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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Cancer of the prostate: treatment and nursing implications.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To review the clinical manifestations, current treatment, and nursing management of prostate cancer. DATA SOURCES: Published articles, book chapters, American Cancer Society booklets. DATA SYNTHESIS: Prostate cancer is a slow-growing malignancy and usually is asymptomatic in its early stages. It causes acute urinary obstruction at more advanced stages, and patients may present with metastatic disease. Diagnosis is made by biopsy, and treatment options include periodic observation, surgery, radiotherapy hormonal manipulation, and chemotherapy with standard or investigational drugs or combination therapy. The major complications associated with surgery and radiation therapy are transient or permanent incontinence and impotence. CONCLUSIONS: Because no definitive method for identifying clinically important lesions exists, much controversy surrounds prostate cancer treatment. Issues significant to the diagnosis and treatment of all stages of prostate cancer are identified, and nursing care concerns focusing on treatment and disease-related problems are presented. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Nursing care focuses on providing patients with accurate information to make informed decisions regarding treatment for early stage disease, on promoting comfort, and on preventing and managing treatment and disease-related complications. Nursing diagnoses include knowledge deficit; altered sexual patterns, body image disturbance, altered urinary elimination, diarrhea, impaired skin integrity, and pain, fatigue, bleeding, and infection, all of which are related to surgery, pathologic fractures, spinal cord compression, and edema of the scrotum/lower extremities.

Humans↗
PubMed1977

Stature and body weight growth patterns from longitudinal data of Japanese children born during World War II.

Stature and body weight data of 100 boys and 100 girls from 7 to 17 years of age in Shimodate City who were born during World War II were longitudinally analyzed. The children were significantly smaller and lighter throughout their growth period than those born 11 years after the end of the war. The correlation coefficient between statures at each age and at age 17 showed a gradual increase with increasing age, while that between statures at each age and at age 7 decreased with age. However, a drop in the correlation coefficient was found during puberty, at age 11 for girls and at age 13 for boys. Comparing the normalized distance from mean values of stature and body weight at age 7, at puberty, and at age 17, only 51% of the children continued to be in the same relative position for both height and weight, 6% of boys and 4% of girls showing a decreasing pattern for both and 4% of boys and 7% of girls showing an increasing pattern for both. Thus, about 60% of the children of either sex presented parallel stature and body weight growth patterns for ages from 7 to 17.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Insulin sensitivity, glucose effectiveness, and body fat distribution pattern in nondiabetic offspring of patients with NIDDM.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship of insulin sensitivity (SI), glucose effectiveness (glucose-dependent glucose transport [SG]), and body fat distribution patterns in glucose-tolerant offspring of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Ten glucose-tolerant offspring of patients with NIDDM and 10 age-, sex-, and weight-matched healthy control subjects without family history of diabetes were studied with the minimal model method of Bergman et al. Body fat composition and distribution pattern were assessed by the bioelectrical impedance analyzer and waist-hip circumference ratios (WHR), respectively, in each subject. RESULTS: Mean fasting serum glucose (4.39 +/- 0.17 vs. 3.94 +/- 0.17 mM) and postglucose peak (18.50 +/- 1.50 vs. 13.20 +/- 1.06 mM) levels were significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in the offspring than in the control subjects. Mean fasting serum insulin levels were slightly greater but not significantly different in the offspring versus control subjects (64 +/- 14 vs. 29 +/- 7 pM). After intravenous stimulation with glucose and tolbutamide, the mean serum insulin rose to significantly greater (P less than 0.05) levels at t = 5 and 25 min in the offspring compared with the control subjects. Mean SI was significantly reduced by 45% in the offspring compared with the control subjects (4.77 +/- 0.67 vs. 8.37 +/- 1.24 x 10(-4) min-1.mU-1.L-1). However, SG was not different in the offspring versus control subjects (1.92 +/- 0.12 vs. 2.10 +/- 0.17 x 10(-2) min-1). SI correlated significantly and inversely with the percentage of body fat mass (r = -0.580, P less than 0.05) but not with the WHR (r = -0.019) in the offspring. We found a negative association between SI and basal serum insulin (r = -0.798, P less than 0.01) but not with the poststimulation incremental insulin responses in the offspring. Family history of diabetes independently accounted for at least 27% of variance in the SI in our subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirmed that insulin insensitivity but not a reduced glucose effectiveness exists in young glucose-tolerant offspring of patients with NIDDM. The reduced S1 appears to be causally related to the total body fat content and may be a familial and/or genetic trait in the offspring.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1994

The alpha beta T-cell receptor repertoire in inclusion body myositis: diverse patterns of gene expression by muscle-infiltrating lymphocytes.

Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is one member of a group of disorders known as idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) in which autoreactive T cells directed against muscle are thought to play a primary role in disease pathogenesis. We have utilized the polymerase chain reaction to determine the pattern of alpha beta T-cell receptor (TCR) variable (V) gene expression in muscle biopsies from 13 IBM patients. In the majority of biopsies, we detected oligoclonal patterns of TCR V gene expression by muscle-infiltrating lymphocytes; an average of six out of the 22 TCR V alpha gene families surveyed and seven out of 24 TCR V beta gene families surveyed were detected per biopsy. While no TCR V alpha gene families were over-represented in our survey, TCR V beta 3 and V beta 6 gene usage was a prominent feature of IBM muscle biopsies. TCR gene expression was characterized further by analysing the junctional sequence composition of both V beta 3 and V beta 6 clones from muscle biopsies of the IBM patients. A large number of structurally diverse V beta 3 and V beta 6 clonotypes were identified from these patients demonstrating a polyclonal pattern of T cell infiltration. These data, while describing prominent TCR V beta 3 and V beta 6 gene detection, do not suggest that a common antigen-driven T-cell response promotes chronic inflammation in muscle of IBM patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Manometric patterns using esophageal body and lower sphincter characteristics. Findings in 1013 patients.

In order to determine the actual spectrum of abnormal esophageal motility, manometric patterns in 1013 consecutive tracings were established using a classification method that employs esophageal body and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) characteristics. Peristaltic performance and contraction wave parameters were measured in the esophageal body; basal pressure and relaxation were included for the LES. Nine hundred thirty (92%) of the tracings could be completely classified, and 33 different patterns were observed (915 occurring at a rate greater than 1%). Abnormalities were most common in contraction wave parameters (661 tracings, 65%), and least common in LES relaxation (105 tracings, 10%). Patterns most typical of achalasia and diffuse esophageal spasm were found in 6.4% and 5.0% of tracings, respectively. Statistical analysis of the patterns demonstrated that significant bidirectional predictive associations between categories were restricted to features representing pathology-based motor disorders (ie, achalasia and "scleroderma-esophagus"). This systematic classification method is capable of recognizing and cataloging common findings of motor dysfunction in the esophageal body and LES as well as uncommon patterns representing traditional motility disorders. Our findings provide reference data for clinical esophageal manometry.

Esophageal Motility Disorders↗
PubMed1986

Non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction: body surface potential map and ventriculographic patterns.

Day 5 body surface map and radionuclide angiographic patterns were compared among 56 patients with first non-Q-wave or Q-wave acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Three radionuclide angiographic patterns were recognized in patients with non-Q infarction: no wall motion abnormalities (n = 8), single-segment wall motion abnormalities (n = 10) and multiple-segment wall motion abnormalities (n = 9). In contrast, only 2 radionuclide angiographic patterns were identified in patients with Q-wave infarction: multiple-segment wall motion abnormalities (n = 25) and single-segment wall motion abnormalities (n = 4). The Q-wave distributions of 14 of 18 patients with non-Q infarction with 0 or 1 wall motion abnormalities were normal; 2 patients had "missed" anterior; 1 patient had inferior; and 1 had posterior AMI patterns. Of 9 patients with non-Q infarction who had multiple-segment wall motion abnormalities, 8 had infarct Q waves on the posterior torso. Q-wave patterns in patients with anterior (n = 17) and inferior (n = 12) Q-wave infarctions were typical and homogeneous for each group. Quantitative analysis of minimum Q-zone integral, sigma Q-wave integrals, ST-integral maximum, wall motion abnormality score and ejection fraction revealed no differences between patients with non-Q-wave and those with inferior Q-wave infarction. In contrast, patients with anterior AMI had significantly more abnormal values of all variables than either of the other groups. Overall, the data support the concept of non-Q-wave AMI as a distinct, if heterogeneous, pathophysiologic entity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1989

A basis for determining body surface potential patterns attributable to single-site coronary arterial occlusion.

