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PubMed1990

Resting energy expenditure in women: impact of obesity and body-fat distribution.

Postabsorptive resting metabolic rate (RMR) and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) were repeatedly assessed with an indirect calorimetric ventilated hood system in a group of 32 healthy premenopausal obese women, body fat percentage 46.4 +/- 0.9 (mean +/- SEM), age 38.5 +/- 0.9 years. RMR and DIT were also measured in a group of 10 healthy premenopausal non-obese women, body fat percentage 31.3 +/- 1.7, age 37.7 +/- 2.4 years. The obese women were subdivided according to the waist-to-hips girth ratio (WHR) into three groups with a different type of body fat distribution: A gluteal-femoral obese group (n = 10), WHR less than 0.79; an intermediate obese group (n = 10), 0.79 less than WHR less than 0.85; and an abdominal obese group (n = 12), WHR greater than 0.85. No significant differences were observed among the obese groups in age, body weight, body fat mass, and fat-free body mass. Body fat distribution was not associated with differences in DIT, pre- and postprandial respiratory quotients and substrate oxidation rates, but the abdominal obese women had significantly higher RMRs adjusted for age, fat mass, and fat-free body mass (6,075 +/- 200 kJ/d) in comparison with the gluteal-femoral obese women (5,502 +/- 205 kJ/d) and in comparison with obese women with an intermediate body fat distribution (5,517 +/- 193 kJ/d), but not in comparison with a non-obese control group, 6,790 +/- 261 kJ/d. It is concluded that within the total group of obese women, the non-abdominal obese can be characterized by relatively reduced resting metabolic rates in comparison with either the abdominal obese or with non-obese women.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

Body composition characteristics and body fat distribution in lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Body composition, fat distribution and bone mineral density were examined in lean women suffering from polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and compared with body composition and fat distribution characteristics of weight-matched lean controls. Ten women with PCOS and a body mass index (BMI) below 25.00 (kg/m(2)) and 10 healthy women with a BMI below 25.00 (kg/m(2)) matched for age and weight and BMI as controls were enrolled in this study. Body composition and bone density were measured by dual-energy- x-ray-absorptiometry and fat distribution patterns were calculated. Although matched for age, weight and BMI, lean PCOS patients showed a significantly higher amount of body fat and lower amount of lean body mass than the controls. The majority of PCOS patients showed an intermediate or android kind of fat distribution. Only 30% of the lean PCOS patients corresponded to the definition of gynoid fat distribution while this was true of all lean controls.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2004

[Abnormal body fat distribution and type of antiretroviral therapy as predictors of cardiovascular disease risk in HIV-infected patients].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and body fat redistribution are respectively short and long-term complications of protease inhibitor-containing antiretroviral regimens. To establish whether differences in the type of antiretroviral therapy (protease-containing or protease-sparing) or the presence and severity of body fat redistribution, explained differences in cardiovascular risk, we undertook a cross-sectional study. PATIENTS AND METHOD: The study was carried out in 219 consecutive HIV-infected patients attending an outpatient HIV clinic between February and April, 2002. Age, sex, smoking status, weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure, antihypertensive treatment, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose concentrations, in addition to changes in body fat distribution were measured in 31 HIV-infected patients with no antiretroviral therapy, 35 HIV-infected patients treated with protease inhibitor-sparing regimens, and 153 HIV-infected patients treated with protease inhibitor-containing regimens. A ten-year cardiovascular disease risk was estimated according to the Framingham score. RESULTS: Patients treated with protease inhibitor-containing regimens as well as patients treated with protease inhibitor-sparing agents showed higher concentrations of cholesterol (p < 0.001), triglycerides (p = 0.004), glucose (p = 0.028), and greater changes in body fat distribution (p = 0.001) than patients with no antiretroviral therapy. An abnormal body fat distribution score was more strongly associated (p < 0.001) with the estimated 10-year cardiovascular disease risk than the type of HAART (p = 0.036). Ten-year cardiovascular disease risk increased linearly from 7.48% to 11.16% and to 19.50% in patients with no or mild, moderate and severe lipodystrophy scores, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study encourage the use of cardiovascular preventive strategies in HIV-infected patients with severe lipodystrophy.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Body circumferences as alternatives to skinfold measures of body fat distribution in children.

