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PubMed1983

Influence of different ratios of corn and corn silage, housing systems and seasons on the performance of feedlot steers.

Observations on the effects of season, housing and diet were made on 916 steers in three winter and two summer trials. Diets consisted of corn grain and corn silage, in balanced rations, fed ad libitum with energy ratios of 25:75 (Diet 1), 55:45 (Diet 2) and 85:15 (Diet 3). There were three types of housing systems: outside lots without access to overhead shelter (NS), outside lots with access to overhead shelter (OS) and an open-front confinement building (C). Average ambient temperatures and precipitation for winter and summer trials were -1.0 and 15.3 C and 4.67 and 10.81 cm/mo, respectively. Steers gained more (P less than .05) in summer than in winter. Within housing system, OS and NS steers gained faster and consumed more dry matter (DM) and energy (P less than .05) than C steers; C-fed steers were less (P less than .05) efficient (kg feed DM/kg gain) than OS steers. Steers fed Diet 1 had lower (P less than .05) average daily gain (ADG) than those fed Diets 2 and 3. Steers on Diet 3 consumed less DM (P less than .05) than those on Diets 1 and 2. Estimated metabolizable energy intake (MEI) was significantly less for cattle fed Diet 1 than those fed Diets 2 or 3. Diet 3 was more (P less than .05) efficient than Diet 1. Season x diet (P less than .10) and season x housing (P less than .10) interactions were found for daily DM intake and MEI. This resulted in greater cattle growth rate responses to higher grain diets in summer than in winter and more pronounced adverse effects of confinement rearing in summer than in winter. No evidence was found of other two-way or three-way interactions for any of the performance characteristics studied. These results indicate that in addition to important singular effects of season, housing and diet, important interactions of these factors also exist.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

NutriDense corn grain and corn silage for dairy cows.

Twenty multiparous Holstein cows, 4 of them surgically fitted with ruminal cannulas, were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square to compare the effects of whole-plant silage and grain produced from NutriDense (ND), leafy NutriDense (LND), or a conventional yellow dent (YD) hybrid on ruminal fermentation, total tract nutrient digestibility, and performance of lactating dairy cows. On a DM basis, diets contained 30.6% corn silage and 27.7% corn grain provided from the 3 hybrids according to the following combinations: 1) YD grain and YD silage, 2) YD grain and LND silage, 3) ND grain and YD silage, and 4) ND grain and LND silage. The average concentrations of crude protein, neutral and acid detergent fiber, and ether extract of LND silage and ND grain were higher, but the contents of nonfibrous carbohydrates and starch were lower than those of their YD counterparts. Although DM intake was similar among treatments, feeding ND grain, LND silage, or both reduced the intakes of nonfibrous carbohydrates and starch but increased the intake of ether extract. Apparent digestibility of starch in the total tract was highest for the diet that contained LND silage and YD grain, whereas the amount and percentage of ether extract that were apparently digested in the total tract was increased and tended to be increased, respectively, by the addition of ND grain, LND silage, or both to the diets. Ruminal fermentation parameters were unaffected by treatments except for the concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the ruminal fluid, which tended to be increased by the feeding of ND grain, LND silage, or both. Production of milk, crude and true protein, fat, lactose, and total solids did not differ among diets. Concentration of milk urea nitrogen increased when the ND grain, LND silage, or both were fed to the cows. Results indicate that ND grain and LND silage were similar to the conventional grain and silage for the feeding of lactating dairy cows.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1988

Estimation of lysine and methionine requirements of growing steers fed corn silage-based or corn-based diets.

