong to the orthorhombic system, with space group P2(1)2(1)2 and unit-cell parameters a = 213.2, b = 152.6, c = 149.3 A. The crystals diffract to a maximum resolution of 3.3 A and a complete data set to 3.5 A resolution was collected and analysed.

Escherichia coli↗
PubMed2006

A cost effective fermentative production of succinic acid from cane molasses and corn steep liquor by Escherichia coli.

AIM: Development and optimization of an efficient and inexpensive medium for succinic acid production by Escherichia coli under anaerobic conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS: Initially, 0.8 gl(-1) of succinic acid was produced in 60 h in 300-ml medium. On optimization, glucose and peptone were replaced by cane molasses and corn steep liquor. Three hundred ml of this medium was inoculated with 4% (v/v) of seed inoculum, incubated at 39 degrees C for 72 h, resulted in 7.1 gl(-1) of succinic acid in 36 h. Scale up in a 10-l fermentor under conditions of controlled pH and continuous CO2 supply in this medium resulted in 17 gl(-1) of succinic acid in 30 h. CONCLUSIONS: A ninefold increase in succinic acid production was obtained in 500-ml anaerobic bottles with optimized medium having cane molasses and corn steep liquor as against initial medium containing glucose and peptone. However, a subsequent scale up in a 10-l fermentor resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in succinic acid production as against optimized medium used in 500-ml anaerobic bottles. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Succinic acid production was enhanced in medium consisting of inexpensive carbon and nitrogen sources in a shorter span of time.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Contractile activation and measurements of intracellular Ca2+ concentration in cane toad twitch fibres in the presence of 2,3-butanedione monoxime.

The effects of 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM, 0.5-20 mM) on Ca(2+)-activated force in skinned muscle fibres, and force and Ca2+ responses in aequorin-injected intact fibres from the iliofibularis muscle of the cane toad Bufo marinus were investigated. Peak twitch force responses progressively decreased to 3% of the control response with increasing [BDM] up to 20 mM. Peak twitch aequorin light responses decreased to 65% of the control response in 10 mM BDM, but increased again to control values in 20 mM BDM. The duration of the twitch aequorin light response increased by up to 60% above 5 mM BDM. Tetanic (170 Hz) force and aequorin light responses reversibly decreased in a dose-dependent fashion to about 50% of the control response in 10 mM BDM. Failure of tetanic (170 Hz) stimulation was observed in the presence of 20 mM BDM. Intracellular [Ca2+] could be modified by changing the frequency of tetanic stimulation in the presence of BDM, permitting a study of the dependence of isometric force on intracellular [Ca2+] at different concentrations of BDM. In 10 mM BDM, the rate of force development in intact fibres was slower by a factor of two at saturating [Ca2+], and was up to one order of magnitude slower at non-saturating [Ca2+], when compared with control responses. At a similar intracellular [Ca2+] steady-state isometric force was reduced to about 85 and 50% of the control responses in 2 and 10 mM BDM, respectively. The effect of BDM on maximum Ca2+-activated force in skinned fibres paralleled the decrease in tetanic (170 Hz) force observed in intact fibres. The rate of force development in skinned fibres decreased with an increase in [BDM] at constant [Ca2+], and the sensitivity of the contractile apparatus to Ca2+ was shifted to a higher [Ca2+] by BDM. The results suggest that BDM reduces contractility in cane toad iliofibularis muscle by direct inhibition of the contractile apparatus, and reduction of the release of activator Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, BDM may be a useful tool to help study the relationship between force and [Ca2+] in intact muscle fibres.

Aequorin↗
PubMed1982

Fungal invertase as an aid for fermentation of cane molasses into ethanol.

Comparative studies of the fermentation of cane molasses into ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the presence or absence of fungal invertase were performed. When cane molasses was fermented by the yeast at 30 degrees C and pH 5.0, the presence of the enzyme had no effect on ethanol production. At pH 3.5, ethanol production was increased by the addition of invertase. At 40 degrees C, the addition of invertase increased ethanol production by 5.5% at pH 5.0 and by 20.9% at pH 3.5.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1977

Efficiency and daily work effort in sugar cane cutters.

Productivity (metric tons (tonnes)/day), efficiency (kg cane cut/litre Vo2), and effort (percent Vo2 max sustained during an 8-hour workday) have been measured in 54 Colombian sugar cane cutters. In workers who sustained less than 40% Vo2 max during the workday, the effort expended was related to productivity (4 = 0-71) but efficiency and productivity were not significantly correlated. In 16 workers sustaining a greater than 40% Vo2 max during the workday, productivity and effort were not related and efficiency was significantly reduced. Subjects using less than 40% Vo2 max were divided into good, average and poor producers and compared with the men with low efficiencies. In general, these inefficient men had the anthropometric and physical fitness characteristics of low productivity workers (smaller stature, weight and Vo2 max). However, the frequency of good, average, and poor cutters in the inefficient group did not differ from that of the men expending less than 40% of their maximum effort nor was their average productivity different. No obvious reasons for the differences in efficiency and effort of these men were found.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Camberwell Assessment of Need for the Elderly (CANE). Development, validity and reliability.

