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PubMed2006

Upregulation of mitochondrial gene expression in PBMC from convalescent SARS patients.

The observations that Lymphopenia is common in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) patients and that peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) could be infected by SARS-CoV indicate that PBMC could be useful in identifying the gene expression profile in convalescent patients and tracing the host response to SARS-CoV infection. In this study, the altered genes expressions in the PBMC of convalescent SARS patients were investigated with suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). We found that genes encoded by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were obviously upregulated, while mitochondria were now found to be closely connected with antiviral immunity. The identification of a viral gene, M, in SSH cDNA library shows the long-term existence of SARS-CoV in vivo. In addition, some oxidative stress sensitive genes, heat shock proteins, transcription factors, and cytokines showed remarkable elevation. Thin-section electron microscope shows increased lysosome-like granule and mitochondria in PBMC of patients. These results provide important intracellular clue for tracing host response to SARS-CoV infection and suggest a role of mitochondria in that process.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Incidence and time course of left ventricular dilation in the early convalescent stage of reperfused anterior wall acute myocardial infarction.

The incidence and early process of left ventricular (LV) dilation in 52 patients with reperfused anterior wall acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were assessed. All patients achieved coronary reflow within 24 hours of the onset and had a patent infarct-related artery in the convalescent stage. Left ventriculography was performed at pre-reflow and 25 days (mean) later to determine LV end-diastolic volume (ml) with the area/length method. Short-axis echo images at the midpapillary muscle level were recorded at days 1, 7, 14, and 28 of the AMI. With use of the papillary muscles as the internal landmarkers, the LV wall was divided into the anterior and posterior segments, and length and thickness of each segment were determined. Among 52 patients, 10 (19%) had a > or = 20% increase in end-diastolic volume in the convalescent stage. Echocardiographic studies demonstrated that there were no significant changes in lengths and thicknesses of the anterior and posterior segments during follow-up study relative to his or her baseline value in 42 patients without LV dilation. In the patients with LV dilation, however, the anterior segment exhibited a mean increase of 25% in its length with a mean decrease of 21% in its thickness at day 7 relative to their baseline values, but no progressive expansion was observed after day 7. A mean increase of 7% in the posterior segment length without reduction in its thickness first became evident at day 28.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Coronary Angiography↗
PubMed1985

Reinduction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in convalescent Lewis rats with cyclophosphamide.

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats is an acute, monophasic autoimmune disease, and rats recovering from EAE are generally resistant to active reinduction. However, following immunosuppression with a high dose (100-200 mg/kg) of cyclophosphamide (CY), EAE was reinduced in convalescent rats, irrespective of whether or not they were rechallenged with the encephalitogenic inoculum. Reinduction of EAE was not observed in rats treated with low doses (20 mg/kg or less) of CY. A selective inhibition of suppressor cells during the convalescent stage may be responsible for the reinduction of EAE in Lewis rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Absence of protein 2C from clarified foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccines provides the basis for distinguishing convalescent from vaccinated animals.

We have recently reported that cattle and pigs which have been vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease can be distinguished from convalescent animals by the absence of antibodies to viral non-structural protein 2C (Lubroth and Brown, Res. Vet. Sci., 1995, 59, 70-78(1)). In this study, we show that the absence of 2C antibodies from the sera of vaccinated animals can be explained by the association of this viral protein with cellular debris which is separated from the virus harvest prior to inactivation of the supernatant for vaccine production. This serological marker can be of great value in countries where the disease occurs or in the veterinary regulatory arena when livestock are transported across borders, since it can be used to identify convalescent, persistently infected animals and vaccinates exposed to wild-type virus variants which have infected the vaccinated animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of diphtheria convalescent patients to serve as donors for the production of anti-diphtheria immunoglobulin preparations.

