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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Ultrasonic bath depth control and regulation in single cell recordings.

Control of the bath depth is critical in many applications of the patch-clamp technique, particularly when the capacitance of cells is determined to assess secretion or transmitter release or in studies of ion currents sensitive to small changes in the hydrostatic pressure. We describe an inexpensive technique for tight control of the bath depth with the aid of a commercially available ultrasound sensor. The sensor continuously determines changes in the distance to the bath surface with a resolution of about 10 mum. The signal from the sensor is digitized in a microcontroller card and used to send on or off signals at 100 Hz to a peristaltic pump that removes volume from the bath. The inflow into the bath can be realized in a versatile way. The capacitance of Sylgard-coated patch-clamp glass electrodes, demonstrated to be extremely sensitive to small changes in the area moistened by bath solution, is constant within the noise level of +/-3 fF when immersed into a depth-controlled bath, even during exchange of the bath medium. Thus, when small changes in the cell capacitance are measured in patch-clamp experiments, errors due to alterations in the pipette capacitance caused by bath depth fluctuations are eliminated.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Role of warm-water bath in anorectal conditions. The "thermosphincteric reflex".

Why anorectal pain is relieved by sitting in a warm-water bath was investigated in 18 healthy volunteers and 28 patients with painful anorectal disease (18 patients with fissures and 10 with hemorrhoids). Investigations consisted of measuring rectal and interstitial sphincter temperature, rectal and rectal neck pressures, and electromyographic activity of both the external and internal anal sphincters before and after the subjects sat in a warm-water bath at temperatures of 40, 45, and 50 degrees C for 10 min each time. Pain relief was more evident and lasted longer at higher bath temperatures. The rectal and interstitial sphincter temperatures were unchanged before and after bath in both the healthy volunteers and patients. The rectal neck pressure and internal and sphincter electromyographic activity dropped significantly in the bath, but increased gradually to pretest levels 25-70 min after exiting the bath. The higher the bath temperature, the greater the drop in rectal neck pressure and internal sphincter EMG activity, and the longer the time needed to return to pretest levels. Pain relief after Sitz bath seems to be the result of internal anal-sphincter relaxation with a resulting diminution of the rectal neck pressure. The relaxation of the internal sphincter following the warm bath postulates a relationship, but direct action was ruled out. A neural pathway through a "thermosphincteric reflex" seems most likely.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Decoherence by a chaotic many-spin bath.

We numerically investigate decoherence of a two-spin system (central system) by a bath of many spins 1/2. By carefully adjusting parameters, the dynamical regime of the bath has been varied from quantum chaos to regular, while all other dynamical characteristics have been kept practically intact. We explicitly demonstrate that for a many-body quantum bath, the onset of quantum chaos leads to significantly faster and stronger decoherence compared to an equivalent non-chaotic bath. Moreover, the non-diagonal elements of the system's density matrix, the linear entropy, and the fidelity of the central system decay differently for chaotic and non-chaotic baths. Therefore, knowledge of the basic parameters of the bath (strength of the system-bath interaction, and the bath's spectral density of states) is not always sufficient, and much finer details of the bath's dynamics can strongly affect the decoherence process.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1980

Bath and lumen effects of SITS on PAH transport by isolated perfused renal tubules.

Effects of 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyano-2,2'-disulfonic stilbene (SITS) in bath or lumen on p-aminohippurate (PAH) transport by isolated perfused snake (Thamnophis spp.) distal-proximal renal tubules were studied. Addition of SITS to the bath in concentrations as low as 10(-10) M irreversibly depressed net PAH secretion. Addition of 10(-4) M SITS in the bath depressed net PAH secretion by about 60% without affecting apparent permeability of luminal membrane to PAH (PL) or net fluid absorption. Cellular PAH concentration was reduced by about 70% at this time but was still greater than that in the bath. Apparent permeability of peritubular membrane, determined from PAH efflux from tubules with oil-filled lumens, was unchanged even with 10(-3) M SITS in bath. These data indicate that SITS in the bath inhibits PAH transport from bath into cells without enhancing passive efflux from cells to bath. Addition of 10(-4) M SITS to the lumen alone depressed net PAH secretion and PL by about 60%, but this depression was reversed when SITS was removed from the lumen. These data suggest that PAH moves from cells to lumen by a mediated process distinctly different from that fro transport into cells from bath.

4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfo↗
PubMed1995

Pseudomonas aeruginosa wound infection associated with a nursing home's whirlpool bath.

