[Image treatment in the eye in a ultrasound diagnosis and clinical significance. XI. Improvements of images on cathode ray tube by new polymer transducer and new color grading].
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Aged↗
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Direct generation of 35-mm slides from cathode-ray tube (CRT).
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Photography↗
[The ophthalmologist and the cathode ray tube].
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Asthenopia↗
Analysis of photo-pattern sensitivity in patients with Pokemon-related symptoms.
This study was designed to analyze photo-pattern sensitivity in patients who developed acute neurologic symptoms associated with watching an animated television program, "Pokemon." The 18 patients (13 females and five males) underwent electroencephalograms and photo-pattern stimulation testing, including special stimulation test batteries (strobe-pattern test and cathode ray tube-pattern test). Photo-pattern sensitivity was confirmed in 16 patients with and without seizure episodes. The strobe-pattern test including a white flickering light test (with eyes open, closed, and open or closed), and the cathode ray tube-pattern test each induced a photo-paroxysmal response in more than 80% of patients. However, with the eyes closed only, as is common in Japan, the photo-paroxysmal response induction rate with a white flickering light stimulus was significantly lower (43%). In the cathode ray tube-pattern test, higher spatial frequencies produced higher rates of photo-paroxysmal response induction. It was demonstrated that underlying photo-pattern sensitivity is more accurately investigated by our method than by standard intermittent photic stimulation alone. By characterizing underlying photo-pattern sensitivity and identifying predisposing factors more precisely, we can develop better guidelines for prevention of a second "Pokemon" incident. According to the results of the present cathode ray tube-pattern test, pattern sensitivity (especially spatial resolution) appears to also be involved in Pokemon-related symptoms, in addition to chromatic sensitivity.
Adolescent↗
Detection of caries with conventional digital imaging and tuned aperture computed tomography using CRT monitor and laptop displays.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of conventional digital images and tuned aperture computed tomography (TACT) slices in caries detection through use of cathode-ray tube monitor and laptop displays. STUDY DESIGN: Forty-two extracted posterior teeth were mounted and imaged with a direct digital radiography system. Conventional digital bitewing projections and TACT slices were acquired. Images were viewed on a high-resolution cathode-ray tube monitor and on an active-matrix laptop display. Eight observers assessed caries status of occlusal and proximal surfaces of the teeth using all combinations of image and display modality. Observers' assessments were compared with the results of histologic examination of tooth sections. Possible differences in receiver operating characteristic curve areas among displays, image modalities, observers, and surfaces were analyzed by means of analysis of variance. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the diagnostic performances provided by the cathode-ray tube monitor and laptop displays in caries detection (P = .588). In addition, the performances of digital images and TACT slices were not significantly different (P = .843). CONCLUSIONS: Modern active-matrix laptop displays provide diagnostic quality for caries detection comparable to that obtainable with cathode-ray tube monitors.
Analysis of Variance↗
Endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery with intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging.
OBJECTIVE: The two most recent significant advances in pituitary surgery have been the endonasal endoscopic approach and intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (IMRI). Each provides improved visualization of intra- and parasellar anatomy with the goal of attaining a complete resection. The combination of the two techniques has not been previously reported in the literature. METHODS: We performed endoscopic, endonasal resection of pituitary macroadenomas in 15 patients using the Polestar N-10 (0.12T) IMRI (Odin Medical Technologies, Inc., Newton, MA). Eleven patients had nonfunctioning tumors, three had acromegaly, and one had a medication-resistant prolactinoma. The effect of the magnetic field on the cathode ray tube screen and the image quality of the IMRI images were assessed. The presence of residual tumor on IMRI was noted and then re-examined with the endoscope. RESULTS: Although the Polestar N-10 is a low Tesla magnet, the IMRI caused significant distortion of the cathode ray tube screen regardless of the viewing angle. This was overcome with the use of a wall-mounted plasma screen. IMRI images were obtained in all cases and were of sufficiently high quality to demonstrate adequate decompression of the optic chiasm and the removal of all suprasellar tumor. In three cases, residual tumor was found with IMRI that was resected endoscopically before the completion of surgery. In four other cases, potential residual tumor was examined endoscopically and found to be normal postoperative change. In eight cases no residual intrasellar tumor was seen on the IMRI. Preresection visual deficits improved in all cases and the insulin-like growth factor levels normalized in two of three cases. There were no delayed cerebrospinal fluid leaks. CONCLUSION: Combining intraoperative endoscopy and IMRI is feasible and distortion of the cathode ray tube screen can be overcome with the use of either a plasma or liquid crystal display screen. Each technology provides complementary information, which can assist the surgeon in safely maximizing the extent of resection. In this small series using a low-field magnet, rates of residual tumor following endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery were less than have been reported following microscope-based transsphenoidal surgery.
