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PubMed2003

Intravenous anesthesia provides optimal surgical conditions during microscopic and endoscopic sinus surgery.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Controlled hypotension is used to improve surgical conditions during microscopic and endoscopic sinus surgery. New short-acting anesthetics such as propofol and remifentanil allow exact control of intraoperative blood pressure and thus might be valuable tools to improve intraoperative conditions for the otorhinolaryngological surgeon. Intravenous anesthesia was compared with traditional balanced anesthesia by subjective assessment of surgical conditions made by two experienced otorhinolaryngological surgeons. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, patient- and observer-blinded study. METHODS: Ninety consecutive patients were randomly assigned to receive intravenous anesthesia with propofol 5 to 8 mg.kg-1.h-1 and remifentanil 10 to 30 microg.kg-1.h-1 or with isoflurane (0.4-1.0 vol%) and repetitive doses of 0.5 to 1 mg alfentanil. An injectable vasodilator was used in both groups to keep mean arterial pressure between 60 and 70 mm Hg (8-9.3 hecto-pascal). The attending otorhinolaryngological surgeon was unaware of the type of anesthesia administered. Immediately after the operation the surgeons rated surgical conditions (bleeding from the surgical field) on a visual analogue scale (0-10 cm) and on a verbal rating scale. RESULTS: Blood pressure was not different between the two groups, but heart rate was lower in the intravenous anesthesia group (mean heart rate in the intravenous anesthesia group, 62 beats per min [95% confidence interval, 52-72]; mean heart rate in the balanced anesthesia group, 75 beats per min [95% confidence interval, 67-83]). Surgical conditions were rated to be significantly better (P <.0001) during anesthesia with propofol-remifentanil (median rating: 2.8; 25th/75th percentile: 2.0/3.4) compared with isoflurane-alfentanil (median rating: 4.9; 25th/75th percentile: 3.6/7.6). CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous anesthesia using propofol-remifentanil provides better surgical conditions compared with a traditional balanced anesthesia technique using isoflurane-alfentanil. It is hypothesized that lower cardiac output caused by decreased heart rate during deep general anesthesia is responsible for this result.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[The use of vecuronium bromide (Norcuron) during balanced general anesthesia for abdominal operations].

The new nondepolarizing muscle relaxant vecuronium bromide (Norcurone) was applied to 30 patients in the course of general balanced anesthesia for abdominal operations. The advantages of Norcurone over other similar nondepolarizing muscle relaxants used so far are pointed out. The fact that Norcurone has no adverse effect on the hemodynamics is considered essential advantage for its acceptance in anesthesiologic practice.

Abdomen↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Influence of anesthetic technique in postoperative analgesia in thoracic surgery].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the intensity of postoperative pain after thoracotomy with 2 anesthetic techniques: 1) thoracic epidural block with bupivacaine administered before surgery (combined anesthesia with isoflurane) and 2) conventional balanced anesthesia with isoflurane and endovenous fentanyl. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty patients scheduled for thoracotomy by lateral incision (T5-T6) were randomly divided into 2 groups of 15. Group A received 8 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine with adrenalin 1:200.000 30 min before start of surgery while group B received 8 ml saline solution through an epidural catheter inserted to T4-T8. Combined anesthesia (4 ml 0.5% bupivacaine through an epidural catheter 150 min after the first dose and isoflurane in 100% oxygen) was used in group A. Group B received balanced anesthesia with endovenous fentanyl 2.5 micrograms/kg and isoflurane in 100% oxygen. The difference in pain intensity during postoperative recovery was assessed by way of the following variables: number of boluses administered by epidural patient-controlled analgesia (bupivacaine 0.0625% and fentanyl 6 micrograms/ml); score on a visual analog scale of 10 at baseline and at 1, 3, 7, 11, 19 and 43 hours after surgery; and need for additional analgesia (diclofenac) during the 43 hours of study. Arterial gases were measured during the preoperative period and at 1, 3, 7, 19 and 43 hours after surgery. RESULTS: No significant differences in pain intensity measured on the visual analog scale, by the number of boluses per patients or by need for additional analgesia were found between the 2 groups. The total number of boluses administered and additional analgesic requirements were greater in the group receiving bupivacaine, although the difference was not significant (p = 0.095 and p = 0.056, respectively). Nor were there significant differences in pH and PaCO2 levels for the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Analgesic efficacy after thoracotomy was similar for our 2 groups receiving either combined anesthesia (epidural bupivacaine at 0.5% and isoflurane) or balanced anesthesia with isoflurane and endovenous fentanyl.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Balanced anesthetic techniques in dogs and cats.