BACKGROUND: There exists no instrument specifically designed to measure comprehensively the needs of older people with mental disorders. AIM: To develop such an instrument which would take account of patients', staff and careers' views on needs. METHOD: Following an extensive development process, the assessment instrument was subjected to a test-retest and interrater reliability study, while aspects of validity were addressed both during development and with data provided by sites in the UK, Sweden and the USA. RESULTS: The Camberwell Assessment of Need for the Elderly (CANE) comprises 24 items (plus two items for career needs), and records staff, career and patient views. It has good content, construct and consensual validity. It also demonstrates appropriate criterion validity. Reliability is generally very high: kappa > 0.85 for all staff ratings of interrater reliability. Correlations of interrater and test-retest reliability of total numbers of needs identified by staff were 0.99 and 0.93, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The psychometric properties of the CANE seem to be highly acceptable. It was easily used by a wide range of professionals without formal training.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1999

Expression of membrane transporters in cane toad Bufo marinus oocytes.

Membrane transport proteins (transporters and ion channels) have been extensively expressed in amphibian oocytes. The aims of this study were to determine whether oocytes from the cane toad Bufo marinus could be used as an alternative expression system to the broadly used Xenopus laevis oocytes. mRNAs encoding plasma membrane transporters NaSi-1 and sat-1 (sulphate transporters), NaDC-1 (dicarboxylate transporter), SGLT-1 (Na(+)/glucose cotransporter) and rBAT and 4F2 hc (amino acid transporters) were injected into B. marinus oocytes. All led to significant induction of their respective transport activities. Uptake rates were comparable with those in X. laevis oocytes, with the exception of rBAT, which was able to induce amino acid uptake only in X. laevis oocytes, suggesting that rBAT may require an endogenous X. laevis oocyte protein that is absent from B. marinus oocytes. Transport kinetics were determined for the NaSi-1 cotransporter in B. marinus oocytes, with identical results to those obtained in X. laevis oocytes. NaSi-1 specificity for the Na(+) cation was determined, and the anions selenate, molybdate, tungstate, oxalate and thiosulphate could all inhibit NaSi-1-induced sulphate transport. This study demonstrates that cane toad oocytes can be used successfully to express plasma membrane proteins, making this a viable heterologous system for the expression of proteins.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Inhibition of osteoporosis in rats fed with sugar cane wax.

Rats fed on a restricted, semi-purified diet containing a 50%-reduced level of carbohydrate and oil, but normal levels of protein, minerals and vitamins, exhibited osteoporosis. However, rats fed on this restricted diet, but containing sugar cane wax, did not exhibit this bone disease. Sugar cane wax, containing a long-chain carbohydrate with an OH radical, prevented the development of osteoporosis via a non-estrogenic mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effects of sugar cane extract on the modulation of immunity in pigs.

The experiment was aimed to test the efficacy of sugar cane extract (SCE) on the modulation of pig immunity under field conditions. The SCE preparation consisted of sugar cane extract (20%) and oilcake of rice bran (80%). SCE (500 mg/kg of body weight per day) was fed to weanling pigs on 3 consecutive days per week for 4 weeks. The results showed a significant enhancement of cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytosis by neutrophils and monocytes, compared to untreated pigs. The enhancement of NK cell function may have protected against porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome (PRRS), as there was a reduction in seroconversion rates in treated pigs. Moreover, SCE-treated pigs showed a 7.87% growth enhancement compared with untreated controls. Thus SCE produces an immunostimulative effect on porcine innate immunity that may provide protection against pathogens.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Downstream processing for xylitol recovery from fermented sugar cane bagasse hydrolysate using aluminium polychloride.

Xylitol, a sweetener comparable to sucrose, is anticariogenic and can be consumed by diabetics. This sugar has been employed successfully in many foods and pharmaceutical products. The discovery of microorganisms capable of converting xylose present in lignocellulosic biomass into xylitol offers the opportunity of producing this poliol in a simple way. Xylitol production by biotechnological means using sugar cane bagasse is under study in our laboratories, and fermentation parameters have already been established. However, the downstream processing for xylitol recovery is still a bottleneck on which there is only a few data available in the literature. The present study deals with xylitol recovery from fermented sugar cane bagasse hydrolysate using 5.2 g/l of aluminium polychloride associated with activated charcoal. The experiments were performed at pH 9, 50 degrees C for 50 min. The results showed that aluminium polychloride and activated charcoal promoted a 93.5% reduction in phenolic compounds and a 9.7% loss of xylitol from the fermented medium, which became more discoloured, facilitating the xylitol separation.