The ratios of circumferences (waist/hip, waist/thigh) have been proposed in lieu of skinfold measurements for studies of obesity and body fat distribution in adults. The skinfold method has been used successfully in children to study the growth and development of patterns of body fat distribution, but circumferences have not. We studied the relationship between these two methodologies as indicators of body fat and its anatomical distribution among 365 normal children aged 6-11 years, using canonical correlation analysis. With this method, weighted vectors of four body circumferences on the one hand and five skinfolds on the other are formed in such a way that the correlation between the two sets of variables is maximized. Weights (regression coefficients) are assigned each variable and their strength and sign help us to select the best combination of circumferences which describe a component of centralised obesity. A first canonical correlation was substantial in both boys and girls (0.84) and was independent of age. It appeared to relate to fatness level. A second canonical correlation was low (0.34 in boys, 0.35 in girls) (p less than 0.01). It too was age independent and in both sexes it reflected differences between fat on the trunk and on the lower extremity, and was thus a component of centralised fat distribution. The simple waist/thigh ratio correlated better with this canonical variable (0.67-0.88) than the more commonly used waist/hip ratio (0.45-0.79). The 'best' index of centralised fat in children is therefore, the waist/thigh circumference ratio, the same one that has been suggested for adults.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2003

Precedence of bone loss over changes in body composition and body fat distribution within a few years after menopause.

OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated the sequence of certain phenomena with a few years after menopause: bone mineral loss, decrease in lean body mass, increase in body fat mass, or the shift toward upper body fat distribution. METHODS: Subjects were 64 postmenopausal women aged 50-53 years with right side dominance (mean age+/-S.D., 51.4+/-1.1 years), and 59 age-matched regularly menstruating premenopausal women (51.7+/-1.2 years) serving as controls. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI, wt./ht.(2)), age at menopause (in postmenopausal women), and years since menopause (YSM) were recorded. Anthropometries, bone mineral density (BMD), and body fat distribution were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Age at menopause and YSM in postmenopausal women were 51.7+/-1.2 and 2.3+/-1.7 years, respectively. Age, height, weight, BMI did not differ between the two groups. BMD of the bilateral arm, lumbar spine (L2-4), pelvis, and total body were significantly lower in postmenopausal women. However, leg BMD, trunk-leg fat ratio, body fat mass, and the lean body mass did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Within a few years after menopause, bone mineral loss precedes lean mass loss, increase in body fat mass, and a shift toward upper body fat distribution. We can say that bone tissue is more sensitive to hypogonadism than lean and fat tissues are.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

Relationship between serum adiponectin and leptin concentrations and body fat distribution.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between adiponectin and leptin and body fat distribution. One hundred and ninety-seven women participated in this study. Subjects were grouped based on their visceral adipose tissue area (VAT). Body fat distribution was determined by computed tomography. The numbers in the subcutaneous fat dominant group (SFDG) and visceral fat dominant group (VFDG) were 79 and 118, respectively. The VFDG showed lower adiponectin levels than the SFDG (8.9+/-0.4 microg/ml versus 11.4+/-0.7 microg/ml, P=0.006), but leptin levels did not differ significantly between groups (18.8+/-1.1 ng/ml versus 17.7+/-1.8 ng/ml, P=0.111). Adiponectin levels were inversely correlated with fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, triglyceride, SBP and DBP, subcutaneous adipose tissue area (SAT) and VAT, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Leptin levels were positively correlated with fasting glucose and insulin, HOMA-IR, triglyceride, SBP and DBP, VAT and SAT, and WHR (all values of P<0.05). VAT and HDL-cholesterol were independent variables of adiponectin concentrations (R(2)=0.207, P<0.0001), and SAT, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR were independent variables of leptin concentrations (R(2)=0.498, P<0.0001) In conclusion, adiponectin and leptin concentrations, although associated with metabolic parameters, were more strongly influenced by VAT in the case of adiponectin, and by SAT in the case of leptin.