AIMS: The study was conducted to evaluate the possibility of selecting convalescent diphtheria patients to serve in emergency situations as donors for the production of anti-diphtheria immunoglobulin. To select suitable donors, the criterion of an antitoxin titer >/=3.0 IU/ml was used. In addition, the effects of treatment and the effect of immunization with diphtheria toxoid on the level of anti-diphtheria toxin antibodies were evaluated. SCOPE: Three groups of diphtheria patients were included in the study. The first group (n = 23) consisted of patients who had a basic antibiotic treatment, with or without serotherapy using horse antitoxin and/or human immunoglobulin. The second group (n = 12) comprised patients examined immediately after the onset of disease. The immunological history of this group was not known. The third group (n = 20) included patients with a known immunization history, treated only with antibiotics but having received a booster immunization with diphtheria toxoid. Antitoxin titers were measured using the toxin binding inhibition (ToBI) assay. CONCLUSIONS: In the first group, 47.8% (11/23) of the patients had a diphtheria antibody titer >/=3.0 IU/ml. For most of them, however, the antibody titers could have resulted from treatment with exogenous antibodies from horse antitoxin or human immunoglobulin (18/23). Only two of the 11 high-titer subjects had received antibiotics only. Among the second group, only two (16.76%) of the patients had an antibody titer of >/=3.0 IU/ml. In the third group 50% (10/20) of the patients showed an antibody titer of >/=3.0 IU/ml prior to vaccination, and therefore could be directly considered as donors. Three weeks after booster vaccination, 70% (14/20) had an antibody titer of >/=3.0 IU/ml and 1 year after booster vaccination, 28.6% (2/7) of the subjects still had titers of >/=3.0 IU/ml. In 40% of these patients, a decrease was observed 3-4 weeks after the booster dose. It was concluded that convalescent diphtheria patients could be considered as donors in an emergency situation, since approximately half of them showed antitoxin titers of >/=3.0 IU/ml.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Rapid catch-up growth of children fed a high-protein diet during convalescence from shigellosis.

Sixty-nine children age 2-5 y, convalescing from shigellosis in a randomized clinical trial were fed either a high-protein diet containing 628 kJ.kg-1.d-1 with 15% of total energy as protein, or a standard-protein diet that was isoenergetic but with 7.5% of total energy as protein for 21 d. Children fed the high-protein diet showed a significant increase in height (1.02 +/- 0.44 cm; mean +/- SD) compared with the children who were fed the standard-protein diet (0.69 +/- 0.34 cm; P < 0.001). Similarly, increases in body weight were 1.25 +/- 0.48 vs 0.86 +/- 0.48 kg for the high-protein and the standard-protein diet, respectively (P < 0.001). The mean increases of serum proteins were also significantly higher in the high-protein group (P < 0.01). These results indicate that increasing the protein content of the diet during convalescence from shigellosis in children leads to more rapid catch-up growth.

Aging↗
PubMed1975

Suppression of spontaneous in vitro transformation of autologous leukocytes by plasma from convalescent and postconvalescent infectious mononucleosis patients.

All 14 plasma samples from 13 convalescent and postconvalescent infectious mononucleosis (IM) patients suppressed the spontaneous in vitro transformation of autologous leukocytes. In contrast, only 2 of 8 plasma samples from patients with acute IM suppressed this transformation. All 7 patients whose blood was tested both in the acute and convalescent or postconvalescent phases of IM showed either a conversion in transformation suppression status from negative to positive or an increase in the strength of transformation suppression. Thus recovery from IM appeared to be associated with the ability of plasma to suppress the in vitro spontaneous transformation of autologous leukocytes.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1994

Absorption of macronutrients from a high-protein diet in children during convalescence from shigellosis.

