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Results for “Behavior, Addictive”

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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Lack of association between the functional variant of the catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) gene and early-onset alcoholism associated with severe antisocial behavior.

Addictive drugs, including ethanol, increase the brain's dopaminergic transmission, and catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme has a crucial role in dopamine inactivation. A common functional polymorphism in the COMT gene results in a three- to four-fold variation in enzyme activity. In a previous study, we found an association between type 1 (with late-onset but without prominent antisocial behavior) alcoholism and the low activity allele of the COMT gene. In this work we analyzed whether the COMT polymorphism has any effect on the development of type 2 (with early-onset and habitual impulsive violent behavior) alcoholism. The COMT genotype was determined in 62 impulsive violent recidivist offenders with early-onset (type 2) alcoholism, 123 late-onset nonviolent (type 1) alcoholics, and 267 race and gender-matched controls. The allele and genotype frequencies of these groups were compared with each other and also with previously published data from 3,140 Finnish blood donors. The type 2 alcoholics did not differ from either the blood donors or the controls. The low activity (L) allele frequency was higher among type 1 alcoholics (chi(2) = 4.98, P = 0.026) when compared with type 2 cases. The odds ratio for type 1 alcoholism as compared with type 2 alcoholism for those subjects with the LL genotype versus the HH genotype was 3.0 (95% confidence interval 1.1-8.4, P = 0.017). The results suggest that COMT genotype has no major role in the development of early-onset alcoholism with severe antisocial behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Nucleus accumbens shell and core dopamine: differential role in behavior and addiction.

Drug addiction can be conceptualized as a disturbance of behavior motivated by drug-conditioned incentives. This abnormality has been explained by Incentive-Sensitization and Allostatic-Counteradaptive theories as the result of non-associative mechanisms acting at the stage of the expression of incentive motivation and responding for drug reinforcement. Each one of these theories, however, does not account per se for two basic properties of the motivational disturbance of drug addiction: (1). focussing on drug- at the expenses of non-drug-incentives; (2). virtual irreversibility. To account for the above aspects we have proposed an associative learning hypothesis. According to this hypothesis the basic disturbance of drug addiction takes place at the stage of acquisition of motivation and in particular of Pavlovian incentive learning. Drugs share with non-drug rewards the property of stimulating dopamine (DA) transmission in the nucleus accumbens shell but this effect does not undergo habituation upon repeated drug exposure, as instead is the case of non-drug rewards. Repetitive, non-decremental stimulation of DA transmission by drugs in the nucleus accumbens septi (NAc) shell abnormally strengthens stimulus-drug associations. Thus, stimuli contingent upon drug reward acquire powerful incentive properties after a relatively limited number of predictive associations with the drug and become particularly resistant to extinction. Non-contingent occurrence of drug-conditioned incentive cues or contexts strongly facilitates and eventually reinstates drug self-administration. Repeated drug exposure also induces a process of sensitization of drug-induced stimulation of DA transmission in the NAc core. The precise significance of this adaptive change for the mechanism of drug addiction is unclear given the complexity and uncertainties surrounding the role of NAc core DA in responding but might be more directly related to instrumental performance.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Expectancy influences the operation of personality on behavior.

The authors investigated the moderating effect of expectancies on personality for 2 different addictive behavior processes: (a) drinking and (b) binge eating and purging characteristic of bulimia nervosa. Study 1 found that positive expectancies for social facilitation from drinking moderated the effect of extraversion on drinking behavior among undergraduate men and women. Study 2 found that the expectancy that eating will help manage negative affect moderated the effect of trait urgency on bulimic symptoms among undergraduate women. Thus, the relationships of the trait risk factors to these 2 addictive behaviors are stronger if one also holds certain expectancies for reinforcement from those behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Role of pituitary and related neuropeptides in alcoholism and pharmacodependence.

Evidence is accumulating that hormonal systems present in the pituitary and the brain play a critical role in behavioral homeostase. The hormones and their fragments, called neuropeptides, produced by these systems modulate neurotransmitter activity and thereby control brain functions. Disturbances in this hormonal control may result in psychopathology, including addiction. Vasopressin and related peptides decrease under certain conditions addictive behavior of experimental animals and humans and brain reward. The pituitary and brain opioid peptides are candidates to play an essential role in reward processes and may be common factors in addiction to various psychoactive drugs, including heroin and alcohol, and to habits. Other pituitary hormones, like ACTH, gamma 2-MSH and prolactin have also been implicated in brain reward and drug addiction. It is postulated that disturbances in the hormonal and neuropeptide systems may lead to a state in which addiction behavior can easily be elicited and that the hormonal climate in the body may be of relevance for the individual susceptibility to addictive drugs. It is proposed to analyse the relation between hormonal systems and addictive behavior.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1987

Similarity of behavior within addict couples. Part I. Methodology and narcotics patterns.