Adiponectin↗
PubMed1996

Mental distress, obesity and body fat distribution in middle-aged men.

Previous epidemiological studies have suggested that psychiatric symptoms are associated with obesity and abdominal distribution of body fat in women. The aim of the present study was to examine this in middle-aged men. In 1992 a cluster selected cohort of 1040 men born in 1944 (participation rate 79.9%) was examined. Registrations of symptoms of depression and anxiety, sleep disturbances, psychosomatic disease as well as degree of life satisfaction were analyzed in relation to body mass index (BMI) and the waist/hip circumference ratio (WHR). In univariate analyses both BMI and WHR correlated with these factors. BMI and WHR were, however, closely interrelated (p = 0.61), necessitating analyses of separate, independent relationships in multivariate analyses. When adjusted for WHR all the significant relationships with BMI disappeared. In contrast the WHR, adjusted for BMI, showed remaining significant associations with the use of anxiolytics (p = 0.018), hypnotics (p = 0.029), antidepressive drugs (p = 0.008), degree of melancholy (p = 0.002), and life satisfaction (p = 0.002, negative), difficulties to sleep (p = 0.014) and fall asleep (p = 0.047), tendency to wake up from sleep (borderline, p = 0.070) and dyspepsia (p < 0.001). Since smoking and alcohol are known to influence on the WHR, these factors were, in addition to BMI, entered into the analyses as confounding variables. The mentioned associations then remained statistical significant (use of hypnotics borderline, p = 0.074) except difficulties to fall asleep and tendency to wake up. It was concluded that in contrast to BMI, the WHR is associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety with associated sleep disturbances, as well as psychosomatic symptoms and dissatisfaction. It was hypothesized that the mechanism involved might be increased secretion of cortisol, directing storage fat to central adipose tissue depots.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1992

Relation of body fat distribution in men and degree of coronary narrowings in coronary artery disease.

This study evaluates the relation between body fat distribution and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). The study sample comprised 33 patients with angiographically demonstrated CAD and 10 angiographically normal control subjects. Body fat distribution was estimated by computed tomography and degree of coronary narrowings by angiographic score. Body weight, body mass index and total and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue areas showed no statistical differences in the 2 groups; visceral abdominal adipose tissue area and the visceral to subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue area ratio were significantly higher in patients with CAD (p < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between visceral fat and triglycerides, apoprotein B and sum of glucose and insulin during glucose oral tolerance test. Sum of insulin during glucose oral tolerance test, visceral abdominal adipose tissue area and visceral/subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue area ratio correlated significantly with severity of CAD, as evaluated by coronary score in all subjects and in CAD patients alone. Stepwise multiple regression analysis using the coronary score as the dependent variable and anthropometric and metabolic parameters as independent variables shows that in all subjects and in CAD patients alone, visceral/subcutaneous abdominal adipose-tissue area ratio entered the regression first and the sum of insulin during glucose oral tolerance test second. The results suggest that visceral abdominal adipose tissue area and visceral to subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue area ratio may be cardiovascular risk factors.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1993

Insulin sensitivity and body fat distribution in normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents.

Lean, healthy normotensive sons of essential hypertensive parents (OHyp) have lower insulin sensitivity (SI) than sons of normotensive parents (ONorm). We have tried to find out whether this disturbance in insulin metabolism is related to altered body fat distribution, fuel metabolism, or both. 21 OHyp and 21 ONorm of similar age and body-mass index were investigated after fasting overnight. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and fuel metabolism by indirect calorimetry and urinary nitrogen excretion. Plasma insulin and glucose concentrations were measured during the frequent sampling intravenous glucose tolerance test, and SI was calculated by the minimum model method. Systolic blood pressure and heart rate were slightly but not significantly higher in OHyp than ONorm but the groups did not differ in fasting plasma insulin or glucose concentrations, carbohydrate or lipid oxidation, lean and fat mass, bone mineral content, or distribution of body fat. By contrast, SI was significantly lower in OHyp than ONorm (8.2 [0.7] vs 13.4 [1.5] 10(-4) L mU-1 min-1, p < 0.01). Within the whole study population upper-body fat mass was positively correlated with fasting plasma insulin (r = 0.33, p < 0.03) and lipid oxidation was positively correlated with SI (r = 0.35, p < 0.04) and negatively correlated with subscapular/triceps skinfold thickness (r = -0.43, p < 0.01). Thus, impairment of SI precedes both the development of overt hypertension and gain or redistribution of body fat. Therefore, the concept that SI is low as a result of altered fat distribution has to be reconsidered, at least in young male offspring of hypertensive parents.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