The term "balanced anesthesia" refers to the use of a mixture of drugs, such that the advantages of small amounts of drugs are used without having to contend with the disadvantages of large doses of any one drug. In veterinary practice, inhalant drugs are usually administered alone to maintain anesthesia, and balanced anesthetic techniques are rare. Unfortunately, cardiopulmonary function is reduced in dose-dependent fashion by inhalant drugs and deepening the level of anesthesia in order to modify autonomic responses to noxious stimuli may increase morbidity and mortality. This article justifies the use of balanced anesthetic techniques in veterinary practice and describes the advantages gained by the use of nitrous oxide, continuous opioid infusion, epidural/spinal opioid administration, and transdermal opioid administration. These techniques, described in detail in the article, are easy to learn, relatively inexpensive, may decrease patient morbidity and mortality, and will provide the veterinarian with smoother operating conditions.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1992

Total intravenous anesthesia for improvement of intraoperative monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials during aneurysm surgery.

Two anesthetic regimens for monitoring somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) during intracranial aneurysm surgery were compared. Eighty-four sequential cases of intracranial aneurysms were operated on employing SEP monitoring. The first group of 22 cases was anesthetized with "balanced anesthesia" and the second group of 62 cases received total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) consisting of propofol and alfentanil. In the TIVA group, the amplitude of early cortical SEP responses (N20-P25, or P40-N50) was significantly higher than that of responses in the balanced anesthesia group. In median nerve SEPs, the averaged amplitude of N20-P25 was 3.22 microV with TIVA and 1.69 microV with balanced anesthesia (P = 0.006). Similarly, posterior tibial nerve SEPs showed a P40-N50 response of 1.85 microV and 1.00 microV, respectively (P = 0.017). The superior signal-to-noise ratio obtained with TIVA allowed more frequent and reliable intraoperative SEP recordings than was possible with balanced anesthesia, resulting in rapid and reliable feedback for the surgeon. In 19% of median nerve SEPs recorded with TIVA, the cortical responses were over 5 microV in amplitude, so that reproducible N20-P25 responses were obtainable by averaging only 10 to 50 serial responses, that is, two to three recordings per minute. The higher amplitude of posterior tibial nerve SEPs recorded with TIVA made monitoring during surgery for anterior communicating artery aneurysms possible in all cases. This was not always the case with balanced anesthesia. The late deflection of median nerve SEPs (N30) was more frequently observed with TIVA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alfentanil↗
PubMed2006

Anesthesia for laparoscopy: a review.

Laparoscopy is the process of inspecting the abdominal cavity through an endoscope. Carbon dioxide is most universally used to insufflate the abdominal cavity to facilitate the view. However, several pathophysiological changes occur after carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum and extremes of patient positioning. A thorough understanding of these pathophysiological changes is fundamental for optimal anesthetic care. Because expertise and equipment have improved, laparoscopy has become one of the most common surgical procedures performed on an outpatient basis and to sicker patients, rendering anesthesia for laparoscopy technically difficult and challenging. Careful choice of the anesthetic technique must be tailored to the type of surgery. General anesthesia using balanced anesthesia technique including several intravenous and inhalational agents with the use of muscle relaxants showed a rapid recovery and cardiovascular stability. Peripheral nerve blocks and neuraxial anesthesia were both considered as safe alternative to general anesthesia for outpatient pelvic laparoscopy without associated respiratory depression. Local anesthesia infiltration has shown to be effective and safe in microlaparoscopy for limited and precise gynecologic procedures. However, intravenous sedation is sometimes required. This article considers the pathophysiological changes during laparoscopy using carbon dioxide for intra-abdominal insufflation, outlines various anesthetic techniques of general and regional anesthesia, and discusses recovery and postoperative complications after laparoscopic abdominal surgery.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1999

Anesthesia for laparoscopic general surgery. A special review.