Absorption of macronutrients and energy intake were determined in 29 children aged 24-59 months, during convalescence from acute shigellosis. A 72 h metabolic balance study was performed to determine the absorption of carbohydrate, fat, and protein. Eighteen children received a high-protein (5 g/kg/day) diet, and 11 children received a standard-protein (2.5 g/kg/day) diet. The mean +/- SD energy intake was 612 +/- 38 kJ/kg/day for children receiving the high-protein diet, compared with 633 +/- 50 kJ/kg/day for the standard-protein group. The coefficient of carbohydrate absorption was 89 and 92% for the high-protein and standard-protein diets, respectively (p = 0.059). The coefficient of protein absorption was 80 and 71% for the high-protein and standard-protein groups, respectively, and was significantly higher in the high-protein group (p < 0.01). Absorption of fat was similar in both groups. The results of the study show better absorption of protein from a high-protein diet during convalescence, which may have a positive impact on catch-up growth of children suffering from shigellosis.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1993

Continuing evolution of regionalized perinatal care: community hospital neonatal convalescent care.

We describe the convalescent care of 169 back-transported (to community hospitals) and 285 eligible but not back-transported very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Eligible infants who were not back transported to a level I or II community hospital were transferred to a level II nursery within the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) for convalescent care. Study infants were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at MUSC from July 1985 through June 1989. They were admitted after maternal transport to MUSC for imminent delivery (N = 159), out-born community delivery (N = 55), or in-born MUSC delivery (N = 240). The mean +/- SD birth weight and gestational age and the NICU admission diagnoses for the back-transported and non-back-transported neonates were similar. The mean +/- SD weight of neonates at the time they were back transported was significantly greater than the weight of neonates at the time of intrahospital transfer. In contrast, the discharge weight to home and total days hospitalized were significantly less in the back-transported infants. Five back-transported neonates (3%) and 12 non-back-transported neonates (4%) were readmitted to the NICU. The back-transported infants used more than 3,800 bed days at community hospitals that would otherwise have been spent in the regional center, thus facilitating increased parental and primary physician involvement in their care.

Hospitals, Community↗
PubMed1994

The effect of balanced analgesia on early convalescence after major orthopaedic surgery.

Forty-two patients scheduled for total knee arthroplasty (n = 20) or hip arthroplasty (n = 22) were randomly allocated to receive either continuous epidural bupivacaine/morphine for 48 h postoperatively plus oral piroxicam, or general anaesthesia followed by a conventional intramuscular opioid and acetaminophen regimen. Patients undergoing knee- or hip arthroplasty treated with epidural analgesia had significantly lower pain scores during mobilization under the 48 h epidural infusion compared with patients receiving conventional treatment, while no important differences were observed after cessation of the epidural regimen. However, the achieved pain relief had no impact on postoperative convalescence parameters, such as ambulation, patient activity including need for nursing care, fatigue or hospital stay. Late postoperative pain, fatigue and conservative attitudes and routines in the postoperative care, were the most important reasons limiting mobilization and activity. We conclude that effective early (48 h) postoperative pain relief with balanced analgesia does not per se lead to important improvements in convalescence and hospital stay.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1987

Antigenic specificity of convalescent serum from cattle with haemophilus somnus-induced experimental abortion.

The antigens of Haemophilus somnus recognized by convalescent bovine serum were studied by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting with a protein A-peroxidase conjugate. The same two 76K and 40K antigens were predominant in whole-bacterium preparations and in outer-membrane-enriched, Triton X-100-insoluble fractions. The surface location of these two antigens was confirmed by absorbing antiserum with whole, live bacteria. Absorption with H. somnus removed antibody reactivity for the 76K antigen and reduced reactivity for the 40K antigen. Absorption with Pasteurella multocida, Actinobacillus equuli, or Escherichia coli did not reduce reactivity, and results with Pasteurella haemolytica were equivocal. The two immunodominant antigens detected in this study were conserved in isolates of H. somnus from thromboembolic meningoencephalitis, pneumonia, reproductive failure, or asymptomatic carriers. Convalescent sera from nearly all 17 cattle studied recognized these two antigens. Other antigens were recognized less consistently. Although other antigens may also be involved, the 76K and 40K surface antigens of H. somnus appear to be important candidates for a subunit vaccine or an immunodiagnostic assay.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed2002

