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PubMed1990

[Cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis: epidemiological survey in North Togo].

An epidemiologic survey was carried out by a team of medical doctors working in the Kozah district of North Togo during April 1987. It was designed to evaluate the incidence of epilepsy and cysticercosis, taking a sample population of 5,264 subjects aged over 15 years old. 81.7% of the population feed on pigs which are allowed to roam freely in the vicinity of people's habitations. Cysticercosis (123 cases; incidence 23.3 cases per thousand) was diagnosed when one of the following three tests gave a positive result:--serum sample greater than or equal to 0.400 OD with ELISA test (101 cas),--identification of a cysticercosis cyst on anatomopathological examination of subcutaneous cysts (12 cases),--presence of typical calcification patterns revealed by cranial or muscle X-rays (21 cases in 18 patients). General epilepsy or partial motor fits were entirely clinically diagnosed (88 cases; 16 per thousand of population). Cysticercosis proved to be the cause of 29.5% epileptic sufferers, onset occurring after the age of 50 in 66% of these patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Epidemiological study of neuro-cysticercosis in northern Togo (West Africa).

In april 1987, an epidemiologic study in Northern Togo was carried out in order to evaluate the prevalence of cysticercosis and epilepsy. The survey also aimed to investigate possible connections between these two illnesses. The study encompassed 5264 subjects over 15 years old, selected using random sampling techniques; 125 cases of cysticercosis were diagnosed (2.4% of sample population); 12 by anatomo-pathological examination of cysts 18 (14.4%) based on skull and muscle x-ray calcifications and 104 patients were identified using ELISA tests on 1527 serum samples (optical density greater than or equal to 0.4). Among 88 epileptic patients (prevalence = 16.7 per thousand), 27 also suffered from cysticercosis (38.7% of all epileptic patients, 21.6% of cysticercosis patients and 0.51% of the total population).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

CT diagnosis of cerebral cysticercosis.

CT findings of 132 patients with cerebral cysticercosis were analysed. The most common finding was multiple parenchymal punctate calcifications, accounting for 53 per cent; calcifications mostly scattered in both cerebral hemispheres. The second most common finding was enhancing ring(s) or nodule(s) of about 1 cm in diameter with perifocal edema, about 43 per cent. Other findings included thin-walled parenchymal cysts of various sizes from less than 1 cm to 7 cm in diameter, non-enhancing low-density area, intraventricular and cisternal cysts, and hydrocephalus due to obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathway by the cyst, arachnoiditis, or ependymitis. About 30 per cent of patients had a combination of these forms of cysticercosis. Seizure disorder was the most common presenting symptom. Praziquantel was used effectively in parenchymal cystic forms but without response in intraventricular and cisternal cysts. In conclusion, CT is considered to be the procedure of choice for the detection of cerebral cysticercosis and the follow-up of patients after medical or surgical treatment. When multiple forms of cysticercosis are present, the diagnosis can usually be made with accuracy. A single finding of non-specific pattern such as enhancing ring or nodule, low-density area, or parenchymal cyst(s) without typical mural nodules, has to be differentiated from other conditions such as tumors and inflammatory process. Clinical correlation and follow-up scan are required in these cases in which the definitive diagnosis cannot be ascertained, and in certain cases, surgical intervention may be necessary.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

[Epidemiologic survey of the cysticercosis endemic on Réunion Island].