The development and initial assessment of a methodology for measuring the similarity of behavioral patterns within addicted couples over the duration of a relationship is presented. Two subsamples of addicts from methadone maintenance programs in southern California were established: one of couples who had a real relationship during their addiction and treatment careers, and a group of pseudocouples (matched as closely as possible) created from unrelated clients in the same programs. Narcotics use, abstinence, and support patterns are analyzed for couples before, during, and after their relationship. When it occurs during the relationship, treatment effects are also analyzed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The impact of behavior and addiction on psychological models of cigarette and alcohol use during pregnancy.

This prospective study of 241 women investigated the impact of past behavior and psychological factors on cigarette and alcohol use during pregnancy. Smokers' cigarette use was compared with their alcohol consumption during pregnancy, and drinking among smokers was compared with that of nonsmokers. Only prior smoking directly predicted smokers' cigarette use later in pregnancy, whereas smokers' alcohol use was related to both their previous drinking and their drinking self-efficacy. Among nonsmokers, neither drinking before nor early in pregnancy was related to alcohol use later in pregnancy; only subjects' self-efficacy and their beliefs about the consequences of drinking during pregnancy predicted their subsequent alcohol use. These results are consistent with the notion that greater addictive potential lessens the direct impact of psychological factors on substance use during pregnancy. Further implications of these findings for interventions and other health-related behaviors are also discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[New and old addictions: implications for public health].

According to certain authors, any pleasure giving behaviour may become a habit, and depending on the circumstances, an addiction. The objective of this study is to examine the situation of addictions in Spain and the responses generated by health policies. In recent years, both the type and pattern of drug consumption in Spain, has undergone a noticeable change. Studies of the evolution of tobacco consumption suggest that the peak has passed, even though prevalence is still high. Alcohol consumption per capita has fallen by 25% in the last 25 years. During the same period, pattern of consumption has been modified. Sporadic drinking, in episodes of binging and drinking away from meals, is one of the patterns on the rise. According to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, in Spain, 27.8% of the population between 15- 64 years old has consumed an illegal drug at least once in their lives, with the prevalence rising to 38% among the 15- 34 year olds. Cannabis is the most consumed (29% among 1564 age group), followed by cocaine (5.9%), and ecstasy (4.6%). Spain, comparing with other countries of European Union, is the third in cannabis, ecstasy, and amphetamine and the first in cocaine consumption. With respect to the so-called behavioral addictions, no consensus in the field of psychiatry has been reached. The only psychological addiction with clear diagnostic criteria is gambling. The rest (Internet, sex, etc.), perhaps for their novelty, continue to be the object of controversy. New addictions, as much to addictive substances as to addictive behaviors, run parallel to the development of industrialized societies, leisure, free time, and a new way of life. This is the new challenge for Public Health.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A neurochemical basis for alcohol and other drug addiction.

There are major clinical observations in alcohol and other drug addicts and neurochemical studies in animals and humans that support the hypothesis for a common neurochemical basis for alcohol and other drug addiction. The common occurrence of concurrent alcohol and multiple drug dependence in clinical and general populations, family history and genetic studies, and basic and clinical research in the neurochemistry of addictive behavior provide evidence for a common genealogical vulnerability to combined alcohol and other drug addiction. Clinical neurochemical models for addictive behaviors can be derived from neurochemical pathways for the initiation and sustenance of addictive disorders. The role of tolerance and dependence is not specific to addiction but indicates a homeostatic response of the brain to the presence of a foreign substance. Animal and human studies are analyzed for clinical synthesis of a neurochemical basis for addictive disorders.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1995

"Self" and addiction: the role of imagery in self-regulation.

In this paper we discuss the role of self-regulation and self-perception in sustaining addictive behavior. We suggest that self-regulation techniques are unlikely to have a sustained positive effect on changing addictive behavior in the absence of a change in "addict" self-perception. We describe treatment approaches that emphasize the use of guided imagery for facilitating a shift in self-perception that may be more compatible with self-regulation.

Feedback↗
PubMed1982

Relapse in opiate addicts: a behavioral analysis.

Behavioral interviewing was used to study the relapse antecedents and concomitants of 38 opiate addicts on methadone maintenance. Relapse situations were categorized with regard to intra- or interpersonal determinants and implications for behavioral treatment interventions were discussed. Situations were also analyzed within an opponent process theory of motivation framework. Practical and theoretical difficulties with the study of relapse situations in substance abusing populations were highlighted.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Cognitive processes and cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of problem drinking.