The authors focus on computational separation of the individual patterns of occlusion of the major segments of the right coronary artery. The raw patterns of occlusion throughout 15 standard subdivisions of the coronary arterial tree and body surface isoarea maps for 8 consecutive 10-msec intervals of QRS were examined in 200 patients with known coronary artery disease. Mean patterns of occlusion and of potential distribution were formed into 15 groups according to which patients showed greater than or equal to 90% occlusion of the respective segments. By diagonalization of the occlusion matrix, individual potential map patterns were obtained to represent the effect of isolated occlusion of each segment. While these patterns appeared consistent with the known anatomy of ventricular myocardial perfusion, further correlative study will be needed. The authors suggest that the use of such prototypical patterns of single-site obstruction may be helpful in forming and assessing recognition patterns in the clinical setting of multiple-site, multiple-vessel disease.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed1991

Influence of direction of body weight change on pattern of gonadotropin secretion in ovariectomized beef heifers of equivalent body weight.

Our hypothesis was that alterations in pattern of gonadotropin secretion induced by level of dietary energy intake are dependent on direction of BW change. Beef heifers were assigned to one of two treatments 21 d after ovariectomy: 1) increasing followed by decreasing BW (I-D; n = 9) or 2) decreasing followed by increasing BW (D-I; n = 9). Heifers assigned to the I-D treatment received 15.4 Mcal ME/d (HE) from wk 0 to 8 followed by 4.3 Mcal ME/d (LE) from wk 9 to 16. Heifers assigned to the D-I treatment received the LE diet for the initial 8 wk followed by the HE diet for the subsequent 8 wk. At 2-wk intervals blood samples were collected at 10-min intervals for 11 h to determine the pattern of secretion and(or) concentration of gonadotropins in circulation (LH and FSH) and pituitary responsiveness to administration of 750 ng and 50 micrograms of LHRH. Frequency of LH pulses increased (P less than .05) in a quadratic fashion with increasing ADG in heifers in both treatment groups. Amplitude of LH pulses decreased (P less than .05) in a linear fashion with increasing ADG in heifers in both treatment groups and magnitude of this decline was greater (P less than .05) in heifers receiving the D-I treatment. Amplitude of response to 750 ng of LHRH decreased (P less than .05) in a linear fashion with increasing ADG in heifers receiving the D-I treatment but was unrelated to changes in ADG (P greater than .05) in heifers receiving the I-D treatment. When heifers in both treatment groups attained similar BW (P greater than .05; wk 14), amplitude of LH pulses, responsiveness to 750 ng of LHRH and mean concentration of FSH in serum were higher (P less than .05) in heifers receiving the I-D than in heifers receiving the D-I treatment. Thus, we accept the hypothesis that alterations in pattern of gonadotropin secretion in heifers fed diets with a low energy content are dependent on direction of BW change.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Body fat distribution patterns and blood pressure in black and white women.

The prevalence of obesity and being overweight and the distribution of body fat in relation to blood pressure were assessed in a college population of 181 black and white US women and 124 black Nigerian women. The mean ages ranged from 18.6 to 22.4 years. Twenty-nine percent of black US women were overweight and 12.9% were obese; whereas 13.6% of white US women were overweight and 2.3% were obese. Only 18.6% of Nigerians were overweight and 1.6% were obese. More upper body fat was found among the black US women and Nigerians than among white US women. There was no significant correlation between body fat distribution and blood pressure among Nigerians. In general, among US blacks and whites, there were positive associations among body mass index, waist-hip girth measurements, and blood pressure, particularly for systolic blood pressure.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The blood flow velocity waveform in the fetal descending aorta; its relationship to fetal heart rate pattern, eye and body movements in normal pregnancy at 27-28 weeks of gestation.