Methionine and lysine requirements of growing steers were studied. Steers (Experiment 1, 313 kg) fed 6.4 kg of an 80% corn silage diet (1.38% N) had duodenal flows of methionine, cysteine, and lysine of 9.7, 10.7, and 40.2 g/d. Linear increases in plasma methionine and plasma lysine in response to abomasal infusions of DL-methionine and L-lysine indicated that requirements for methionine and lysine were met by basal flows or that neither lysine nor methionine was the first or sole limiting amino acid. Steers (Experiment 2, 383 kg) fed 7.5 kg of a 75% corn diet (1.55% N) had methionine, cysteine, and lysine flows at the duodenum of 13.8, 16.1, and 52.9 g/d. Abomasal infusions of DL-methionine resulted in linear increases in plasma methionine, but abomasal infusions of L-lysine resulted in two-phase broken line plasma amino acid response curves. For steers infused with lysine alone, the breakpoint occurred at 4 g/d infused lysine, whereas steers receiving 9 g/d DL-methionine had a breakpoint at 8 g/d infused lysine. The total absorbable lysine requirement was estimated to be 44 to 48 g/d, depending upon methionine status. Rumen-protected amino acids fed to steers on both dietary regimens were effective in supplying methionine and lysine postruminally.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1999

Response of lactating dairy cows to steam-flaked sorghum, steam-flaked corn, or steam-rolled corn and protein sources of differing degradability.

Protein sources with different degradabilities were fed to 48 lactating Holstein cows receiving 37 or 39% of dietary dry matter as steam-flaked sorghum (360 g/L), steam-flaked corn (360 g/L), or steam-rolled corn (490 g/L) in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Cows were fed an alfalfa-based diet with 7% soybean meal or 5% of an animal-marine protein blend and 37 or 39% grain. Although not significant, cows fed flaked grain yielded a mean of 1.5 kg/d more milk than did those fed rolled grain. Gross feed efficiency was not affected by grain processing or protein source, but diets with the animal-marine protein blend had 9% higher estimated net energy for lactation than did diets with soybean meal. The greater gains in body weight and increased digestibility of the diets with the animal-marine protein blend verify the higher energy concentration of those diets. Yield of milk protein was increased by flaked grain or the animal-marine protein blend, and flaked grain increased percentages of lactose and solids nonfat. Increasing the ratio of rumen-degradable starch to rumen-degradable protein increased milk protein content and yield linearly and increased contents of lactose and solids nonfat. A linear response of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and starch digestibilities was observed as the ratio of rumen-degradable starch to rumen-degradable protein increased. These data show improved performance of dairy cows fed a high rumen-undegradable protein source with diets high in rumen-degradable starch from steam-processed grains.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1987

Rate of passage of corn-canola meal and corn-soybean meal diets through the gastrointestinal tract of broiler and White Leghorn chickens.

The effect of corn-canola meal and corn-soybean meal diets on the form and function of the gastrointestinal tract of broiler (meat-type) and White Leghorn (egg-type) cockerels was measured from 14 to 44 and 14 to 86 days of age or 203 to 1,844 and 115 to 1,777 g of body weight, respectively. Dry weights of the empty crop (P less than .01), gizzard (P less than .001), and ceca (P less than .001) relative to live body weight (g/kg) were lighter in broilers than in Leghorns. Canola meal at 370 g/kg diet was associated with increased (P less than .001) dry weight of the gizzard and jejunum relative to body weight. Soybean meal at 370 g/kg diet was associated with increased (P less than .001) dry weight of the ceca relative to body weight. The lengths, relative to a power of body weight of the duodenum (cm/g.187) and jejunum plus ileum (cm/g.240), were longer (P less than .001) in broilers than in Leghorns. The canola meal diet was associated with an increase (P less than .001) in length of the jejunum plus ileum (cm/g.240) relative to a power of body weight. Mean retention time (MRT) of a particle marker, 103ruthenium phenanthroline, increased with body weight in the entire gastrointestinal tract (P less than .001) and in each of its segments except in the proventriculus, where it was not affected by body weight (P greater than .05), and in the gizzard, where it decreased (P less than .05) with body weight. The MRT, adjusted for body weight in the entire gastrointestinal tract of broilers (338.0 +/- 10.8 min) and Leghorns (359.9 +/- 10.8 min), was similar (P greater than .05) but varied significantly in segments of the gut for both type of chicken and diet. Adjusted MRT was shorter in the crop (P less than .001) and gizzard (P less than .001) and longer in the duodenum (P less than .001) and ileum (P less than .01) of broilers than Leghorns. The soybean meal diet was retained for 2.3 min longer in the duodenum (P less than .001) and 84.2 min longer in the ceca (P less than .001) than the canola meal diet, which accounted for the longer (P less than .001) retention of the soybean meal diet in the entire gastrointestinal tract (388.0 +/- 10.6 vs. 309.8 +/- 10.8 min). Segments of the gastrointestinal tract vary in length, weight, and MRT of digesta with dietary composition and type and body weight of chicken.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1994