Obesity, body fat distribution and incidence of sick leave in the Belgian workforce: the Belstress study.

OBJECTIVES: In many studies, obesity has been associated with morbidity or mortality, but only a few have studied the relation between obesity and sick leave. Our aim is to analyse the independent effects of both adiposity and body fat distribution in relation to the 1-y incidence of sick leave in a large cohort of male and female workers covering a variety of occupations, taking into account a wide range of socio-demographic, behavioural and bioclinical variables. DESIGN AND SETTING: The baseline survey of the Belstress study was conducted in 25 companies across Belgium between 1994 and 1998. A cohort of 20 463 workers (15 557 males and 4906 females) aged 35-59 y was followed for absenteeism during 1 y. The 75th percentile of the distribution of the total annual sickness days was used as a cutoff to classify the workers with a high 1-y incidence rate of sick leave. The relation between sick leave and both obesity and body fat distribution assessed by the body mass index (BMI) and the waist circumference, respectively, was analysed by multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: Using a backward procedure based on the likelihood ratio, we found central abdominal fatness to be an independent predictor of sick leave in both genders (high sick-leave incidence and long spells), but not BMI. In men, the odds ratios was 1.31 (99% CI 1.12-1.52, P<0.0001) and in women it ranged from 1.32 (99% CI 1.03-1.70, P=0.005) to 1.47 (99% CI 1.14-1.90, P<0.0001). Two baseline covariables, respiratory problems and perceived health, are confounders or mediators. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, body fat distribution was associated with a high annual sick-leave incidence and long spells of sickness absence. If this link is reversible, employers may benefit from programs aiming at the prevention and treatment of central obesity.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1989

Interrelationships between body weight, body fat distribution and insulin in obese women before and after hypocaloric feeding and weight loss.

The effects were investigated of weight loss on the relationship between hyperinsulinemia, body weight and body fat distribution in two groups of women with central-type obesity (CTO) (waist-to-hip ratio WHR greater than 0.85) or peripheral-type obesity (PTO) (WHR less than 0.85). An oral glucose tolerance test was carried out before and after a hypocaloric nutritional treatment lasting 4 months. Both groups were matched for age, body mass index and amount of body fat. At the basal condition, group CTO had fasting and glucose-stimulated insulin levels significantly higher than group PTO; fasting (but not stimulated) C peptide levels were also higher in CTO compared with PTO. Weight and fat loss were significantly higher in CTO than in PTO women. Moreover, unlike PTO, CTO subjects significantly reduced their WHR values. In both groups weight loss led to a significant drop in fasting and glucose-stimulated insulin and C peptide levels. However, PTO women reduced their C peptide levels significantly less than CTO. In conclusion, weight loss only modified body fat distribution in women with CTO, who appeared to be prone to a greater weight loss than the PTO women. Compared to PTO, CTO women were characterized by higher insulin levels and peripheral insulin resistance, which improved during hypocaloric feeding probably due to the combined effect of weight loss and the change in body fat distribution.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