In 13 normal pregnancies at 27-28 weeks of gestation the blood flow velocity waveform at the lower thoracic level of the fetal descending aorta was studied in relation to fetal heart rate pattern (FHRP), fetal eye movements (FEM) and fetal body movements (FBM). State parameter combinations in which high fetal heart rate (FHR) variability was present, were associated with a significant reduction in pulsatility index (PI) as compared with periods in which low FHR variability was present, irrespective of FEM and FBM, indicating a reduced peripheral vascular resistance. At 27-28 weeks of gestation FHR variability and PI might be linked to baroreceptor sensitivity. PI values derived from combinations FHRP-A, FEM(-), FBM(-) and FHRP-B, FEM(+), FBM(+) showed a significant inverse relationship (P less than 0.05) with FHR. FHR and FHR variability should be taken into account when studying flow velocity waveforms in the fetal descending aorta at 27-28 weeks of gestation.

Aorta, Thoracic↗
PubMed1990

Two discharge patterns of carotid body chemoreceptors in the goat.

Twenty-nine single carotid body chemoreceptor units recorded during normocapnic normoxia from 20 anesthetized goats were classified into two groups by discharge pattern. Thirteen fibers, which had interspike interval distributions with a prominent peak [24.0 +/- 9.8% (SD)] at 0- to 20-ms bin, were termed bursting fibers (BF). The 16 remaining fibers were termed nonbursting fibers (NBF); these had no notable peak in the interval distributions. During hypoxia and hypercapnia, the chemoreceptor fibers continued to discharge in their established patterns. The interval distribution of most NBF spike trains could be described with the Poisson process, but none of the BF could be. However, except for the intervals in the range of 0-20 ms, the interval distribution of the BF could be described as exponential. This study suggests that 1) there are two distinct populations of the goat chemoreceptor fiber, each with an inherent discharge pattern; 2) the chemoreceptor did not code information about arterial PO2 and PCO2 in different patterns; and 3) the basic chemotransduction mechanism is likely the same in BF and NBF, and the difference in discharge pattern is more likely to reflect processes downstream from the transducer.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2026

Comparative transcriptome analysis provides insights into dorso-ventral color pattern formation of Holothuria edulis.

Animal body color patterns are highly diverse and play critical roles in camouflage, intraspecific communication, and environmental adaptation. Holothuria edulis, an important echinoderm inhabiting tropical waters, exhibits a typical dorsoventral dichromatism. This unique body color difference represents a key phenotypic trait for its habitat adaptation; however, the core differential genes regulating this trait remain to be elucidated. In this study, comparative transcriptome sequencing was performed on the dorsal and ventral body wall tissues of H. edulis, leading to the identification of a number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), followed by GO functional annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. GO enrichment analysis indicated that the DEGs were significantly enriched in functional categories such as extracellular region, peptidase inhibitor activity, and tetrapyrrole binding. KEGG pathway analysis further revealed significant enrichment of protein digestion and absorption, the TNF signaling pathway, and cholesterol metabolism. Notably, the pigmentation-related gene FMO2 was highly expressed in the dorsal body wall tissue, whereas cyp1a1, ZIC1, Slc7a11, WNT-1, and ADAMTS20 were highly expressed in the ventral body wall tissue. This study identified DEGs and enriched pathways associated with dorsoventral body color differences in H. edulis, providing new insights into the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying body color pattern formation. From the perspective of aquaculture applications, body color is one of the important traits affecting the quality and market value of sea cucumber products. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of body color variation can provide a scientific basis for molecular marker-assisted breeding of superior sea cucumber variety.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Distribution pattern of cell bodies and fibers with neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in the cat hypothalamus.