Adenoma↗
Influence of room lighting on grey-scale perception with a CRT-and a TFT monitor display.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the influence of ambient lighting on grey-scale perception using a cathode-ray tube (CRT) and a thin film transistor (TFT) computer display. METHODS: A cathode ray tube (Nokia XS 446) and a liquid crystal display (Panasonic LC 50S) were used at reduced room lighting (70 lux) and under conditions recommended for a dental operatory (1000 lux). Twenty-seven observers examined twice a modified SMPTE test pattern [0 to 255; 255 to 0] grey-scale values. The corresponding contrast differences were allocated to four ranges of grey levels (I: 0-63; II: 64-127; III: 128-191; IV: 192-255). The influences of monitor type, grey-scale range and illumination were evaluated by means of repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS: Detection of differences in monochromatic intensity was significantly earlier with reduced lighting (P<0.0001). When full ambient lighting was used, the TFT display was superior compared to the CRT monitor in ranges II and III (P<0.0001), whereas no differences could be detected for grey intensities between 0 and 63 (P=0.71) and between 192 and 255 (P=0.36). CONCLUSIONS: Background lighting hampers grey-scale perception on computer displays. In this study of one TFT and one CRT monitor, the TFT in full ambient lighting was associated with earlier detection of grey scale differences than CRT.
Adult↗
Modeling the bidirectional reflectance of emissive displays.
The reflection properties of a display device influence the available contrast and affect the perception of subtle detail. The display reflection characteristics of flat-panel displays (FPDs) are appropriately described by a six-dimensional bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF). I describe a Monte Carlo method for modeling the bidirectional reflectance of multilayer emissive structures used in electronic display devices. I estimate the complete BRDF using a one-dimensional angular distribution function of the luminance. I apply the method to model typical high-performance cathode-ray tube and FPD structures. I find that, for the BRDF signatures of cathode-ray tubes characterized by a specular and a quasi-Lambertian components, the estimated values for the specular and diffuse reflection coefficients agree well with low-resolution experimental measurements conducted with a rotation arm and a collimated probe. I show that emissive FPDs with thin-film organic layers on reflective substrates can exhibit a predominant specular peak broadened by short-range light scattering.
Data Display↗
Characterizing the "gold standard" image for laparoscopic surgery.
BACKGROUND: The term "gold standard" is often used to describe preferred display devices, frequently without substantiating evidence. A meaningful and objective measure of display quality for endoscopic surgery is required. METHODS: Typical colors from five tissue types were arranged in a striped pattern and displayed on four devices: a medical-grade cathode ray tube monitor, a liquid crystal display, a digital light projection display, and an obsolete cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor. The breadth and color contrast of the stripes were adjusted until the patterns became indiscernible to 12 subjects. The data provide a discernibility threshold. RESULTS: The liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor provided the best image. The medical grade and obsolete CRTs were second and third, respectively, and the projection display provided the most inferior image. CONCLUSIONS: A meaningful and relevant measurement of image display quality for laparoscopic surgery based on the discernibility threshold is provided. Of the devices tested, the LCD is the best in terms of image, although the CRT may be preferred at off-axis viewing angles. The projection system, however, offers compensatory ergonomic advantages.
Benchmarking↗
A novel rapid scanning microspectrophotometer and its use in measuring rhodopsin photoproduct pathways and kinetics in frog retinas.
A novel rapid scanning microspectrophotometer is described which utilizes a cathode ray tube as a measuring light source. Spectral scanning is accomplished electronically with a sampling time of 600 mus for each waveband. The cathode ray tube emission is chopped electronically into two separate beams, 180 degrees out of phase, resulting in a dual-beam configuration. A lock-in amplifier functions as a coherent detector to recover separately the signals from the two beams. The instrument generates separate voltage outputs, one proportional to the transmittance of a single sample and the other to the difference between two samples. A computer calculates both absorption and difference spectra directly from voltage measurements. A demonstration of the instrument's use to study kinetics of visual pigment photoproducts is presented. Two models of photoproduct sequence and kinetics were examined to determine which better represents the experimental data. The experiments show that environmental factors, such as pH, metabolic and respiratory state, interact in complex ways to determine the pathways and kinetics of photoproducts of rhodopsin in intact vertebrate eyes.