Differences in body fat distribution and antioxidant status in Korean men with cardiovascular disease with or without diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Abnormal body fat distribution and reduced antioxidant status have been shown to be effective markers of risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the differences in body fat distribution and antioxidant status in healthy men (control subjects) and in men with CVD with or without diabetes. DESIGN: An oral-glucose-tolerance test was performed and CVD patients were subdivided into groups according to the presence or absence of diabetes. Adipose tissue areas were calculated from computed tomography scans made at the L1 and L4 vertebrae. Fasting serum concentrations of lipids, testosterone, insulin-like growth factor I, antioxidants, and plasma homocysteine were determined. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in mean age, body mass index (in kg/m(2)), or blood pressure between the groups. The visceral fat area at the L1 vertebra was nonsignificantly greater in CVD patients without diabetes than in control subjects, whereas it was significantly greater in CVD patients with diabetes than in control subjects at both the L1 and L4 vertebrae. Both groups of CVD patients had higher plasma concentrations of homocysteine and lower serum insulin-like growth factor I concentrations and superoxide dismutase activities than did control subjects. Serum ss-carotene and lycopene concentrations were lowest in the CVD patients with diabetes. CONCLUSION: The concurrent presence of CVD and diabetes is associated with a greater negative effect on the risk factors typically associated with significant declines in health status.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

Body fat distribution in pre-and post-menopausal women: metabolic and anthropometric variables.

BACKGROUND: Abdominal obesity is associated with coronary risk although the causality is not well established. OBJECTIVE: To compare body fat distribution and metabolic variables in obese pre- and post- menopausal women. DESIGN: The study was conducted in 55 obese female subjects (22 pre- and 33 post- menopausal) with body mass indices (BMI) from 27 to 35 Kg/m2. Body fat distribution was measured using waist and hip circumference and computerized tomography. Hormones such as estradiol, testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, as well as plasma lipids such as triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, apoproteins A and B, were also determined. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between the two groups in BMI, percentage of body fat, waist circumference, triceps, biceps, suprailiac and abdominal skinfolds. Hip circumference, subscapular skinfold and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue area were significantly lower, and waist-hip ratio, visceral area and visceral to subcutaneous area ratios significantly higher in post- menopausal women (P < 0.05). As was expected, basal plasma estrogens, and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, were significantly higher in pre-menopausal women. When comparing plasma lipids, blood cholesterol and low density lipoprotein, values were significantly higher in the post-menopausal group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that body fat distribution changes according to menopausal status, with central obesity more pronounced in post- menopausal women. Metabolic abnormalities are related more to visceral adipose tissue and estrogen plasma levels than to BMI.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1998

The impact of obesity and body fat distribution on ambulatory blood pressure in children and adolescents.

To assess the relationship between obesity, body fat distribution, and blood pressure in children and adolescents, various measures of obesity and the waist-to-hip circumference ratio were related to casual and ambulatory blood pressure as measured using a SpaceLabs 90207 monitor during a regular school day. Seventy obese and 70 nonobese children aged 6 to 16 years were included in the study. Regardless of the time period analyzed (24 h, daytime, or nighttime), ambulatory blood pressure and casual blood pressure were significantly higher among the obese children. The differences in systolic blood pressure observed between the groups were attributable to the presence of obesity as estimated by the ponderal index and by skinfold thickness. Similarly, systolic and diastolic loads, as an assessment of high blood pressure values over 24 h, were significantly higher in the obese children when compared to the loads for the nonobese children. Waist-to-hip circumference ratio was independently associated, (in multiple regression analysis) with systolic blood pressure, whether during 24 h, daytime, or nighttime periods, after controlling for age, sex, current height, ponderal index, and tricipital skinfold thickness. This study demonstrates that obesity is a determinant of ambulatory and casual blood pressure. Since obese children with a predominantly abdominal fat mass show higher blood pressure values, evaluation of body fat distribution in children may help to identify subjects more susceptible to developing hypertension later in life.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1992

The relationship between body fat distribution and weight loss in obese adolescent girls.

