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PubMed2005

Candida bromeliacearum sp. nov. and Candida ubatubensis sp. nov., two yeast species isolated from the water tanks of Canistropsis seidelii (Bromeliaceae).

Strains belonging to two novel yeast species, Candida bromeliacearum and Candida ubatubensis, were isolated from the bromeliad tank of Canistropsis seidelii (Bromeliaceae) in a sandy coastal plain (restinga) ecosystem site in an Atlantic rainforest of south-eastern Brazil. These species were genetically distinct from all other currently accepted ascomycetous yeasts, based on sequence divergence in the D1/D2 domains of the large-subunit rDNA and in the small-subunit rDNA. The species occupy basal positions in the Metschnikowiaceae clade. The type strains are Candida bromeliacearum UNESP 00-103(T) (=CBS 10002(T)=NRRL Y-27811(T)) and Candida ubatubensis UNESP 01-247R(T) (=CBS 10003(T)=NRRL Y-27812(T)).

Brazil↗
PubMed2006

Candida tibetensis sp. nov. and Candida linzhiensis sp. nov., novel anamorphic, ascomycetous yeast species from Tibet.

Three anamorphic, ascomycetous yeast strains isolated from plant samples collected in Linzhi District, Tibet, China, were revealed as representing two novel species by 26S rRNA gene D1/D2 domain sequence and physiological property comparisons. The names Candida tibetensis sp. nov. and Candida linzhiensis sp. nov. are proposed for these novel species, with XZ 41-6T (=AS 2.3072T=CBS 10298T) and XZ 92-1T (=AS 2.3073T=CBS 10299T) as the respective type strains. D1/D2 sequence analysis showed that C. tibetensis and C. linzhiensis are closely related to Candida caryicola and Candida sequanensis, respectively.

Candida↗
PubMed2002

Protection of mice from lethal endogenous Candida albicans infection by immunization with Candida membrane antigen.

The protective effects of immunization with Candida membrane antigen (CMA) on a systemic infection originating from intestinally colonized Candida albicans were examined. The colonization of orally inoculated C. albicans in the intestinal tract was established in BALB/c mice that had been concomitantly treated with oral doses of antibacterial drugs. In these animals, a systemic dissemination of C. albicans with fatal outcome was induced by a repeated dosing of prednisolone. In this endogenous infection model, the effects of immunization by CMA on the infection were examined. CMA-immunized mice showed a longer lifespan than unimmunized mice. The protective effect of CMA immunization in immunosuppressed mice was also measured by a decrease in body weight loss after treatment with prednisolone and in the number of viable Candida cells in the target organs, the kidneys and livers. However, the CFU of C. albicans in the intestinal tract was not significantly lowered. These results suggest that CMA immunization inhibited the dissemination of systemic Candida infection from the intestinal tract induced by treatment with prednisolone.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Four cases of Candida albicans infections with isolates developing pink colonies on CHROMagar Candida plates.

Candida albicans, the most commonly isolated yeast species, is typically identified by its green colony-colour on CHROMagar Candida plates. We here report four cases of Candida albicans infections, in which the initial identification was non-albicans isolates due to a clear pink colour of the colonies on CHROMagar Candida plates. However, classical phenotypic criteria, biochemical assimilation pattern and molecular characterisation identified all four isolates as C. albicans isolates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The yeast community of sap fluxes of Costa Rican Maclura (Chlorophora) tinctoria and description of two new yeast species, Candida galis and Candida ortonii.

We report on the yeast community associated with sap fluxes of Maclura tinctoria, family Moraceae, in the dry forest of the Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Eleven samples yielded seven hitherto undescribed ascomycetous yeasts in the genera Candida and Myxozyma. We describe the two most abundant as new species. Candida galis utilizes very few carbon compounds limited to some alcohols and acids. Analysis of rDNA sequences suggests that it occupies a basal position with respect to the Pichia anomala clade, with no obvious sister species. Candida ortonii is also restricted in nutritional breadth, and growth is generally very slow. It is a sister species to Candida nemodendra. The type cultures are: C. galis, strain UWO(PS)00-159.2=CBS 8842; and C. ortonii, strain UWO(PS)00-159.3=CBS 8843.