Laparoscopy employs highly technical equipment, and the surgeon needs special training in the technique. He should master in-depth knowledge of the use of optics, electrical principles, gas under pressure, and the physiologic changes that occur when carbon dioxide is placed in the abdominal cavity. Above all, the surgeon must adhere rigidly to guidelines for appropriate technique, and deviation will most assuredly result in complications and even death. General surgery application of laparoscopy followed a wealth of medical experience from gynecological laparoscopies, which declared the technique as safe, reduced hospital stay with little pain and disfigurement. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy started to enjoy ever increasing popularity. It retained the advantages of shorter hospital stay, more rapid return to normal activities, less pain, small incisions and less postoperative ileus compared with the traditional open cholecystectomy. Soon many procedures were done using this new technique in adults and children. Anesthesia for laparoscopy has been established with a broad usage of agents and techniques. General anesthesia using balanced anesthesia technique including intravenous induction agents like: thiopentone, propofol, etomidate, and inhalational agents like nitrous oxide, isoflurane, desflurane, has been reported. Variety of muscle relaxants including succinylcholine, mivacurium, atracurium, vecuronium aiming at rapid recovery and cardiovascular stability. Total intravenous anesthesia using agnets like propofol, midazolam and ketamine, alfentanil and vecuronium has been reported also for outpatient laparoscopy. Epidural anesthesia was considered as safe alternative to general anesthesia for outpatient laparoscopy without associated respiratory depression. As for pain relief, many methods have been used. The pain mechanism is variable and analgesia requirement is less than those of open surgery. Cited complications include pneumothorax, cardiovascular collapse, surgical emphysema and pneumo-peritoneum complications. Among the implication for anesthesia care, the importance of preoperative monitoring, careful positioning and observation during the insufflation of carbon dioxide. The drive to have short term admission to hospital would make it imperative to use short acting rapidly eliminated anesthetic drugs, avoidance of vomiting and pain by proper use of modern anti-emetics and NSAID to help in avoidance of narcotics or reduction of the requirement.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1997

[Anesthetic management of parturients with intracranial arteriovenous malformation].

We have retrospectively analyzed twelve pregnancies in nine patients with intracranial arteriovenous malformation (AVM) managed at our hospital from 1984 to 1995. Following radical excision of AVM before or during pregnancy in 6 cases, transvaginal deliveries were performed without untoward sequelae. In three of five patients who received non-curative treatments, labor analgesia was provided using epidural local anesthetics. One patient who presented with ruptured AVM followed by medical therapy, elective cesarean section was performed under spinal anesthesia with a favorable outcome. Anesthesia courses in two patients for the resection of ruptured AVM during pregnancy were uneventful under enflurane and nitrous oxide anesthesia, or balanced anesthesia using fentanyl and nitrous oxide in oxygen. Simultaneous cesarean section craniotomy was not performed at our hospital.

Analgesia, Obstetrical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Balanced regional anesthesia based on epidural blockade in a patient with gastric tumor and open-form fibrous-cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis].

Combination of fibrocavernous pulmonary tuberculosis and malignant gastric tumor is very rare. Anesthesia in such patients is associated with a number of difficulties. Balanced regional anesthesia based on epidural blockade and intravenous diazepam and fentanyl is recommended as a method of choice. An example of a successful clinical application of this type of anesthesia is given.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Kalipsol-based balanced intravenous anesthesia in pediatric outpatient dental practice].