Animals↗
Microbiology subsystem of a total, dedicated laboratory computer system.
The computer system used by the Microbiology Service of the Clinical Pathology Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health is discussed. This microbiology subsystem is a part of a dedicated on-line laboratory computer system used by the entire department. The laboratory computer is connected on-line to a hospital computer which provides patient admission, transfer, and discharge data. Mark sense worksheets and cathode ray tube terminals are used for result entry and correction. Cumulative patient reports are printed. Results for both active and completed accessions can be easily retrieved on cathode ray terminals in the laboratory. All laboratory data are archived on magnetic tape from which a research data base and microfiched laboratory records are generated. The manner in which the system is integrated in the routine operation of the microbiology laboratory is emphasized. In addition, some of the costs, benefits, liabilities, and pitfalls associated with the introduction of the computer in the laboratory are reviewed. Finally, we have presented our concept of some of the future enhancements to our present system and some of the directions in which any future microbiology system might develop.
Computers↗
[Evoked potentials and structured and colored stimuli].
After a historical account and a brief description of the techniques of signal analysis used in their laboratory (visual evoked potentials (VEPs) with statistical calculations, Fast Fourier Transform, correlation function), the authors present the experiments they undertook concerning colored stimulations. These experiments were carried out in 3 steps: colored stimulations on a cathode-ray screen, with constant luminance, concerning 8 healthy volunteers (72 VEPs analyzed); colored stimulations on a 'structured' screen (pattern reversal), concerning 31 healthy volunteers (186 VEPs analyzed); colored and pattern stimulations on a new cathode-ray stimulator built in the 'Centre National des Arts et Métiers' enabling both preceding types of stimulations with increased reliability and offering new possibilities of stimulation (variation of contrast, luminance or chromaticity precisely controlled) with various patterns in the background. The results evidence two different groups of electrophysiological responses, distinctly related to the presence or absence of a morphological structure in the stimulation. As well as this, a significant increase in latencies is observed with blue stimulations.
Adult↗
Computerized hematology: operation of a high-volume hematology laboratory.
Operation of automated hematology testing, on-line to a laboratory-dedicated computer, is described. The computer stores, retrieves and monitors the results of two Model S Sr. Coulter Counters, three Technicon platelet counters, one Electra 600-D, and six leukocyte differential consoles, which are interphased to the computer. All other hematology tests are batch-entered via the keyboard of cathode-ray tubes. The computer generates specimen labels, worksheets, and lists of incomplete tests, monitors all on-line instruments, and performs all the calculations used in the procedures of quality control. Results are available instantaneously on cathod-ray tubes strategically located in patient-related areas throughout the institution. These can be obtained as all of the results for a given day or as cumulative summaries or histogram-type plots of results for a given day.
Autoanalysis↗
Economic analysis of electronic waste recycling: modeling the cost and revenue of a materials recovery facility in California.
The objectives of this study are to identify the various techniques used for treating electronic waste (e-waste) at material recovery facilities (MRFs) in the state of California and to investigate the costs and revenue drivers for these techniques. The economics of a representative e-waste MRF are evaluated by using technical cost modeling (TCM). MRFs are a critical element in the infrastructure being developed within the e-waste recycling industry. At an MRF, collected e-waste can become marketable output products including resalable systems/components and recyclable materials such as plastics, metals, and glass. TCM has two main constituents, inputs and outputs. Inputs are process-related and economic variables, which are directly specified in each model. Inputs can be divided into two parts: inputs for cost estimation and for revenue estimation. Outputs are the results of modeling and consist of costs and revenues, distributed by unit operation, cost element, and revenue source. The results of the present analysis indicate that the largest cost driver for the operation of the defined California e-waste MRF is the materials cost (37% of total cost), which includes the cost to outsource the recycling of the cathode ray tubes (CRTs) (dollar 0.33/kg); the second largest cost driver is labor cost (28% of total cost without accounting for overhead). The other cost drivers are transportation, building, and equipment costs. The most costly unit operation is cathode ray tube glass recycling, and the next are sorting, collecting, and dismantling. The largest revenue source is the fee charged to the customer; metal recovery is the second largest revenue source.