Candida↗
PubMed2003

Metschnikowia santaceciliae, Candida hawaiiana, and Candida kipukae, three new yeast species associated with insects of tropical morning glory.

A new haplontic heterothallic species of Metschnikowia and two related asexual yeast species were discovered in morning glory flowers and associated insects. Metschnikowia santaceciliae came from Conotelus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) and other insect species associated with flowers of Ipomoea indica (purple morph) in Costa Rica. Candida hawaiiana and Candida kipukae were found in I. indica (syn. I. acuminata) and its insects in Hawai'i, and the former was also isolated in a specimen of Conotelus collected on Merremia tuberosa (Convolvulaceae) in Costa Rica. The three species have nearly identical physiological profiles, typical of the genus Metschnikowia. The sequences of the D1/D2 domains of their large subunit ribosomal DNA confirm that the species belong to the Metschnikowia clade, even though they share a very low degree of inter-relatedness. M. santaceciliae is a sister species to Metschnikowia continentalis. C. kipukae is a basal member of the large-spored Metschnikowia subclade, and C. hawaiiana has a weak affinity to Metschnikowia agaves. Two of the three species appear to be endemic. The type cultures are: Metschnikowia santaceciliae, strains UWO(PS)01-517a1=CBS 9148=NRRL Y-27475 (h(+, holotype) and UWO(PS)01-520a1=CBS 9149=NRRL Y-27476 (h-, isotype); Candida hawaiiana, strain UWO(PS)91-698.3=CBS 9146=NRRL Y-27473; Candida kipukae, strain UWO(PS)00-669.2=CBS 9147=NRRL Y-27474.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Humoral immunity to Candida albicans (anti-candida antibody titers) in premature infants.

Although the role of humoral and cell mediated immunity in neonatal defense against candida infections is not precisely defined, one of the contributing immunologic factors may be a lack of decreased specific passive humoral immunity. Thus, serum samples from the umbilical veins of 98 term gestation and 105 premature neonates (majority less than 33 wk gestation) and their mothers (n = 100) were tested for the presence of hemagglutinating antibodies to commercially available candida antigen. The titers of candida antibodies (mean log2 +/- SEM) were significantly higher in 11 term neonates (4.73 +/- 0.69) of mothers with high antibody titers (5.18 +/- 0.40, less than 0.001) as contrasted with 87 normal term (2.38 +/- 0.15) and 105 premature (2.87 +/- 0.15) infants with normal mothers (1.96 +/- 0.13 and 3.31 +/- 0.26, respectively). Contrary to our belief 81% of term infants and all of the preterm infants (majority less than 33 wk gestation) had passive specific anti-candida antibody titers less than 1:16.

Antibodies, Fungal↗
PubMed1995

Prospective evaluation of Candida antigen and antibody assays for detection of Candida infections in children with malignant disease.

The clinical efficacy of assays for Candida albicans antigens by latex agglutination and for antibodies by indirect haemagglutination were prospectively evaluated in the diagnosis of invasive Candida infections in 38 children suffering from acute leukaemia or other malignant disease. The controls were 74 other patients without any malignancy; 72 of these had no signs or symptoms of fungal infections, but 2 had an invasive C. albicans infection. During a period of 21 months, 302 serum samples were tested by both assays, and the results were compared with clinical and other microbiological data. Invasive fungal infection was diagnosed on clinical grounds in 2 of the immunocompromised children, and periodic gut colonization was demonstrated in 11 of 36 (31%) children in this group. Positive Candida antigen was detected in 14 patients (37%) and a positive antibody titre in 7 patients (18%). Colonization was not correlated with antigen or antibody titre. Compared with the presence of invasive fungal infection, the antibody assay detected all four infections, whereas the antigen assay detected one of the two C. albicans septicaemias. Although the Candida antibody assay performed well, a detectable change in antibody titres appeared only slowly. Thus it was of no clinical help when antifungal treatment was to be considered. Follow-up of antibody titres, however, gave confirmation of the presence of fungal infection as well as the response to antifungal treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Supplementation of CHROMagar Candida medium with Pal's medium for rapid identification of Candida dubliniensis.