Basing on clinical studies of anesthesia in 568 children, central hemodynamic studies, analysis of the blood acid-base balance and gases, glycemia level, and assessment of the psychoneurologic status, the authors validate the usefulness of calypsol-based anesthesia in practical outpatient pedodontics. Such anesthesia did not influence the stability of central hemodynamics parameters, nor did it change the acid-base balance and blood sugar level; it provided an adequate protection of the patient from surgical stress with the adaptation mechanisms remaining intact. The child may leave the clinic 2.5-3 h after the intervention and a test for adequate adaptation to the environment. Calypsol-based balanced anesthesia improves outpatient care of the children, introduction of this method into practice will bring about a good economic effect.

Ambulatory Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed1991

[The combination of general anesthesia and interscalene block in shoulder surgery].

Surgery on the shoulder often causes severe pain and, therefore, requires high doses of opiates. As postoperative pain is frequently treated inadequately, it is desirable to seek alternatives for providing effective analgesia. In a prospective study we examined the efficacy of balanced anesthesia consisting of general anesthesia combined with interscalene brachial plexus blockade for intra- and postoperative analgesia for operations on the shoulder. METHODS. Using the technique described by Winnie, interscalene block (ISB) was performed in 100 awake patients. After location of the brachial plexus by means of a peripheral nerve stimulator, we injected 40 ml bupivacaine 0.375%, after which general anesthesia (GA) was induced. At three predetermined points in time (recovery room, 8 h, and 24 h after the end of surgery), pain was evaluated by a visual analogue scale ranging from 0 to 10 and the extent of sensory blockade was tested by the pinprick method. The results of the pain scores and individual demands for analgesics were compared with a group of 22 patients who received only GA. Both groups were comparable in age, sex, and type of surgical procedure. RESULTS. We noted technical failure of the ISB in 8% of our patients. Side effects such as Horner's syndrome (18%), phrenic nerve paralysis (10%), and recurrent laryngeal nerve block (1%) were only temporarily observed during the action of the local anesthetics. During the surgical procedure, the group with ISB received a mean dose of 0.13 +/- 0.07 mg fentanyl versus 0.29 +/- 0.08 mg in the GA group (P less than 0.01) with equipotent doses of volatile anesthetics (1.0 to 1.5 MAC enflurane). Postoperative pain occurred for the first time in 39% of the patients given ISB later than 12 h after the end of surgery (average 8.7 +/- 5.9 h). In contrast, 95% of the patients with GA complained of pain in the recovery room. Pain measurement by the analogue scale clearly demonstrated the advantages of balanced anesthesia directly and 8 h after the operation (P less than 0.01). Even 24 h after the end of the surgical procedure the patients had better pain relief (P less than 0.05) in spite of the decreasing effect of the ISB. These significant differences led to the following results for postoperative treatment: 35% of the patients with ISB did not require additional analgesics during the first 24-h period after surgery, whereas 95% of those with GA requested analgesia. Only 32% of the ISB patients required opioids versus 86% with GA. The average duration of stay in the recovery room was reduced by 25% in the group with ISB (86 vs 134 min). In a final assessment, 84% of the patients were satisfied with the balanced anesthesia and only 5% were disappointed with the method. CONCLUSION. The combination of ISB and GA allows a reduction in intraoperative doses of opiates and facilitates postoperative pain management. Because of the low incidence of side effects, the lack of complications, and the high degree of patient acceptance, we recommend this type of balanced anesthesia for patients undergoing shoulder surgery.

Acromion↗
PubMed2003

Spinal anesthesia: functional balance is impaired after clinical recovery.