Whirlpool baths are fitted with hydrojet circulation and/or air induction bubble systems. Water in a whirlpool bath, unlike a spa pool, is not filtered or chemically treated but the bath is drained and cleaned between each bather. This is, we believe, the first report of Pseudomonas aeruginosa wound infection associated with the use of a whirlpool bath in a nursing home. Microbiologically confirmed infections with P. aeruginosa of identical antibiotic sensitivity patterns arose in one week in wounds of four of 24 residents who used a whirlpool bath from which P. aeruginosa was also isolated. P. aeruginosa was not isolated from the wounds of a further seven residents who did not use the whirlpool bath. The incident control team advised that use of the whirlpool bath should be restricted to continent residents with intact skin, and that the bath should be cleaned with a degreasing agent and disinfected with hypochlorite between use by individual residents. The hazard of infection posed by whirlpool baths, particularly in nursing homes, needs to be assessed. National guidance for their cleaning, maintenance, and disinfection is required.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effects of hot water bath or sauna on patients with congestive heart failure: acute hemodynamic improvement by thermal vasodilation].

The acute hemodynamic effects of thermal vasodilation caused by exposure to hot water bath or sauna in chronic congestive heart failure were investigated in 32 patients (mean age 57 +/- 15 years old) with dilated cardiomyopathy (25 idiopathic and 7 ischemic). The clinical symptoms were New York Heart Association Class II in 2 patients, III in 17 and IV in 13, and the mean ejection fraction was 25 +/- 9% (9-44%). Exposure to hot water bath was for 10 minutes at 41 degrees C in a semi-sitting position, and to sauna for 15 minutes at 60 degrees C in a supine position using a special far infrared ray sauna chamber. Blood pressure, electrocardiogram, two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiograms, expiration gas, and intracardiac pressure tracings were recorded before (control), during, and 30 minutes after hot water bath or sauna. 1. The increase in oxygen consumption was only 0.3 Mets during hot water bath or sauna, and returned to the control level 30 minutes later. 2. The deep temperature in the main pulmonary artery increased by 1.0-1.2 degrees C on average at the end of hot water bath or sauna. 3. Heart rate increased significantly (p < 0.01) by 20-25/min during bathing and still increased 30 min later. 4. Systolic blood pressure did not change significantly during and after hot water bath or sauna, while, diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly during (p < 0.05) and after sauna (p < 0.01), and after hot water bath (p < 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Bathing: a framework for intervention focusing on psychosocial, architectural and human factors considerations.

The process of bathing is usually pleasurable and relaxing for most persons and, although it serves hygienic needs, it is often individualized to a person's preferences in order to enhance the pleasurable experience. In contrast, the bathing process for elderly people suffering from dementia is often a traumatic experience for both the persons with dementia and their caregivers. Agitated behaviors are manifested more often during bathing than at other times. Factors influencing the experience of the bathing process and resulting in agitated behaviors can be categorized into four broad groups: the needs of the person with dementia, the needs of the caregiver, the physical environment in which bathing takes place and institutional factors. A number of approaches have been employed to treat agitated behaviors during bathing; however, a comprehensive approach addressing all of the above factors has not been developed. This paper presents preliminary findings on the effectiveness of the Treatment Routes for Exploring Agitation (TREA) approach for non-pharmacological interventions within a larger framework of human factors, addressing the needs of residents and staff members, environmental factors as well as human factors analysis to improve the process of bathing. A case study demonstrates the efficacy of this approach in reducing agitated behaviors during bathing.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Effect of sauna bathing and beer ingestion on plasma concentrations of purine bases.

To determine whether sauna bathing alone or in combination with beer ingestion increases the plasma concentration of uric acid, 5 healthy subjects were tested. Urine and plasma measurements were performed before and after each took a sauna bath, ingested beer, and ingested beer just after taking a sauna bath, with a 2-week interval between each activity. Sauna bathing alone increased the plasma concentrations of uric acid and oxypurines (hypoxanthine and xanthine), and decreased the urinary and fractional excretion of uric acid, while beer ingestion alone increased the plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of uric acid and oxypurines. A combination of both increased the plasma concentration of uric acid and oxypurines, and decreased the urinary and fractional excretion of uric acid, with an increase in the urinary excretion of oxypurines. The increase in plasma concentration of uric acid with the combination protocol was not synergistic as compared to the sum of the increases by each alone. Body weight, urine volume, and the urinary excretion of sodium and chloride via dehydration were decreased following sauna bathing alone. These results suggest that sauna bathing had a relationship with enhanced purine degradation and a decrease in the urinary excretion of uric acid, leading to an increase in the plasma concentration of uric acid. Further, we concluded that extracellular volume loss may affect the common renal transport pathway of uric acid and xanthine. Therefore, it is recommended that patients with gout refrain from drinking alcoholic beverages, including beer, after taking a sauna bath, since the increase in plasma concentration of uric acid following the combination of sauna bathing and beer ingestion was additive.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Benefits and risks of sauna bathing.