Performance of single comb White Leghorn layers fed corn-soybean meal and barley-corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with a direct-fed microbial.

An experiment was conducted with Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) layers to determine the effect of feeding either corn-soybean meal (C-S) or barley-corn soybean meal (B-C-S) diets with or without condensed cane molasses solubles (CCMS) or with or without CCMS-1,100 mg Lactobacillus (Lacto)/kg (ppm) diet on performance, nutrient retentions, digesta passage rate, and histological changes of the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts. Six dietary treatments were fed for eight 28-d periods and consisted of C-S (control), C-S + CCMS, C-S + CCMS-1,100 ppm Lacto (4.4 x 107 cfu/mg Lacto), B-C-S (control), B-C-S + CCMS, and B-C-S + CCMS-1,100 ppm Lacto. The CCMS served as the carrier for the Lacto, and the CCMS-Lacto premix (55 g Lacto/kg) was incorporated at 2% of the diet. Lactobacillus supplementation in C-S diets improved (P < .05) egg weight, egg mass, egg size, and body weight gains, and in B-C-S diets improved body weight gains. There were no differences in feed consumption, feed conversion, internal egg quality, and egg specific gravity among the dietary treatments. Passage rates of digesta were increased (P < .05) when either C-S or B-C-S layer diets were supplemented with Lacto. Lactobacillus supplementations of the C-S and B-C-S diets increased (P < .05) fat and calcium, and fat, phosphorus, copper, and manganese retentions, respectively. Increased cellularity of Peyer's patches in the ileum indicated a stimulation of the mucosal immune system that responds to antigenic stimuli by secreting immunoglobulin (IgA).

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Estimating deoxynivalenol in shelled corn barge lots by measuring deoxynivalenol in corn screenings.

To determine if deoxynivalenol (DON) is concentrated in small corn screenings, fourteen to twenty-three 1.1 kg test samples were taken from each of 10 barges of shelled corn. Each of the 181 test samples was divided into 2 components (fines and clean) using a 5 mm screen. The clean component sample rode the 5 mm screen and the fines component sample passed through the 5 mm screen. The DON concentration in fines component sample was about 3 times the DON concentration in the clean component sample. The DON in the 181 fines and clean component samples averaged 689.0 and 206.1 ng/g, respectively. Regression equations were developed to predict the DON in the barge based upon measurements of DON in the fines component sample. The ratio of DON in the lot to DON in the fines component sample was 0.359. The coefficient of variation (CV) associated with predicting the DON concentration in a lot with 359 ng/g using a 1.1 kg test sample was 47.0%. Increasing sample size to 4.4 kg reduced the CV to 23%.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1989

[Studies on chemical analysis of mycotoxin (XX). Chemical analysis of aflatoxins in corn and corn-products].

The investigation was carried out to analyze aflatoxins contaminated corn. 1) Methanol, chloroform and acetonitrile were used as the extraction solvents for aflatoxins added to corn. As the result, the method using acetonitrile was found to be effective to extract and detect aflatoxins. 2) The Rapid detection of aflatoxins was made possible by using the affinity column (containing monoclonal antibodies against aflatoxins bound onto agarose) and the mini-column. The detection-limit was 20 ppb of aflatoxins in samples.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed2001

Serum and liver lipids in rats fed diets containing corn oil, cottonseed oil, or a mixture of corn and cottonseed oils.