BACKGROUND: The ability of patients to walk without assistance after spinal anesthesia is a determining factor in the time to discharge following ambulatory surgery. The authors compared clinical markers of gross motor recovery with objective data of functional balance after spinal anesthesia. METHODS: Twenty-two male patients with American Society of Anesthesiology physical status I or II who were scheduled for perineal surgery were studied during recovery from spinal anesthesia to compare the predictive accuracy of clinical markers of ambulatory readiness (e.g., full knee flexion and extension) with that of an objective method of measurement focused on functional balance. Lumbar puncture was performed at the L2-L3 or L3-L4 interspace using a 25-gauge Whitacre needle, with patients in the sitting position. A 3-ml mixture of 5 mg bupivacaine (heavy) and 10 microg fentanyl was injected. Block regression and restoration of motor function were assessed and recorded. Functional balance was measured using a computerized force platform method. RESULTS: The majority of patients maintained motor function and proprioception sensation at the onset of surgical anesthesia, as indicated by performance on clinical tests of function: 96% were able to perform the straight leg increase; 82, 77, and 91%, respectively, were able to perform full knee flexion and extension, perform heel-to-shin maneuvers, and identify joint position in the supine position. Postoperatively, clinical return of motor function occurred much earlier than recovery of functional balance. At 60 min after onset of spinal anesthesia, 22 patients (100%) had recovered sensory and gross motor function, but only 36% could stand, and 8% could walk without assistance (P < 0.01). At 150-180 min after onset, 96-100% of patients achieved the levels of functional balance that permitted adequate ambulation. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the recovery time to unassisted ambulation is longer than has been assumed, and that the standard clinical markers of gross motor function are poor predictors of functional balance following ambulatory surgery.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Modes of balanced regional anesthesia in patients with lower extremity injuries].

The basic hemodynamic (systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic BP, heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, RPP) and respiratory parameters (respiratory rate, tidal volume, respiratory minute volume) during operations on the lower extremities under epidural anesthesia (n=24; Group 1) versus lumbar plexus block by the 3-in-1 technique (n= 23; Group 2) were studied in 47 traumatological patients. With balanced epidural anesthesia, there was a short-term decrease in hemodynamic parameters and a worse external respiratory function; in 5 patients requiring its performance WL, balanced block of peripheral nerves of the lumbar plexus was, on the contrary, marked by a greater hemodynamic and respiratory stability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Propofol dosage achieving spontaneous breathing during balanced regional anesthesia with the laryngeal mask airway.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess an anesthetic technique achieving spontaneous breathing through the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) during combined epidural block and propofol anesthesia. DESIGN: Prospective, consecutive case series study. SETTING: Operating room at a general hospital. PATIENTS: 112 ASA physical status I and II adult surgery patients; 32 patients for lower extremity surgery are enrolled into study 1, and 30 patients for lower extremity surgery and 50 patients for lower abdominal gynecology surgery are enrolled into study 2. INTERVENTIONS: In study 1, patients were given 1.5 to 2.0 mg/kg followed by a 3 mg/kg/h of infusion of propofol, after epidural block, and they were fitted with the LMA. Thirty minutes after induction, the dose of propofol was increased to 4, 5, 6, and 7 mg/kg/h every 15 minutes. In study 2, the patients were given 1.5 to 2.0 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg/h of propofol and the LMA insertion, after epidural block. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: PaO(2)/FIO(2), PaCO(2), tidal volume or respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate, and eye opening and motor response scales in conformity with Glasgow coma scale were recorded. Study 1 suggested an induction dose of 1.5 to 2.0 mg/kg and an infusion of 5 mg/kg/h as an appropriate dose to preserve spontaneous breathing with the LMA and to maintain reasonable depth of anesthesia. Study 2 showed that respiratory and circulatory conditions, depth of anesthesia, and other data related to anesthesia were clinically acceptable. CONCLUSIONS: The best infusion dose of propofol to achieve spontaneous breathing with the LMA seems to be 5 mg/kg/h, and the present balanced regional anesthesia with the LMA, using propofol infusion at 1.5 to 2.0 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg/h combined with epidural block, may be useful in clinical practice for lower extremity and lower abdominal gynecologic operations.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Clinical use of sufentanil as an anesthetic.