Although sauna bathing causes various acute, transient cardiovascular and hormonal changes, it is well tolerated by most healthy adults and children. Sauna bathing does not influence fertility and is safe during the uncomplicated pregnancies of healthy women. Some studies have suggested that long-term sauna bathing may help lower blood pressure in patients with hypertension and improve the left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with chronic congestive heart failure, but additional data are needed to confirm these findings. The transient improvements in pulmonary function that occur in the sauna may provide some relief to patients with asthma and chronic bronchitis. Sauna bathing may also alleviate pain and improve joint mobility in patients with rheumatic disease. Although sauna bathing does not cause drying of the skin-and may even benefit patients with psoriasis-sweating may increase itching in patients with atopic dermatitis. Contraindications to sauna bathing include unstable angina pectoris, recent myocardial infarction, and severe aortic stenosis. Sauna bathing is safe, however, for most people with coronary heart disease with stable angina pectoris or old myocardial infarction. Very few acute myocardial infarctions and sudden deaths occur in saunas, but alcohol consumption during sauna bathing increases the risk of hypotension, arrhythmia, and sudden death, and should be avoided.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Can the immersion time of PUVA bath therapy be shortened?

Up to now, there are only a few data available concerning the influence of bathing time on skin phototoxicity. We compared the erythemal responses of normal skin to bath PUVA with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) after 5, 10 and 20 min immersion time. Currently, 20 min is the routinely performed immersion time in many European countries, including Germany, while in other countries bathing times are shorter. The minimal phototoxic dose (MPD) following immersion times of 5 min and 10 min in a warm water bath (37 degrees C) containing 1 mg/l 8-MOP was compared to the MPD following 20 min immersion time in a half-sided manner in a total of 24 patients. Our results revealed that an immersion time of 5 min did not yield a detectable erythema after 72 h. In contrast, both 10 and 20 min PUVA baths induced visible erythemas with a significantly higher median MPD following 10 min immersion (2.25 J/cm2) compared to 20 min baths (1.5 J/cm2). As an erythemal response of 8-MOP PUVA bath seems reduced after shorter immersion times, comparative studies on the clinical efficacy using shorter time regimens have to be conducted before conclusive recommendations for clinical PUVA-bathing time can be given.

Baths↗
PubMed1996

Effects of immersion in tepid bath water on recovery from fatigue after submaximal exercise in man.

This study was conducted to determine whether bathing in tepid water is effective in facilitating recovery from fatigue after submaximal exercise. Subjects were six young healthy male university students. Following cycle exercise at 80% aerobic power (VO2 max) for 10 min, recovery was observed during and after 10-min bathing. Three conditions were set; (1) water temperature of 38 degrees C, (2) water temperature of 30 degrees C, and (3) no water in the bath tub (control). Measurements were heart rate, blood pressure, skin temperature, rectal temperature, blood lactase and subjective feelings. There were no significant differences in heart rate and blood pressure between the three conditions at any time. Mean skin temperature and rectal temperature decreased more rapidly after the 30 degrees C bathing than the other two conditions (p < 0.05). Lactate removal was largest for the 30 degrees C bathing, with significant difference between the 30 degrees C bathing condition and the no bathing condition (p < 0.05). Recovery from fatigue was best for the 30 degrees C bathing and worst for the control in terms of subjective feeling. In summary, it was shown that immersion in 30 degrees C water after submaximal exercise resulted in a larger removal of lactate than recovery in air.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Plasma levels of 8-methoxypsoralen following PUVA-bath photochemotherapy.