California↗
An overview of recycling and treatment of scrap computers.
In order to recover valuable materials and to minimize the adverse effects of hazardous materials contained in scrap computers, a dismantling practice is commonly adopted to treat scrap computers. By using the dismantling process, both useful and hazardous materials can be manually separated and retrieved. On the basis of the properties of the retrieved materials, they can be sent to appropriate facilities for further recycling or treatment. Among the retrieved materials, the treatment of hazardous materials from cathode ray tubes (CRT) and printed circuit boards with integrated circuits have drawn considerable attention, thus implying that the proper treatment of such materials can greatly assure the successful recycling of scrap computers. For this reason, this study reviews the available technologies which can be applied to treat and recycle cathode ray tube components and printed circuit boards with integrated circuits. Actual recycling data from a scrap computer recycling plant located in Taiwan are also introduced. The data show that this recycling plant can recover 94.75 wt. % and 45.99 wt. % of useful materials from the main machines (i.e., CPU, power supplier, fan, IC boards, DVD drive, CD drive, hard disk, soft disk, shell casing, etc.) and monitors of scrap computers, respectively.
Computers↗
Angular dependence of the luminance and contrast in medical monochrome liquid crystal displays.
Active-matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCDs) are light-modulating devices that generate images by differentially transmitting a nearly uniform luminous field provided by a backlight. While emissive displays exhibit a quasi-Lambertian emission with almost constant contrast at off-normal viewing, the anisotropy of the electro-optic effect that controls light transmission in AMLCDs causes a pixel luminance that varies, sometimes strongly, with viewing angle. These variations are not identical for all gray levels and can eventually cause grayscale inversions. In this paper, we measured the luminance emission of a monochrome medical AMLCD, a medical cathode-ray tube monitor, and a color desktop AMLCD, using a collimated photopic probe positioned on a manual rotation arm, and a research radiometer with automatic readout. The probe measures luminance with a small acceptance angle and provides optical shielding from emissions at other viewing directions that contaminate the readings. We obtained luminance response curves versus angle in the vertical, horizontal and at 45 degrees diagonal directions. The display systems were calibrated to reflect the DICOM Part 3.14 standard grayscale display function (GDF) when measured using the manufacturer's probe and software tools. We analyzed the measurements at different viewing directions with respect to their departure from the GDF by computing the normalized contrast (deltaL/L) as a function of the DICOM just-noticeable difference index. Although cathode-ray tubes are known to be quasi-Lambertian emitters, the luminance at normal viewing is higher than the luminance observed at large angles. This decrease in luminance is however proportionally similar for all gray levels, resulting in a relatively flat contrast response for all angles. In addition to being more pronounced, the angular variation in AMLCDs does not follow the same profile at different intensities with the subsequent variation in the achieved display contrast. The changes due to off-normal viewing are substantial at large angles in the horizontal and vertical directions, and much worse in the diagonal viewing directions.
Anisotropy↗
Double-beam flying spot scanner for two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
The construction of a double-beam photometer in which the light source is a cathode ray oscilloscope is described. The light spot from the oscilloscope was focused and reduced in size at the gel plane to give a diameter of less than 0.15 mm and make it possible to scan over a 50 X 59-mm rectangle; using reduced spatial resolution (spot less than 0.2 mm) the area scanned becomes 70 X 90 mm. The light from the CRT was divided into two beams; one was directed through the transparent object to a photomultiplier and the other to a reference photomultiplier. The signals from these two detectors were converted to the logarithm of the ratio by a logging amplifier to give a direct measure of absorbance. Positioning of the spot, control of light intensity, and measurement of absorbance were carried out through an interface to a 16-bit computer. The relationship between measured and actual absorbance was linear over the range of absorbance 0 to 2, which could be raised to 1 to 3 by placing a neutral filter in the reference beam. The system generated an image containing 256 X 256 pixels in about 5 min, the scanning speed was determined by the persistence time of the P4 phosphor on the cathode ray tube, and faster scans can be made using A6 phosphor.
Calibration↗
[Drug analyses using polarography or oscillopolarography. 18. Electroanalytical properties of bromazepam and its analysis in blood using cathode ray-polarography].
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Anti-Anxiety Agents↗