Previous research has demonstrated that the total replacement of corn oil (CO) with cottonseed oil (CSO) in the diets of growing male rats results in a lowering of the total cholesterol (TC) concentration in the serum. It is not, however, known if a partial replacement of dietary CO with CSO would be sufficient to lower TC levels, nor is the effect of replacing dietary CO with CSO on other indices of cholesterol status (e.g., the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], non-HDL-C [i.e., very-low and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol], or the TC/HDL-C ratio). Growing male rats were fed diets having CO, CSO, or a CO/CSO (1:1, w/w) oil mixture (OM) as the source of dietary oil (diet groups CO, CSO, and OM, respectively). There were no differences between CO and OM groups for TC, HDL-C, non-HDL-C, or the TC/HDL-C ratio. However, TC was significantly lower (p < or = 0.05) for the CSO group than the CO group (2.85 vs. 3.23 mmol/l, or 110 vs. 125 mg/dl, respectively) as was HDL-C (1.83 vs. 2.13 mmol/l, or 71 vs. 82 mg/dl, respectively), but there were no differences between these groups for non-HDL-C or the TC/HDL-C ratio. Diet had no effect on serum triglycerides (TGs) or on total liver content of either cholesterol or TGs. Thus, partial (50%) replacement of CO with CSO was without effect on any of these serum indices of cholesterol status, but total replacement resulted in lower TC and HDL-C, without affecting non-HDL-C or the TC/HDL-C ratio. Because, relative to CO, CSO has higher levels of saturated fatty acids but lower levels of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, the cholesterol-lowering effect of CSO appears to be unrelated to its fatty acid composition, and may be caused by a component of its nonsaponifiable fraction.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Contribution to the investigation of the corn germ. Part II. Chemical composition of germ meal out of corn-oil cake.

The germ meal out of corn-oil cake contained up to 24.3% of protein, on the average. The main part of germ meal proteins was represented by the alkali-soluble fraction, up to 79.9%; the water-soluble proteins made up 7.3%, the salt-soluble--up to 4.6%, and alcohol-soluble--only up to 1%. With regard to the biological value, determined by fermentation hydrolysis, the total germ meal protein and its basic alkali-soluble fraction were not inferior to egg albumin and casein. The biological value of the test proteins, calculated by the aminoacid score, is nearing the biological value of an intact hen's egg and women's milk. The alkali-soluble fraction of germ meal protein has a high foam-forming ability and foam stability.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2004

Transgenic insect-resistant corn affects the fourth trophic level: effects of Bacillus thuringiensis-corn on the facultative hyperparasitoid Tetrastichus howardi.

As hyperparasitoids may have a considerable influence on the control of herbivorous arthropods, analyzing the host-mediated impact of Bacillus thuringiensis-plants ("Bt-plants") on hyperparasitoids is of interest. Laboratory-scale experiments were conducted in order to assess the potential effect of Bt-corn leaf material on the facultative hyperparasitoid Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), mediated through the herbivore Chilo partellus Swinhoe (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and its primary parasitoid Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). In the Bt-group, significantly less C. flavipes larvae per host spun cocoons and pupated than in the control, and the mean fresh weight of a single C. flavipes cocoon was significantly reduced compared to the control. All C. flavipes cocoons of one host formed cocoon clusters. T. howardi females of the Bt-group parasitized significantly less cocoon clusters than in the control. Moreover, significantly fewer C. flavipes cocoons per cocoon cluster were successfully parasitized as compared to the control. As a consequence, T. howardi females of the control had more offspring than in the Bt-group. Adult female T. howardi offspring of the Bt-group weighed significantly less than in the control, but there was no significant weight difference between males of both groups. Our results suggest that transgenic insect-resistant plants could affect hyperparasitoids indirectly. However, it remains to be determined whether facultative hyperparasitoids prefer to develop as primary or secondary parasitoids under field conditions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Extruding foams from corn starch acetate and native corn starch.