Administration of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) in a dilute bath water solution is an effective therapeutic alternative to oral PUVA therapy, avoiding systemic side effects, offering better bioavailability of the psoralen and requiring much smaller amounts of UVA for induction of therapeutic effects. To obtain exact data about the percutaneous absorption of 8-MOP during a psoralen bath, the plasma levels of the drug were determined in 26 patients with different skin diseases by a reverse high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Fifteen patients receiving oral PUVA therapy (0.8 mg 8-MOP/kg body weight) served as a positive control group. Bath solutions were prepared by diluting 15 ml of 0.5% stock solution of 8-MOP in 150 l of bath water (0.5 mg/l, 37 degrees C). Blood samples were drawn from patients 5, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after the bath. In the oral PUVA group, blood samples were obtained 1 1/2 h after administration of the drug. In 23 of 26 patients, 8-MOP levels were undetectable in every blood sample. After 30 min, two patients showed detectable levels of 8-MOP (5 ng/ml, 7 ng/ml), while 60 min after the PUVA bath 8-MOP was detectable in only one volunteer (5 ng/ml). In patients receiving oral 8-MOP therapy, serum levels varied between 45 and 360 ng/ml 1 1/2 h after drug administration. Our data confirm extremely low 8-MOP levels resulting from 8-MOP bath water treatments and provide confirmation of the absence of systemic side effects in patients who are undergoing PUVA-bath therapy.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2000

Analgesic efficacy of the serial application of a sulfurated mud bath at home.

The purpose of this randomized controlled trial was to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of a series of applications of sulfurated mud baths in outpatients suffering from back pain. Within 2 weeks 13 patients took 6 sulfurated mud baths (group A) and 12 patients 6 tap water baths (group B) at home. Before the bath and over 48 h after starting the 1st and the 6th bath, pain intensity was evaluated by the patients according to a visual analogue scale (VAS). The main outcome parameter was the weighted (for time of observation) sum of pain intensity (SPI) after the 6th bath. The mean SPI in group A was 741 mm x h (95% CI 594-864 mm x h) and in group B 1,112 mm x h (95% CI 929-1,252 mm x h) (p = 0.009), suggesting a significantly stronger analgesic effect of a series of sulfurated mud baths than of a series of tap water baths.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Role of warm water bath in inducing micturition in postoperative urinary retention after anorectal operations.

The relation of micturition to sitting in a warm water bath was studied in 30 healthy volunteers and 21 patients with urinary retention after hemorrhoidectomy. The rectal temperature, vesical and urethral pressures as well as the EMG activity of the external urethral sphincter were recorded before sitting in and immediately after getting out of the sitz bath at 40, 45 and 50 degrees C. In the 40 degrees C bath, 16 of the 30 normal subjects reported spontaneous micturition and 14 voluntarily induced micturition. The number of spontaneous micturitions increased with higher-temperature baths. Spontaneous micturition occurred in 19 patients with urinary retention when they sat in the sitz bath; 2 patients did not micturate and were catheterized. The urethral pressure in both the normal and retention subjects showed significant reduction which increased with higher-temperature baths. There were no significant changes in the vesical pressure or EMG activity of the external urethral sphincter with water baths. Micturition on sitting in a warm water bath seems to be initiated by reflex internal urethral sphincter relaxation. A thermo-sphincter reflex is likely to be involved.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Comparisons between hemodynamics, during and after bathing, and prognosis in patients with myocardial infarction.

The purpose of this study was to establish the safest way to bathe patients with myocardial infarction (MI) through measuring the hemodynamics during and after bathing. Seventy patients with MI were bathed supine in a Hubbard tank filled with 42 degrees C tap water for 5 min. The subjects were divided into 2 groups depending on their hemodynamic values 10 min after bathing: pulmonary capillary wedge pressure unchanged even after bathing (group A), and decreased pressure after bathing (group B). The left ventricular ejection fraction of group B was significantly higher than that of group A: 53.6% vs. 39.7%, respectively (p<0.01). The physical work capacity of group B was significantly higher at 5.6 METs, than that of group A with 4.5 METs (p<0.05). During the average of their 37-month follow-up period, there were 3 cardiac events in group B and 6 in group A. There were 2 cardiac events during bathing, both of which occurred in group A. When patients with MI take a bath, it is essential to closely monitor them, especially to those patients with lower cardiac function, because they have a higher possibility of a cardiac event.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

[Construction hygiene in the area of bathing and recreation].