The high incidence of cysticercosis was underestimated in Reunion Island before computed tomography (January, 1984). In 1974, Soulayrolles et Boyer-Vidal found that cysticercosis was responsible for 0.5 p. 100 of the cases of epilepsy. In hospitalized people, routine cranial and muscles radiographies detected: 1/among 242 epileptics: 183 men: 36 positive (19.67 p. 100); 59 women: 9 positive (15.25 p. 100), 2/among 166 non epileptic-related neurological disorders: 106 men, 6 positive (5.66 p. 100), 60 women: 6 positive (8.33 p. 100); 3/among 219 hospitalized patients with no neurological diseases: 124 men: 18 positive (14.5 p. 100), 95 women: 2 positive (2.10 p. 100). The clinical features of cysticercosis are so various that it appears impossible to define a typical clinical presentation. On the other hand the diagnosis is easy with CT scan and a serodiagnostic test (Elisa). In 98 patients, clinical symptoms and signs, CT scan and serology (Elisa) have been evaluated. Praziquantel was introduced in 1984 with good results as judged by serial CT scans. A human and animal investigation has been set up to define more clearly the relationship between the human parasitosis and rearing of domestic pigs to try to eradicate human and animal cysticercosis in Reunion Island.

Cysticercosis↗
PubMed1985

Cysticercosis in South India.

A total of 38 cases of human cysticercosis were diagnosed by histopathological examination within a period of 10 years in JIPMER Hospital which serves the population of Pondicherry and adjoining regions of South India. Analysis of our cases showed that there was no sex predilection and 34 of the 38 cases were within the first three decades of life. A curious yet striking feature was that in 37 of the 38 cases the lesions were localized above the level of the umbilicus. Lesions of the subcutaneous tissue formed the largest group with 18 cases. Seventeen of the 38 cases were confined to the eyes, forming the largest series to be reported from India. In six cases there was evidence of brain involvement with postmortem confirmation in three. The JIPMER Hospital records showed a high incidence of epilepsy in this region with a ratio of one out of every four patients attending the neurology clinic. As cerebral cysticercosis is a known cause of epileptiform convulsions, it is suggested that many cases of epilepsy may in fact be due to cerebral cysticercosis. The majority of our patients were drawn from the rural population. We analysed the social customs and related factors which are peculiar to this region and were indirectly responsible for the high incidence of cysticercosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

[Epidemiology of cysticercosis in Peru].

UNLABELLED: To determine the frequency and distribution of cysticercosis in Peru, we have reviewed the post mortem examinations of 12 years in the morgue in Lima (necropsies of persons apparently healthy, who died suddenly for different reasons) and in 11 hospitals: 6 in Lima (5 from adults and 1 from children) and from 5 hospitals from other cities located north and south of the capital. The material includes 50 000 necropsies and in those the frequency of cysticercosis was determined; its geographical distribution by states and regions and the frequency by age and sex. Comparison with other similar studies done in Latin America is made and prevalence determined. Frequency of porcine cysticercosis was determined in 82 452 animals killed in Lima in a 3 years period. CONCLUSIONS: frequency of cysticercosis in Peru's hospitals is 1.15%, while in the morgue, which represents approximately what happens in general population in 0.15%. Prevalence is 450 for 100 000 inhabitants.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Cerebral cysticercosis.

In this country, cerebral cysticercosis is not commonly implicated as the etiology of an otherwise uncomplicated seizure disorder occurring during childhood. Nine children with neurologic symptomatology and radiographic (computed tomography) evidence consistent with cerebral cysticercosis have been evaluated. Each patient was born and resided for some period (1 1/2 to 10 years) in an endemic area. Principal symptomatology consisted of a generalized seizure disorder. EEGs were normal in five patients and nonspecific in two. Serologic studies on serum and CSF were negative in 8/9 patients including the single patient requiring surgical intervention for excision of a cysticercal cyst. Cerebral nuclide scanning was not helpful and skull radiography was used to diagnose intracerebral calcifications in six patients. Computed tomography revealed multiple calcifications in six patients and a solitary lesion in one. Five patients had enhancing cystic lesions including three of those with diffuse calcifications. Since the natural history of cerebral cysticercosis presenting in this fashion is benign, symptomatic treatment is often sufficient. Anticonvulsants generally provide adequate seizure control. In one patient, cyst removal was necessary to achieve seizure control. On the basis of this experience, conclusions are (1) that the incidence of cerebral cysticercosis in exposed children is higher than commonly appreciated, and (2) that computed tomography may assist in the establishment of the diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Usefulness of concentrated CSF hemagglutination technique for the diagnosis of cerebral cysticercosis.