CHROMagar Candida medium is used for the isolation and identification of Candida species, but it does not differentiate Candida albicans from Candida dubliniensis. This differentiation can be achieved by using Pal's agar, which cannot be used in primary isolation. We have combined both media to obtain a new medium that can be used for the isolation and identification of C. dubliniensis in primary cultures.

Agar↗
PubMed1991

Candida arthritis: cellular immune responses of synovial fluid and peripheral blood lymphocytes to Candida albicans.

A case of septic Candida albicans arthritis of the knee in a patient with systemic candidiasis is presented. Systemic and intra-articular cellular immune responses to C albicans and various bacterial antigens were monitored for 15 weeks. It is shown that the candida induced blastogenesis of synovial fluid lymphocytes was much more stimulated than that of peripheral blood lymphocytes, and that the proportion of activated cells expressing HLA class II antigens was markedly increased in the synovial fluid. Strong cellular immune responses to Candida albicans could still be shown many weeks after the synovial fluid aspirates had become sterile. For the first time synovial fluid derived, CD4 positive T lymphocyte clones with specificity for candida antigens were characterised and further propagated in vitro.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1997

Seroreactivities of proteinases of Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis in sera from various Candida species-infected mice.

From the culture filtrates of C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis, proteinases were purified using a series of chromatographic steps consisting of DEAE-Sepharose, Sephacryl S-200 and size-exclusion HPLC which removed contaminating mannoproteins and extraneous proteins. Anti-Candida proteinase antibodies in sera from mice infected with various Candida species were detected using ELISA for serodiagnosis of candidiasis. Three proteinases were blotted by homologous and heterologous anti-proteinase antisera on Western blot analysis. All sera from six Candida species-infected mice were reactive with proteinases of C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis, although C. glabrata, C. guilliermondii, and C. krusei did not secrete proteinase. The seroreactivities of proteinase with sera from mice infected with homologous C. albicans and C. tropicalis were higher than those with sera from heterologous Candida species-infected mice. These results suggest that three proteinases have at least one common epitope, but its application for diagnosis of candidiasis should be considered with limits of specificity.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Candida species, genotypes and antifungal susceptibility of Candida isolates from blood samples of patients at the largest tertiary care hospital in Thailand during 1999-2002.

From 1999 to 2002, a total of 202 Candida isolates causing candidemia were recovered from 202 individual patients in the largest tertiary hospital in Bangkok, Thailand. C. albicans comprised 44.55 per cent of all isolates. Non-albicans Candida spp. isolates accounted for 55.45 per cent of all candidemia episodes and were primarily due to C. tropicalis (45%) followed by C. parapsilosis (6%), C. glabrata (4%), and C. krusei (0.5%). Non-albicans Candida spp appeared more frequently in children (59%). Regarding etiology, non-albicans Candida spp showed an increase (67%) in the year 2002. The distribution of C. albicans genotypes was as follows: genotype A, 71 per cent; genotype B, 26 per cent and genotype C, 3 per cent, with a similar susceptibility proportion to amphotericin B, fluconazole and itraconazole. All isolates of C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis were susceptible to fluconazole in vitro. Only 16.7-19.8 per cent of the isolates were resistant to itraconazole. A high proportion of C. glabrata isolates showed drugs resistance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Mechanisms of host defense against Candida species. II. Biochemical basis for the killing of Candida by mononuclear phagocytes.

We studied the biochemical basis of candidacidal activity by comparing the killing of Candida albicans, a serious pathogen, and Candida parapsilosis, a low-grade pathogen, by human monocytes (Mo) and monocyte-derived macrophages. Mo killed C. parapsilosis significantly better than C. albicans. The two species triggered the respiratory burst and release of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and beta-glucuronidase in Mo to an equivalent extent. In contrast to Mo, macrophages killed both species to an equivalent extent. Mo exhibited a greater candida-stimulated respiratory burst than did monocyte-derived macrophages, and the respiratory burst was required for the killing of both species. C. parapsilosis was killed much more easily than C. albicans by exposure to low concentrations of hypochlorite or monochloramine, MPO-dependent oxidants released by Mo but not macrophages, which lack MPO. With six different Candida strains there was a significant correlation between killing by Mo and susceptibility to hypochlorite (r = 0.926) or monochloramine (r = 0.981) (p less than 0.01 for each). Species differences in resistance to killing by Mo may be related to differences in sensitivity to MPO-derived oxidants, and the ability of C. albicans to resist the effects of these oxidants may be a virulence factor associated with this species.