Because of the hydrophilic characteristics of native starch foams and the cost of modifying starch, the uses of starch and modified starch foams are hindered. To decrease hydrophilicity and cost of starch foams, native corn starch was blended with starch acetate and extruded. A twin-screw mixing extruder was used to produce the foams. Native starch content, screw speed, and barrel temperature had significant effects on molecular degradation of starches during extrusion. The melting temperature of extruded starch acetate/native starch foam was higher (216 degrees C) than that for starch acetate (193.4 degrees C). Strong peaks in the X-ray diffractograms of extruded starch acetate/native starch foam suggested new crystalline regions were formed. Optimum conditions for high radial expansion ratio, high compressibility, low specific mechanical energy requirement, and low water absorption index were 46.0% native starch content, 163 rpm screw speed, and 148 degrees C barrel temperature.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed2004

Compositional equivalency of Cry1F corn event TC6275 and conventional corn (Zea mays L.).

Maize (Zea mays L.) plants have been transformed to express a Cry1F insecticidal crystal protein originally isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner. This protein controls lepidopteran pests of maize, including the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner). As part of the safety assessment for crops containing transgenes, a compositional analysis of the food and feed is conducted. This analysis is designed to detect unintended changes in the nutrient and antinutrient content of the raw commodities produced by the crop due to the insertion of the genes into the genomic DNA of the plant (pleotropic effects). Samples of transgenic and nontransgenic maize forage and grain were collected from six field sites located in the U.S. and Canada. Forage samples were analyzed for proximates and minerals, and grain was further analyzed for fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, secondary metabolites, and antinutrients. Results demonstrated that maize expressing the Cry1F protein was equivalent to nontransgenic maize with respect to these important components. Comparison of the variability within the nontransgenic and transgenic hybrid, as compared to composition values reported in the literature, suggest that factors other than transgenes may contribute more substantially to the composition of crops.

Amino Acids, Essential↗
PubMed1990

[Occurrence of Fusarium strains and their mycotoxins in corn silage. 7. Formation of deoxynivalenol (DON) in a silage corn plot artificially inoculated with Fusarium culmorum and the effect of silaging on the stability of the DON formed].

The formation of deoxynivalenol in a maize plot inoculated with Fusarium culmorum was studied over a growing season. Already three weeks after inoculation 4.9 mg/kg of DON were measured in the infected ears. The toxin concentration increased continuously up to harvest after eight weeks to a value of 261 mg/kg. Ensilage experiments in laboratory scale silos have shown that the DON content of naturally contaminated corn-cob-mix was not reduced during the ensilage process. It was concluded that infection of maize plants by toxin-producing Fusarium species followed by DON production in the field seems to be the most probable way of contamination of maize silage with this mycotoxin.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Analysis of Endosperm Sugars in a Sweet Corn Inbred (Illinois 677a) Which Contains the Sugary Enhancer (se) Gene and Comparison of se with Other Corn Genotypes.

The endosperm sugars of a new corn (Zea mays L.) mutant, sugary enhancer (se), were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography and were compared with sugars of other genotypes. Illinois 677a, a sugary (su) inbred containing the se gene, was high in sucrose and was distinguished from all of the other genotypes by its high maltose content. During kernel development, the maltose content of IL677a increased to 3.28% dry weight at 40 days postpollination and remained high at the dry mature stage, whereas ;Silver Queen,' a high quality sugary (su) hybrid not possessing the se gene, showed no such trend in maltose accumulation. Sucrose, fructose, and glucose decreased during kernel development in ;Silver Queen' and IL677a from 19 days postpollination until the dry mature stage. The slow drying characteristic and the reduced starch content previously reported for maturing seeds of IL677a may be related to the maltose accumulation reported here.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Detoxification of corn antimicrobial compounds as the basis for isolating Fusarium verticillioides and some other Fusarium species from corn.