Determinations were made in concentrated CSF immunoglobulins in two groups of patients with different neurological problems and in patients with surgically confirmed diagnosis of CNS cysticercosis. Antibody vs. cysticercus antigen determinations were also made in concentrated CNS by means of indirect hemagglutination as a procedure to establish CNS cysticercosis. Positive results were obtained in 68 per cent of surgically confirmed cysticercosis. This procedure seems to be more sensitive for CNS cysticercosis diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Epidemiologic findings from an outbreak of cysticercosis in feedlot cattle.

An outbreak of cysticercosis in a south-central Idaho custom feedlot reached a peak prevalence of 11% in January 1993 and extended from October 1992 through March 1993. Of 5,164 cattle slaughtered from this feedlot during the outbreak, 457 (9%) were cysticercosis infected. Total discounts on the infected cattle at slaughter cost the feedlot $154,400. Most evidence was suggestive of feed-borne transmission of Taenia saginata eggs to the cattle in the feedlot. By use of logistic regression analysis of feedlot records, significant (P = 0.004) association of cysticercosis prevalence at slaughter with days on feed was revealed. Similarly, a decline in cysticercosis prevalence was significantly (P < 0.001) related to the number of days cattle were fed a ration not containing potato byproduct. Although sources other than potato byproduct were systematically evaluated during the investigation, findings suggested that potato byproduct fed in this feedlot was contaminated with T saginata eggs.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1994

[Unusual manifestation of cerebral cysticercosis].

We have surgically treated two patients with cerebral cysticercosis, which were pre-operatively unexpected due to unusual CT and MRI manifestations. A 24 year old chinese farmer with intermittent severe headache for 6 years was examined by CT and MRI. A huge cystic lesion with same density or intensities to CSF occupied retroclival posterior fossa to upper cervical spinal canal and displaced neural structures backwardly. By suboccipital craniectomy, watery clear cyst fluid of 44ml was aspirated and the shrunken cyst was pulled out with ease. It was unable to predict until an electron microscopic study, which revealed a larva with three layers of microvilli, vesicular tegmentum and infrategmental muscle bundles and vesicles. The findings were same to those of racemose cysticercus of human brain. Giant cysts of cysticercosis were infrequently present supratentorially, although infratentorial or basal cysticercosis were racemose and small. The present case may be the first case of a huge cyst of cysticercosis in posterior fossa. A 44 year old Japanese businessman with 15 years history of general convulsion underwent craniotomy due to a small, but growing cystic granulomatous mass in right inferior frontal gyrus. The CT scan examined at 3 years after his first general convulsion revealed a small round low density mass, 5mm in diameter, in right frontal lobe and its wall was weakly enhanced by contrast media. The follow-up CT scans and MRIs revealed that the enhancing cystic mass became thick and deformed, and perifocal edema came to evident and progressed stepwise by attacks of general convulsions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The seroprevalence of cysticercosis, malaria, and Trypanosoma cruzi among North Carolina migrant farmworkers.

A seroprevalence study of cysticercosis, Trypanosoma cruzi, and plasmodia species and screening for active malaria was conducted among a randomly selected group of 138 Hispanic and Haitian migrant farmworkers. A random sample of labor camps in eastern North Carolina was selected. Blood samples were tested by Indirect Fluorescent Antibody techniques for plasmodial antibody and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for cysticerci and T. cruzi antibodies. Questionnaires collected demographic data and medical history of the workers and family. Blood films stained with Leukostat stain were examined for plasmodia species. The seroprevalence of cysticercosis was 10 percent, T. cruzi 2 percent, and plasmodia species 4.4 percent. One case of active malaria (Plasmodium vivax) was demonstrated. The clinical significance of seropositivity was not determined, but these results suggest that a small but significant number of farmworkers are infected with cysticercosis, T. cruzi, and malaria. Migrant health clinicians should be aware of the possible presence of these infections. Greater observance and enforcement of sanitation regulations in farmwork is needed to prevent transmission of cysticercosis.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1996

[Subcutaneous cysticercosis].