Recent studies have demonstrated an association between the pattern of body fat distribution and the occurrence of cardiovascular risk factors. In this study, we evaluated changes in body fat distribution as defined by several anthropometric criteria during a six week weight reduction programme in 110 obese adolescent girls (mean age 15.2 +/- 0.4 years). The standardized regimen included a mixed diet of 1032 kcal/day and a daily exercise programme of 1-2 h duration. The mean weight loss was 8.6 +/- 2.8 kg, decreasing the body mass index (BMI) from 31.4 +/- 4.7 to 28.2 +/- 4.9 kg/m2 (P < 0.01). The reduction in body weight was accompanied by a significant decrease in the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) from 0.86 +/- 0.06 to 0.81 +/- 0.05 (P < 0.01). The initial WHR was correlated with the degree of weight loss independent of the initial weight (r = 0.34, P < 0.001). Categorized according to the waist-to-hip ratio girls in the upper tertile (WHR > 0.88) lost significantly more weight than girls in the lower tertile (WHR < 0.80) (9.8 +/- 2.7 vs. 6.8 +/- 2.5 kg, P < 0.01). These findings suggest that girls with an abdominal type of obesity benefit more from a weight reduction programme than girls with a gluteal-femoral type of obesity.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Body fat distribution as a risk factor of endometrial cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relative contributions of upper body fat distribution and overall adiposity to endometrial cancer risk. METHODS: Subjects were 63 postmenopausal women with endometrial cancer aged less than 70 years and 201 age-matched controls. Age, age at menopause, years since menopause, height, weight, and body mass index were recorded at the time of admission. The trunk-leg fat ratio, body fat mass, trunk fat mass, and the percentage of body fat were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Trunk-leg fat ratio was higher in endometrial cancer patients than in controls (1.40 +/- 0.59 vs 1.23 +/- 0.39, p < 0.05). Whereas, other variables including age at menopause, percentage of body fat, body fat mass, and body mass index did not differ between the 2 groups. On stepwise multiple regression analysis, the trunk-leg fat ratio was still correlated with the presence of endometrial cancer (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Upper body fat distribution rather than overall adiposity is associated with endometrial cancer risk.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

Body fat distribution and sleep apnea severity in women.

The contribution of body fat distribution to sleep-disordered breathing in women has not been examined in detail (to our knowledge). Fifty women under 65 years of age were diagnosed as having obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) by all-night polysomnography in a 6-month period. Twenty-five women underwent body fat measurements of skin folds and circumferences. The 12 premenopausal and 13 postmenopausal women did not differ in regard to apnea hypopnea index (AHI), SaO2 nadir, body mass index (BMI), or anthropometric measurements. The AHI for these 25 patients was related to the severity of obesity assessed by triceps and subscapular skin folds, the sum of the skin folds, waist circumference, and BMI. The SaO2 nadir correlated with triceps and subscapular skin folds, the sum of the skin folds, and neck skin fold. Clinical features of this same group of 25 women were then compared with those of 45 men with OSA previously described by our laboratory. The women, despite similar age, had less severe OSA than the men (AHI of 34.4 +/- 5.4 vs 51.1 +/- 4.9, p < 0.05). Despite similar BMIs and waist circumference, the men had evidence of a greater degree of upper body obesity with a larger subscapular skin fold thickness, waist-hip ratio, and neck circumference. In addition, for a given degree of upper-body obesity, men had more severe sleep apnea. These findings may explain, at least in part, the greater severity of OSA in the men.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Body fat distribution in patients with type 2 diabetes as a cardiovascular risk factor].

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to compare body fat distribution in subjects with type 2 diabetes by indexes of the waist-hip, waist-height, and body mass indices, as well as its association with cardiovascular disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a comparative cross-sectional study with 1,144 persons > 30 years of age with type 2 diabetes at their assigned unit during the period of December 1996 through February 1997. We carried out measurement standardization and a pilot test. Studied variables included sex, age, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, time of diagnosis of diabetes, high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. RESULTS: Of the studied population, 81% were > 50 years of age, 63% were women; 47% were sedentary, 41% had smoking antecedent, 45% had high blood pressure, and an equal number of persons had a diagnosis of diabetes during the previous 10 years; 13% had some cardiovascular disease. Prevalence of obesity and the cardiovascular risk detected changed in each of the following indices: body mass 72% and 1.3; waist-hip 81% and 1.6, and waist-height, 93.7% and 3.0. CONCLUSION: Body fat distribution measured by waist indices detected more prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular risk than body mass index, which does not consider the waist measurement.

Adipose Tissue↗