The preformed antimicrobial compounds produced by maize, 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one and its desmethoxy derivative 2,4-dihydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, are highly reactive benzoxazinoids that quickly degrade to the antimicrobials 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone (MBOA) and 2-benzoxazolinone (BOA), respectively. Fusarium verticillioides (= F. moniliforme) is highly tolerant to MBOA and BOA and can actively transform these compounds to nontoxic metabolites. Eleven of 29 Fusarium species had some level of tolerance to MBOA and BOA; the most tolerant, in decreasing order, were F. verticillioides, F. subglutinans, F. cerealis (= F. crookwellense), and F. graminearum. The difference in tolerance among species was due to their ability to detoxify the antimicrobials. The limited number of species having tolerance suggested the potential utility of these compounds as biologically active agents for inclusion within a semiselective isolation medium. By replacing the pentachloronitrobenzene in Nash-Snyder medium with 1.0 mg of BOA per ml, we developed a medium that resulted in superior frequencies of isolation of F. verticillioides from corn while effectively suppressing competing fungi. Since the BOA medium provided consistent, quantitative results with reduced in vitro and taxonomic efforts, it should prove useful for surveys of F. verticillioides infection in field samples.

Benzoxazoles↗
PubMed2001

Quantitative assessment of biotic mortality factors of the European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in field corn.

Five treatments were used to exclude naturally occurring predators and parasitoids, based on body size and flight ability, to assess their effect on Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) populations on corn plaits. Two initial O. nubilalis egg densities (one egg mass and three egg masses per plant) were assigned to each treatment. Egg predation was higher in uncaged treatments than in caged treatments. Flying insect predators, primarily Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), reduced egg densities by 50%. Thirty-five to 84% of O. nubilalis larvae were infected with Nosema pyrausta (Paillot) (Microspora: Nosematidae). The incidence of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes), ranged from 0 to 21%, whereas larval parasitism, mainly by Macrocentrus cingulum Reinhard (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) ranged from 0 to 31%. In contrast to previous studies, this 3-yr field study documents that egg predation and larval infections of O. nubilalis were significant and consistent biotic mortality factors.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Evaluation of alfalfa-corn cob associative action. III. The effect of mechanically separated alfalfa fractions on intake, digestibility and ruminal characteristics of ammonia-treated corn cob diets fed to sheep.

The influence of mechanically separated alfalfa fractions on intake, digestibility and rate of ruminal passage was investigated using 48 lambs (32 kg) in a digestion trial. Whole plant pre-bloom alfalfa (25% crude protein) or fractions (presscake, dehydrated presscake, protein coagulum, dehydrated protein coagulum, whole juice or deproteinized juice) were added to a 3% ammonia (NH3)-treated corn cob negative control diet at levels equal to 20% wholeplant alfalfa dry matter (DM); eight treatments, six lambs/treatment. Ad libitum intake was greater (P less than .05) for alfalfa fiber (presscake) or juice supplemented diets compared with 20% direct cut alfalfa. Dry matter intake, digestibility of DM and cell walls, and rate of passage were highly correlated when diets were fed ad libitum. At equal DM intakes, dehydrated vs wet presscake increased (P less than .05) DM and cell wall digestibility. Heating of the protein may have reduced degradation rate and consequently a slower release of nutrients for microorganisms in the rumen. Whole vs deproteinized juice increased digestibility of cob DM (P = .11) and cell walls (P = .13), suggesting a response to level of degradable alpha-amino N. Whole and deproteinized juice increased cell wall digestibility compared with the negative control by 23.0 and 18.5 percentage units, respectively, suggesting that degradable alpha amino-N and cell solubles or other nutrients interacted to maximize microbial fiber digestion. Total and branch-chain volatile fatty acids measured at 6, 12 and 18 h post-feeding were highly correlated with nutrient digestibility. Ruminal NH3-N measured at 18 h was negatively correlated with dry matter (r = -.74) and cell wall (r = -.72) digestibility, showing that alfalfa supplies nutrients required by ruminal microorganisms for NH3 assimilation and fiber digestion. The mode of alfalfa associative action in high fiber diets is in supplying ruminal microorganisms with degradable protein and (or) other nutrients, rather than altering ruminal retention time.

Ammonia↗