Construction hygiene in the bathing and recreation areas underwent many changes during the decades. In each case it was accomplished very intensively and defined by the actual needs of the population or by those responsible for the population. With regard to the development of bathing since the Romans, the bathing habits of the Roman times, during the Middle Ages, at the 18th century, at the beginning of the 19th century and of today are characterized broadly. The respective constructional as well as the hygienic measures are also shown and discussed in this context. Whereas the Roman thermals created prerequisites for physical activity as well as possibilities for spare time, and in the early Middle Ages, sexual excesses and the risk factors connected thereby led to the transfer of infectious diseases and consequently to the elimination of the public baths. At the beginning of the 18th century first the cleaning of the body and at the beginning of the 20th century physical activity became very important. With the help of the construction plans for baths and shower-baths and swimming pools of 1906 the aims and purposes of the baths are discussed and the respective constructional changes are shown the example of warm water baths (swimming pools) in Hamburg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Baths↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The fetal condition during the mother's baths--studies using underwater cardiotocography in pregnancy and labor].

The effect of warm baths (34-38 degrees C) during pregnancy was studied in 41 patients between 30 and 35 weeks of gestation. The focus of our interest deals with the influence of bathing on the unborn child and physiologic changes in the mother. Continuous CTG monitoring was guaranteed by water-proofed and isolated transducers in connection with telemetry. During the bath, we found a significant increase of registered accelerations due to more frequent fetal body movements. There were no decelerations. A positive effect on the perfusion of the feto-placental unit can be assumed resulting from a significantly higher maternal blood pressure amplitude. Due to an increased diuresis, the average weight loss amounted to 300 g. Subaqua CTG monitoring was used as well in 122 patients who took a bath in the initial period of delivery, 30 of whom after rupture of the membranes. In very few cases (5% and 12% after rupture of the membranes, respectively), we found a slight worsening in the CTG which turned out to be reversible after the bath. There were no pathologic CTG patterns. After bathing, women with early rupture of the membranes showed a significantly lower rate of positive infection parameters than women in a control group who had no bath during the first stage of delivery (13% versus 40%). This fact may be correlated to the duration of delivery which decreased from 17h 10 min to 12th 50 min on average after bathing.

Baths↗
PubMed1997

Hemodynamic effects of warm bathing in a Hubbard tank and exercise loading in patients after myocardial infarction.

Hemodynamic parameters were measured during bathing and exercise testing in 43 patients with myocardial infarction (mean age: 60.2 years) to investigate the predictive parameters to determine when patients could safely resume bathing. Patients took a fresh water bath at 42 degrees C in the supine position for 5 min in a Hubbard tank. Group A showed an elevation of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) during bathing of 10 mmHg or more (23 patients, mean age: 61.7 years) and group B showed an elevation of less than 10 mmHg (20 patients, mean age: 60.5 years). Continuous multistep exercise tests were performed with a bicycle ergometer in the supine position, and hemodynamic parameters were measured at up to 50 W for 3 min on the day before the warm bathing test. There were no significant differences in the changes of arterial pressure and heart rate between the two groups. The PCWP at 3 min with a load of 50 W was significantly higher in group A (26.9 +/- 9.0 mmHg) than in group B (16.7 +/- 9.1 mmHg, p < 0.01). The stroke index (SI) during exercise testing was significantly lower in group A than in group B. The difference in the stroke index from baseline values (delta SI) at 3 min with a load of 50 W was significantly lower in group A (3.5 +/- 5.5 ml/m2/beat) than in group B (10.6 +/- 7.0 ml/m2/beat, p < 0.01). Similarly, delta CI and delta oxygen pulse during testing were significantly lower in group A than in group B. The physical work capacity and ejection fraction of the left ventricle of group A were significantly lower than those of group B, whereas the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was higher in group A than in group B. CI, delta CI, SI, delta SI, METs, oxygen pulse, and delta oxygen pulse were examined by regression analysis and multivariate analysis to predict a significant elevation of delta PCWP during bathing. delta SI (p = 0.0032), delta CI (p = 0.0094), delta SI + METs (p = 0.0051), delta CI + METs (p = 0.0061), delta CI + delta SI (p = 0.0084), and delta CI + delta SI + METs (p = 0.0093) showed the highest correlations with delta PCWP. These findings suggest that changes in delta CI, delta SI, and METs are good predictive parameters for determining when patients may safely resume bathing. We suggest that patients with myocardial infarction, reduced cardiac function and a physical work capacity of approximately 4.0 METs, delta SI: 5 ml/m2/beat and delta CI: 2.4 l/min/m2 resume bathing only after careful consideration.

Adult↗