INTRODUCTION: The case of a patient originated from Angola who presented subcutaneous and neurologic cysticercosis is reported. OBSERVATION: The patient was referred for the etiological diagnosis of recurrent seizures. The diagnosis was made by histologic examination of a subcutaneous lesion. COMMENTS: We review the clinical characteristics of subcutaneous cysticercosis. The association of subcutaneous nodules and signs of central nervous involvement occurring in a patient originating from an area where cysticercosis is endemic, must be suspected of cysticercosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Seroprevalence and risk factors of human cysticercosis in a community of Shandong, China.

A community-based seroepidemiologic survey on Taenia solium cysticercosis in humans was carried out in Shandong Province, China. Blood specimens from 2,898 residents were collected and examined for anti-cysticercus antibody. Information on demographic and potential risk factors was obtained using a standardized questionnaire. The overall seroprevalence of cysticercosis was 3.2%. Seropositivity tended to increase with age ranging from 1.8% in children under 6 years of age to 5.7% in those over 60 years old. Distance between village residence and the town of the community was negatively associated with seropositivity (Chi-square for trend test p = 0.02). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified four risk factors for cysticercosis infection in the community: defecating indiscriminately (OR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.01-1.81), being unable to identify diseased pork (OR = 4.09, 95% CI 1.53-10.97), raising pigs (OR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.09-1.69), and more than 60 years old (OR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.10-2.02. These findings have implications for developing appropriate strategies for the control of Taenia solium cysticercosis in the community.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Simultaneous intraocular and bilateral extraocular muscle involvement in a case of disseminated cysticercosis.

We report an unusual case of disseminated cysticercosis having simultaneous intraocular and extraocular involvement. This 21-year-old male presented with recent loss of vision in one eye and history of a single seizure. Examination revealed intravitreal cysticercosis with exudative retinal detachment. Computed tomographic scan showed disseminated neurocysticercosis and cysticercosis of the medial and inferior recti of both the eyes. The patient was started on albendazole and prednisolone under neurologist's supervision. Subsequent computed tomographic scan showed resolution of the extraocular muscle cysts and decrease in the number of neurocysticerci. The patient has had no further seizures. This is the first report of simultaneous intraocular and extraocular cysticercosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Electroencephalograms (EEG) in 250 patients with epilepsy in a cysticercosis endemic area in Burundi].

OBJECTIVES: This work aimed at describing EEG abnormalities in epileptic patients living in areas endemic for cysticercosis, underlining the electroclinical correlations and discussing the interest of EEG examination in this context. METHODS: During a case-control study, 250 EEGs from patients with epilepsy were recorded with a portable system. Types of seizures were assessed clinically and from information obtained through a standardised questionnaire, and along with EEG were related to the results of cysticercosis serological tests. RESULTS: Among the 249 EEGs, 48% were normal, 5.2% had epileptic abnormalities, 6.8% showed an association between epileptic abnormalities and slow alterations. Slow theta and delta abnormalities were found in 21.8% of cases, and isolated deterioration of basic rhythms was observed in 17.3% of cases. Most seizures were generalized, and 61% of the patients had positive serology. One EEG was uninterpretable and another showed isolated spikes. Electroclinical agreement was considered to be satisfactory in 33 patients, and was better with the epileptic than with slow abnormalities. The existence of epileptiform EEG abnormalities confirmed clinically diagnosed epilepsy, but did not allow etiological diagnosis. Electroserological agreement was good in 24 patients. A significant association (Chi2, p = 0.03) existed between slow focal abnormalities and positive cysticercosis serology. Conversely, no significant association was detected between epileptic patterns and serology results. CONCLUSION: While the EEG alone clearly does not allow aetiological diagnosis, its joint use with clinical and biological results was a key element of the etiological and therapeutic discussion. When it shows focal abnormalities in a patient with epilepsy living in a high prevalence cysticercosis area, it confirms the clinical suspicion of neurocysticercosis. Morphological imagery alone can provide etiological information on the seizures by showing the nature and localization of the parenchymal lesions.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The control of human (neuro)cysticercosis: which way forward?