Candida↗
PubMed1988

Comparative activity in different media of ketoconazole, miconazole and amphotericin B against Candida lusitaniae and sucrose-negative Candida tropicalis.

This study evaluates the susceptibility of sucrose-negative Candida tropicalis and Candida lusitaniae strains to amphotericin B (AMB), miconazole (MCZ) and ketoconazole (KTZ). The susceptibility tests were carried out in different media: Antibiotic Medium 3 (AM-3m) and Earle Minimum Essential Medium (E-MEM) for AMB: Yeast Nitrogen Base (YNB) and E-MEM for imidazole compounds. The minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) of AMB were slightly higher than minimal inhibitory concentration (MICs) except against Candida lusitaniae strains; whereas the MFCs of MCZ and KTZ were higher than the MICs by almost two-fold for all strains tested. AMB was more efficacious against sucrose-negative Candida tropicalis and the MICs were very definite; on the contrary, the MICs with KTZ were difficult to read. The MICs of AMB in E-MEM were essentially the same as those in AM-3m; whereas for KTZ and MCZ determined in YNB the MICs were generally higher than those obtained in E-MEM.

Amphotericin B↗
PubMed1979

Evaluation of the Microstix-Candida system for the isolation of Candida.

A study was carried out to compare the efficiency of the Microstix-Candida system with the standard method of isolating candida using Sabouraud medium. It was found that the Microstix-Candida system gave a 96.8% correlation with the standard method for vaginal specimens, and 91.8% correlation for other specimens. The Microstix-Candida system may be a useful laboratory procedure, in addition to direct microscopy, for the diagnosis and management of vaginal candidiasis in clinics with limited access to laboratory facilities.

Candida↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Candida contamination in renal transplant recipients: Candida albicans serotypes and sera-antibodies.

Candida spp. is an important parasite for the immunocompromised host, and transplant recipients are at high risk for invasive and potentially lethal infections caused by this microorganism. The frequency of colonization at one or more sites and the correlation with humoral antibodies in renal transplant recipients have been studied. Candida strains were identified by cultural and biochemical tests, and moreover serological types of C. albicans were detected. Sera antibodies have been also determined by agglutination and immunodiffusion tests. Our results indicate that about 48.8% of patients had Candida spp. at one or more sites and these yeasts may be of different species or serotypes. None of the patients has had systemic candidiasis and none of them showed any convincing clinical or pathological evidence of invasive Candida disease.

Antibodies, Fungal↗
PubMed1998

Importance of Candida species other than Candida albicans as opportunistic pathogens.

Candida species other than C. albicans have become a significant cause of infection in humans. Several of the more commonly isolated of these species are less susceptible to commonly used azole antifungal drugs, a factor that poses significant difficulties for effective treatment. The modern mycology laboratory has an important role to play in several aspects relating to these organisms, including therapy, detection, identification and epidemiological analysis. The application of molecular techniques and phylogenetic analysis has led to the identification of a new species of Candida associated with mucosal candidiasis in HIV-infected individuals named Candida dubliniensis, the clinical significance of which is currently under investigation. Molecular techniques are also being applied to the analysis of determinants involved in pathogenicity of species such as Candida glabratta. These approaches should lead to a better understanding of these organisms and there ability to cause disease and should also provide more effective treatment.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1986

Disseminated intravascular coagulation and purpura fulminans in a patient with Candida sepsis. Biopsy of purpura fulminans as an aid to diagnosis of systemic Candida infection.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation and purpura fulminans developed in association with septicemia and meningitis due to Candida tropicalis in an 18-year-old female immunosuppressed renal allograft recipient. Although systemic Candida infection was initially suspected, blood cultures showed no growth of this organism until after its identification in the dermis of a skin biopsy specimen obtained from the site of purpura fulminans. This case illustrates the association between Candida sepsis and purpura fulminans, and demonstrates the usefulness of skin biopsy of purpura fulminans in the early diagnosis of Candida sepsis.

Adolescent↗