Neurotensin is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Extensive radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemical studies in rats show that the neurotensin immunoreactive perikarya and fibers are most prominent in the hypothalamus. Radioimmunoassay studies have suggested that the levels of neurotensin in the hypothalamus of cats may be six times higher than that of rats. We studied the distribution pattern of neurotensin immunoreactivity within the hypothalamus of the cat by avidin-biotin modification immunohistochemical methods: (1) to define its distribution pattern within the hypothalamus, and (2) to compare our findings with the patterns that have been described in rats. Results show that neurotensin immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers are most prominent in the rostral and intermediate regions of the cat hypothalamus. Cell bodies with neurotensin-like immunoreactivity are seen maximally in the medial preoptic region, the infundibular nucleus, and the lateral hypothalamus. The neurotensin positive fibers are dense in the periventricular regions of the entire rostro-caudal extent of the hypothalamus. This pattern of distribution of neurotensin immunoreactivity is similar to that described in rats. The suprachiasmatic nuclei of the cat hypothalamus, however, contained a significant number of neurotensin immunoreactive cell bodies, an observation not noted in the rat hypothalamus. The neurotensin immunoreactive neurons were more numerous in the lateral hypothalamus than has been reported in rats, but the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in cats contained fewer neurotensin immunoreactive perikarya. The presence of neurotensin immunoreactive perikarya in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the apparent increase in the number of neurotensin immunoreactive neurons in the lateral hypothalamus may account for the increased levels of neurotensin reported in cats. Neurotensin has been speculated to play a role in nociception, thermoregulation, and control of arterial pressure by acting as a hormone or a neurotransmitter. Details of the pattern of colocalization of neurotensin with that of other neuropeptides and neurotransmitters will aid in our understanding of its role in these functions.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Body fat distribution and osteoarthritis.

The association of body fat distribution with single and combined site osteoarthritis was investigated using data from the US Health Examination Survey I, 1960-1962 (HES I) and the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I, 1971-1975 (NHANES I). The study included 1,636 adults aged 35-79 years from HES I with hands and feet radiographs and four anthropometric fat distribution measures--subscapular and triceps skinfolds, waist girth, and seat breadth--and 3,885 adults aged 45-74 from NHANES I with knee radiographs and subscapular and triceps skinfold measures. Sex-specific data, adjusted for age, race, and body mass index, were analyzed using polychotomous logistic regression. There was a positive association of body mass index with knee osteoarthritis and with combined hands and feet osteoarthritis. A peripheral body girth pattern was associated with combined site osteoarthritis of the hands and feet; however, there was no consistent pattern of association of body fat distribution with knee osteoarthritis nor with osteoarthritis of the hands or feet only. These findings suggest that the central body fat pattern observed in previous studies to be associated with cardiovascular and gallbladder disease, and with diabetes, is not associated with osteoarthritis of the hands, feet, or knees.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relative contribution of body fat and fat pattern to blood pressure level.

Although the association between body weight and blood pressure is irrefutable, body fat mass and blood pressure level may not necessarily be directly related. To clarify the relative contribution of fat mass to blood pressure level, we analyzed data on 399 adults consecutively entering a weight control program. Although most subjects were notably overweight (mean ideal body weight 177%), the population represented a wide spectrum of body weights and blood pressure levels. Study parameters included body fat mass (by total body water, 40K, and Steinkamp formula), lean body mass, body build (chest to height ratio), fat cell number and size from bilateral buttock biopsy specimens, upper fat pattern by arm to thigh circumference ratio, and central fat pattern by subscapular to triceps skinfold ratio. Our results concurred with previously noted correlations between obesity and blood pressure (as mean arterial pressure): weight (r = 0.44), percentage of body fat (r = 0.19), and absolute fat mass (r = 0.38; all p less than 0.01); however, lean body mass, age, and body build correlated highly with both fat mass and mean arterial pressure, thereby confounding this relationship. Multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate the relative contribution of fat mass to mean arterial pressure in the presence of these and other potentially confounding variables. Lean body mass, age, body build, and an upper body fat pattern were found to contribute significantly to the variation in mean arterial pressure (p less than 0.01). In their presence, percentage of body fat, absolute fat mass, central fat pattern, fat cell characteristics, and age of onset of obesity did not significantly improve the predictability of mean arterial pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1992

Reversible achalasia-like motor pattern of esophageal body secondary to postoperative stricture of gastroesophageal junction.

Two cases are presented of benign stenosis of the cardia secondary to fibrosis following antireflux surgery in which the patients developed a motor alteration in the esophageal body similar to that of achalasia of the cardia. There was a complete absence of contractions in one patient, which had developed over a long period of time, and a vigorous pattern in the other patient, which had evolved over a short period. In both cases, after surgical treatment of the stenosis, normal motility in the esophageal body returned.

Adult↗