Taenia solium cysticercosis, and its public health and economic consequences, appears to be a growing problem in poor areas of Africa, Asia and Latin America where people eat pork and traditional pig husbandry is practiced (and expanding). Its burden is counted in terms of human disease (mainly neurocysticercosis related epilepsy) and economic losses, in a context of both commercial and traditional subsistence pig farming. Although substantial fragmentary information seems to be available from local settings, national and global burdens due to T. solium cysticercosis are still to be comprehensively assessed. With regard to control, several strategies have been checked out at a small or medium scale and have proven to be successful. Yet, no intervention programmes have been implemented so far at the national level with proven success. Although T. solium cysticercosis is considered to be a potentially eradicable disease, there is no evidence yet that it is feasible and recommendable to envisage this within a reasonable time frame. However, it appears realistic to aim for the rapid definition of a simple package of interventions, which can routinely be carried out by existing services and structures, and will give an optimal, long-term return in terms of burden relief. Also, a number of international initiatives and opportunities currently exist in which a more pro-active attitude towards the control of T. solium cysticercosis can be integrated and promoted. Commitment of both national and local authorities to control the disease needs to be convincingly solicited and, as for most zoonotic diseases, an interdisciplinary approach is essential.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2001

Protection of pigs with cysticercosis from further infections after treatment with oxfendazole.

Cysticercosis, the infection by the larvae of Taenia solium, is a major cause of acquired epilepsy in the world; it also causes significant economic loss because of contaminated pork. This disease is endemic in most developing countries and no control strategy has yet been proven efficient and sustainable. To further evaluate the full potential of single-dose oxfendazole treatment for pigs as a control measure, 20 pigs with cysticercosis were treated with oxfendazole and later matched with 41 naive pigs and exposed to a natural challenge in a hyperendemic area. New infections were found by serologic testing in 15 of the 32 controls (47%), and by the presence of cysts at necropsy in 12 of them (37%). Only minute residual scars were detected in the carcasses of oxfendazole-treated pigs. Pigs with cysticercosis, once treated with oxfendazole, are protected from new infections for at least three months.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Experimental intravitreous cysticercosis.

BACKGROUND: Cysticercosis is one of the parasitic diseases that most frequently affects the eye. The most common and severe manifestations of ocular infection are secondary to posterior segment involvement, which often leads to blindness and atrophy of the eye. The pathogenesis of ocular injury in this disease is poorly understood. The authors have developed an experimental animal model for intravitreous cysticercosis using New Zealand rabbits and Taenia crassiceps cysticerci. METHODS: Twelve rabbits were divided into two groups. Rabbits in group I were inoculated with one living cysticercus in the vitreous cavity. Rabbits in group II received an intramuscular dose of steroids prior to inoculation of parasites. RESULTS: An intense inflammatory reaction, which lead to a severe ocular injury, was observed in rabbits of group I, while rabbits in group II had minimal inflammatory changes. Histopathological studies showed a severe histiocytic infiltrate with generalized retinal damage in group I, and a mild inflammatory infiltrate, limited to the area of direct contact with the parasite in group II. The ocular lesions found in rabbits which did not receive steroids (group I) resembled those found in human ocular cysticercosis. CONCLUSION: These observations indicate that ocular damage in this parasitic disease might be directly related to inflammatory changes produced by the presence of cysticerci. This model appears to be useful for future investigations.

Animals↗