Effect of posture on oxygenation and respiratory muscle strength in convalescent infants.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if differences in respiratory muscle strength could explain any posture related effects on oxygenation in convalescent neonates. METHODS: Infants were examined in three postures: supine, supine with head up tilt of 45 degrees, and prone. A subsequent study was performed to determine the influence of head position in the supine posture. In each posture/head position, oxygen saturation (SaO2) was determined and respiratory muscle strength assessed by measurement of the maximum inspiratory pressure (PIMAX). PATIENTS: Twenty infants, median gestational age 34.5 weeks (range 25-43), and 10 infants, median gestational age 33 weeks (range 30-36), were entered into the first and second study respectively. RESULTS: Oxygenation was higher in the prone and supine with 45 degrees head up tilt postures than in the supine posture (p<0.001), whereas PIMAX was higher in the supine and supine with head up tilt of 45 degrees postures than in the prone posture (p<0.001). Head position did not influence the effect of posture on PIMAX or oxygenation. CONCLUSION: Superior oxygenation in the prone posture in convalescent infants was not explained by greater respiratory muscle strength, as this was superior in the supine posture.

Female↗
PubMed1983

Ventriculographic findings in the convalescent stage in eleven cases with acute myocarditis.

In order to clarify the sequelae of 11 patients who suffered from acute myocarditis of viral origin and were diagnosed by endomyocardial biopsy in the early and the convalescent stage of the disease, left ventriculograms were obtained from 17 to 167 (46.5 +/- 41.2, mean +/- SD) days after the onset of the disease were analyzed. The data were compared with the biopsy findings in the convalescent stage. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 57.5 +/- 10.8% and in 3 cases the LVEF was less than 50%. In 2 cases, apparent asyneresis was observed. In all cases coronary arteriographic findings did not show significant stenosis. It is concluded that after viral myocarditis, increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume, depressed ejection fraction and asyneresis occur in some cases and it can be said that a development from myocarditis to dilated cardiomyopathy occurs.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1985

On the interstitial fibrotic changes in acute and convalescent myocarditis obtained by serial endomyocardial biopsy.

In order to determine the characteristics of the interstitial fibrotic change of the myocardium in cases with viral or idiopathic myocarditis, right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy findings in 9 cases where serial endomyocardial biopsy had been performed at the acute (5-10 days after the onset of the disease), subacute (11-21 days) and convalescent stages (22-167 days) and in 1 case at the acute stage were analyzed. They were then compared with right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy findings from 58 cases with chronic right ventricular overloading and which were of various kinds of congenital and valvular heart diseases. The following results were obtained: Interstitial fibrosis was seen at the acute stage along with an increase in fibroblasts, macrophages and lymphocytes. An analysis of the interstitial changes revealed that, at the acute stage, thin collagenous fibers were prominent as well as interstitial edema and at the convalescent stage, the edema became less prominent and instead, thick collagenous fibers increased. Comparison with the 58 cases with chronic right ventricular overloading revealed that diffuse and/or subendocardial fibrosis and endocardial thickening were more frequent and statistically more significant in cases with myocarditis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1986

Control of day care shigellosis: a trial of convalescent day care in isolation.

Simultaneous outbreaks of S. sonnei infections occurred in September 1983 at two day care centers in Seattle, Washington. At both centers, there were high rates of diarrheal illness in the children (22/80 and 11/23, respectively), in staff members, and in family members of the ill children. The smaller center was temporarily closed, but the larger one remained open. Convalescent children and staff whose diarrhea had resolved and who were receiving appropriate antimicrobials were allowed to return to the larger center before negative cultures were obtained and were separated in an isolation room. No culture-proven cases of shigellosis occurred at either center in the following two months. Plasmid profile determinations suggested the Shigella were not transmitted from the center that remained open to the community. Estimated need for alternate child care requirements at the closed center were 100-fold greater than at the center with the isolation room. Caring for convalescent children in isolation at day care centers while they receive antimicrobial therapy may be a useful strategy for controlling day care shigellosis.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Absence of protection against challenge with aspergillus fumigatus by adoptive transfer of splenocytes from convalescent turkeys.