This review considers a few of the controversies and most recent data pertaining to the clinical intraoperative use of the potent opioid sufentanil. Although sufentanil is used extensively as the opioid component of "balanced" anesthesia, opioids themselves are not total anesthetics. Sufentanil is effective in reducing the so-called stress responses that can occur with balanced anesthesia. Although no conclusive data have shown that such reduction in stress response improves anesthetic outcome, many clinicians continue to choose sufentanil for both convenience and improved hemodynamic control. Recent pharmacokinetic modeling suggests that sufentanil would be a good choice for balanced anesthesia. Additionally, initial postoperative analgesia appears to work better when sufentanil rather than fentanyl is used intraoperatively. Although cost considerations remain important, cost analysis would suggest that, on a per-patient basis, choice of intraoperative opioid has very little effect on total hospital costs.

Anesthetics↗
PubMed1988

[Complaints in the postoperative phase related to anesthetics].

In two prospective, randomized studies the frequency of headache, nausea, vomiting, and analgesic requirement during the first postoperative 24 h was observed in order to study differences between the sexes and the inhalation anesthetics halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, or balanced anesthesia with enflurane/alfentanil. Nausea and vomiting were more frequent after enflurane than after halothane or isoflurane. There was no significant difference between anesthetics and frequency of headache, but there were significant differences in postoperative analgesic requirements which were highest after halothane and lowest after isoflurane. Postoperative complaints were always significantly greater among women than among men. The second study indicated that balanced anesthesia did not reduce the analgesic requirement compared to enflurane without alfentanil, but lead to a higher incidence of vomiting. After premedication with flunitrazepam and atropine and combined with 70% N2O/30% O2, isoflurane was the most favorable anesthetic agent with regard to the parameters studied. Balanced anesthesia with enflurane/alfentanil did not show any advantages for patients in the postoperative phase under the given conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Naloxone antagonism after narcotic-supplemented anesthesia.

Narcotic-supplemented balanced anesthesia is increasing in popularity; however, the narcotic must frequently be antagonized postoperatively. Authorities differ in their recommendations as to dose and as to mode and duration of administration of the narcotic antagonist. In the present study of 58 patients undergoing narcotic-supplemented anesthesia, 60 percent of 42 fentanyl patients and 81 percent of 16 morphine patients required postsurgical naloxone for respiratory inadequacy. Naloxone dosage was initially 1.5 mug/kg IV, with repeat IV doses of 1.5 mug/kg, when needed, at 3-minute intervals, until a regular respiratory rate greater than 15 breaths/min was attained. None of the fentanyl patients and only 25 percent (4/16) of the morphine patients required additional naloxone in the recovery room. For the latter, the dose of naloxone previously administered was given IM and proved satisfactory. Additional analgesia was needed by 12 percent (7/58) of the patients during the recovery room stay. Judicious naloxone titration permitted respiratory adequacy to coexist with analgesia after narcotic-supplemented anesthesia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Assessment of anesthesia methods in ophthalmologic surgery by patients, surgeons, and anesthesiologists].

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate anesthesia methods in ophthalmic surgery in elderly people assessed by patients, surgeon, and anesthesiologist using subjective rating scales. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a prospective, randomized study we compared in 52 (26 vs 26) elderly patients (ASA II and III, mean age 78.7+/-8.6 years) undergoing a cataract operation the satisfaction perceived by patients, surgeons, and anesthesiologists in relation to anesthesia methods [intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) vs balanced anesthesia (BA)] based on a score from 1=best to 6=worse. RESULTS: Patient satisfaction was better in the TIVA group (1.65) than in the patients treated with BA (2.57), p<0.001. Surgeons perceived no difference (BA 1.15/TIVA 1.07). Anesthesiologists preferred TIVA (TIVA 1.5/BA 3.23), p<0.001. CONCLUSION: In this study patients and anesthesiologists preferred TIVA. There was no difference between TIVA and BA as seen by the surgeon.

Aged↗