Alum Compounds↗
PubMed1997

[Health and work in rural areas: sugar cane plantation workers in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil]

This study is based on an understanding of health and rural labor as a social process related to the characteristics of the agrarian issue in Brazilian society, focusing on sugar cane cutters in northeastern São Paulo State, Brazil, and attempting to identify patterns of attrition and reproduction in such labor. Based on direct observations, interviews with laborers and other agents involved in production, and a related bibliographical review, the analysis points to daily exposure of cane cutters to physical, chemical, and biological hazards resulting in various diseases, traumas, and accidents: dermatitis, conjunctivitis, dehydration, cramps, dyspnea, respiratory infections, high blood pressure, and wounds, besides aggravating the biopsychic burden underlying attrition patterns showing up in the spinal column, chest, head, and lumbar pains, nervous breakdowns, and other kinds of psychosomatic manifestations. This study of the work process pointed up its unhealthy working conditions and helped provide an overview of the conditions and means by which capital asserts itself in Brazil - in its self-reproduction process - especially in the agro-industrial sector.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Intestinal parasite infections and schistosomiasis in a poor urban area, in townships of the sugar cane belt and in villages of the semi-arid area of North-East Brazil].

We determined the prevalence of intestinal parasite infections between 1993 and 1998 in the populations of a poor quarter of Recife (Pernambuco), in two townships in the sugar cane belt and in three villages of the semi-arid area far from the coast. Intestinal schistosomiasis was present in the sugar-growing area but was not observed in the populations inland that use dams to provide irrigation and fishing. Ascaris was very common in the city and the sugar cane belt and large numbers of hookworms were observed, especially in the sugar-growing area. These nematodes were very rare in the semi-arid area. This distribution probably results from both climatic conditions and human behavior. The high frequency of Amoeba cysts demonstrates that the peasants, farmers and fisherman living in these areas have poor hygiene practices. There are probably many, complex relationships between education, income, lifestyle and intestinal parasite infections.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Azospirillum amazonense: its presence in the sugar cane area of the province of Tucumán].

We confirm the presence of Azospirillum amazonense in the sugar cane area of the Province of Tucumán. Several strains were isolated from sugar-cane roots in different places. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics coincided with those described for this species. This new one is being added to the other two species, A. brasilense and A. lipoferum, already reported.

Argentina↗
PubMed2006

[Determination of organic acids in cane vinasse by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with indirect ultraviolet detection].

Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) with indirect ultraviolet (UV) detection method for the separation and determination of several organic acids in cane vinasse, including malonic, formic, tartaric, malic, succinic, glutaric, acetic, lactic and glutamic acids, were developed. Electrophoretic conditions were as follows: uncoated fused silica capillary (56 cm/ 64 cm (effective/total length), 50 microm i. d. ), 7.5 mmol/L potassium acid phthalate-1. 5 mmol/L cetyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) at pH = 6.50 as buffer solution, applied voltage -25 kV, temperature 25 degrees C, detection wavelength 300 nm, reference wavelength 210 nm. Good linearities were obtained for nine organic acids, and the detection limits were 0.5 mg/L, 0.3 mg/L, 1.5 mg/L, 1.5 mg/L, 0.3 mg/L, 0.3 mg/L, 0.4 mg/L, 0.4 mg/L, 0.4 mg/L for malonic, formic, tartaric, malic, succinic, glutaric, acetic, lactic and glutamic acid, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for migration times and peak areas of nine organic acids within a day were 0.4% - 0.6% and 2.3% - 4.8%, respectively. The corresponding data for five days were 0.5% -0.7% and 3.3% - 5.2%. The recoveries of acid standards were above 93%. The method can be applied to determine the organic acids in cane vinasse with satisfactory results.

Acids↗
PubMed1991

[Factors associated with acute malnutrition in migrating pre-school children from the sugar cane region of Jalisco].

The purpose of this study is to identify the association between socioeconomic, environmental, feeding and individual factors involved in the acute malnutrition of the migrating pre-schooler. A comparative, transversal, observational study was conducted in 511 children between the ages of 1 and 5 from child care centers in the Jalisco sugar cane area. Using anthropometric indicators, classified according to Waterlow, their nutritional state was evaluated. The prevalence of the malnutrition was 79.0 per 100 preschoolers (68.1% adapted, 21.5% acutely chronic and 10.4% acute). Those factors associated with acute malnutrition included: a family income of less than the established minimum wage (O.R. = 6.32, P = 0.00), a lesser amount with an acute pathology (O.R. = 3.34, P = 0.00) and being a year old (O.R. = 2.22, P = 0.01). Significant differences were found among children of parents who: did not have an education (P = 0.04) and who were sugar cane cutters (P = 0.05). The findings identify risk factors for acute malnutrition, probably modifiable using nutritional epidemiological surveillance strategies.

Acute Disease↗