Only limited protective immunity against aspergillosis after experimental immunization of turkeys has been previously demonstrated. No studies evaluating the efficacy of transfer of immunity in preventing aspergillosis in birds have been reported. This study consisted of two trials assessing the level of protection against Aspergillus fumigatus challenge afforded by transfer of splenocytes from convalescent turkeys. Three treatment groups of 12-to-14-wk-old Beltsville small white (BSW) turkeys comprising the splenocyte donors were prepared by one of the following: 1) intra-air sac (IA) challenge with A. fumigatus conidia 5 wk prior to transfer; 2) IA challenge and then intravenous (i.v.) injection of killed conidia 1 wk prior to transfer; or 3) sham inoculations. Splenocytes from each group were pooled, enriched for mononuclear leukocytes by density gradient centrifugation, and diluted in cell culture medium (CM). Cell viability was assessed by dye exclusion. Each splenocyte preparation was administered intravenously to one of three recipient groups consisting of 10 BSW turkeys each. A control group (n = 10) was given cell-free CM. Recipients were challenged with viable A. fumigatus conidia 16 hr after splenocyte transfer by unilateral IA (trial 1) or i.v. (trial 2) inoculation. Lesion scores postchallenge revealed no differences between turkeys given splenocytes from convalescent vs. naive (control) turkeys. IA exposure produced ipsilateral lesions in air sacs and lung, whereas i.v. exposure produced severe miliary hepatitis. Donor cell function was confirmed by mitogen blastogenesis; however, cells were nonresponsive to A. fumigatus antigens, regardless of previous exposure status.

Adoptive Transfer↗
PubMed2001

[Dynamics of serum copper level in patients in the acute phase of hepatitis B and in early convalescence].

OBJECTIVE: Analysis of serum copper (Cu) level dynamics during the acute phase of hepatitis acute B and the early convalescence in compliance with gravity of the acute disease course. METHODS: The study included 39 patients (12 men and 27 women), aged 18 to 76 years. They were hospitalised in the Department of Infectious Diseases of Medical Academy in Lublin because of the hepatitis acute B, without coexisting diseases. The diagnosis was based on the epidemiologic anamnesis, clinical symptoms, biochemical and serological examinations. The studied group was divided in respect to sex and the course of the disease as: light, medium-weighty and weighty. In all examined patients, the serum Cu level was determined according to the following scheme: at the first, tenth, twentieth and the last day of the hospitalisation and additionally one time at four weeks after discharging from the clinic. The serum Cu level was made by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) at the wave length of 324.8 nm. The received data were subjected to statistical analysis according to t-Student's test and in cases of significant differences according to the variants of c-Cochran and Cox's tests. According to the SI Unit Conversion Guide, the values 11.22 to 23.58 mumol/l were taken as the normal range. The values derived from the control group of 24 healthy persons (13 men and 11 women) aged 22 to 69 years. RESULTS: The significant increase of serum Cu level in comparison with the control values was found both in the acute phase of hepatitis B and the early convalescence. It could be observed a correlation between serum Cu level and the course of hepatitis viralis acuta B.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2004

[Construction of phage antibody library for Fab fragment from a convalescent patient infected with SARS coronavirus].

AIM: To construct the phage antibody library for Fab fragment from a convalescent patient infected with SARS coronavirus. METHODS: Total RNA was extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes of a patient with SARS virus-specific IgG antibody and was transcribed reversely into cDNA. Using the cDNA as template, Fd and light chain of Fab genes were amplified by PCR with specific primer and were cloned into phagemid pComb3. Then the recombinant phagemid was electroporated into E.coli XL-1 Blue. The recombinant rate was detected by enzyme digestion analysis, and library repertoire was determined. RESULTS: The antibody library of Fab fragment from a convalescent patient infected with SARS conronavirus was constructed. The recombinant rate of light chain and heavy chain of Fd gene were 91% and 75%, respectively. The library size was 7.23 x 10(7). CONCLUSION: Phage antibody library for human Fab fragment has been constructed successfully, which lays the foundation for further study.

Antibodies, Viral↗