Cognitive behavior Therapy has been shown to be an effective therapy for a wide range of clinical problems. However, the efficacy of CBT on addictive behavior is still unknown. This paper reviews the evidence for the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy treatment for problem drinkers and examines its relationship with cognitive models of problem drinking. A computer search of the literature showed that only 13 studies met the criteria for inclusion in this review. This review indicated that there is evidence to show that cognitive behavior therapy can be successfully applied to addictive behaviors, in particular, problem drinking. However, there is lack of evidence to show that cognitive behavior therapy supports cognitive models of problem drinking. Future direction for research in this area is suggested.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2005

The role of dopamine in human addiction: from reward to motivated attention.

There is general consensus among preclinical researchers that dopamine plays an important role in the development and persistence of addiction. However, the precise role of dopamine in addictive behaviors is far from clear and only a few clinical studies on the role of dopamine in human addiction have been conducted so far. The present paper reviews studies addressing the role of dopamine in humans. There is substantial and consistent evidence that dopamine is involved in the experience of drug reward in humans. Dopamine may also be involved in motivational processes such as drug craving. However, given the inconsistent findings of studies using dopamine receptor (ant)agonists, the role of dopamine in the experience of craving is far from resolved. Recent theories claiming that dopamine signals salience and makes the brain paying attention to biological relevant stimuli may provide an interesting framework for explaining addictive behaviors. There is accumulating evidence that patients with drug and alcohol addiction have an aberrant focus on drug-related stimuli. Although there is some preliminary support for the role of dopamine in these attention processes, more studies have to be carried out in order to test the validity of these theories in human subjects.

Attention↗
PubMed2000

Understanding the adoption of arthritis self-management: stages of change profiles among arthritis patients.

Clinical observations and recent studies suggest that arthritis patients vary considerably in their involvement in self-management efforts. In the literature on health promotion, there is growing recognition that patients may be at different stages of change with respect to the adoption of self-management strategies. The major goal of the present study was to examine whether cluster analysis could be used to identify homogeneous subgroups of patients having persistent arthritis pain based on their responses to a stages of change questionnaire. Participants in this study (103 patients having rheumatoid arthritis and 74 patients having osteoarthritis) completed a stages-of-change measure specific to adoption of a self-management approach to their arthritis. A cluster analysis identified five distinct subgroups of arthritis patients: (1) precontemplation - 44% of the sample; (2) contemplation - 11% of the sample; (3) preparation - 22% of the sample; (4) unprepared action - 6% of the sample; and (5) prepared maintenance - 17% of the sample. These subgroups are generally consistent with what might be expected based on the transtheoretical model of stages of change by Prochaska and DiClemente (Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC. Towards a comprehensive, transtheoretical model of change: states of change and addictive behaviors. In: Miller WR, Heather N, editors. Applied clinical psychology, 2nd ed. Treating addictive behaviors, New York: Plenum Press, 1998. pp. 3-24.), and may have important clinical implications. For example, it is possible that the arthritis subgroups identified may predict arthritis patients' participation in and responsiveness to pain-coping skills training, exercise interventions, or other formal self-management training programs. Also, one may be able enhance the outcomes of self-management interventions for arthritis by tailoring treatment to the patient's particular stage.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

[Current status in drug addiction and addiction memory research].

The central feature of drug addiction is compulsive drug use--loss of control over apparently voluntary acts of drug seeking and drug taking. Drug addiction, as a chronic brain disease, may result from abnormal engagement of long-term associative memory. Addiction and memory are likely to share much in common in the aspects of neural adaptations, synaptic plasticity, and related molecular mechanisms. This paper reviews the possible roles of learning mechanisms in the development of relapse, sensitization, and drug addiction, abnormal associative learning and compulsive behavior, addiction memory and addiction, multiple memory systems and the development of addiction, and emphasize the importance of synaptic plasticity and addiction memory in drug addiction. Addiction is characterized by the involvement of specific learning patterns of information. Addiction is closely related to the disorder of associate learning that depends on dopamine. Hippocampus may play a key role in addiction. At last, we put forward the future directions for research.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2000

Addiction as a market failure: using rational addiction results to justify tobacco regulation.

Tobacco regulation efforts have been criticized by some academic economists for failing to provide adequate welfare-analytic justification. This paper attempts to address these criticisms. Unlike previous research that has discussed second-hand smoke and health care financing externalities, this paper develops the logic for identifying the much larger market failures attributable to the failure of smokers to fully internalize the costs of their addictive behavior. The focus is on teen addiction as a form of "intrapersonal" externality and observed adult consumption behavior consistent with partial myopia. The importance of peer effects, in the consideration of welfare impacts, is also emphasized.

Adolescent↗