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PubMed1992

Anatomy and function of the bursa subacromialis.

The ligamentum coracohumerale, as the anterior limit of the bursa subacromialis, runs into the shoulder joint capsule, connecting--broadly based--above the sulcus intertubercularis. It does not, however, originate--as described previously--from the base of the processus coracoideus (viewed frontally), but rather medially from the base, i.e. on the side of the fossa supraspinatus. The sliding mechanism starting at 50 degrees affects the parietal sheet of the bursa subacromialis, whereby the laterally situated section slides under the medially situated section. With an abduction of up to 50 degrees, the lateral section congests in front of the corner of the acromion, sliding from there under the acromion, so that the--hitherto--medial section is located above the section now sliding away beneath it. This sliding mechanism continues on up to 100 degrees. At this point the parietal sheet of the bursa subacromialis lies as follows: The section that had been situated laterally at the beginning of the sliding mechanism now lies caudally to the section that had lain medially at the outset. The bursa subacromialis does not slide fully into the fossa supraspinatus, as in all of the cases observed, it is firmly connected, together with the fascia subdeltoidea, to the corner of the acromion. The visceral sheet does not change in the course of the sliding mechanism as described, as it is connected to the fascia of the supraspinatus muscle--with the exception of a medial stretch of 16 mm. A further finding deals with the course of the muscles of the caput breve of the biceps brachii. Individual muscle fibre components do not connect to the processus coracoideus, but rather run before the tip of the processus coracoideus into the ligamentum coracoacromiale, radiating not only into the ligamentum coracoacromiale, but also--certain components--into the shoulder joint capsule. Through this, the 'aponeurosis tendinis brachii' forms a tendon roof in front of the processus coracoideus that extends to the structures running along the head of the humerus. The muscle fibre components of the caput breve of the m. biceps brachii radiating into the shoulder joint capsule, together with the muscles of the rotator cuff and the ligamentum coracohumerale, keep the shoulder joint capsule tense, thus preventing constriction symptoms.

Bursa, Synovial↗
PubMed1986

Lymphocytic depletion of bursa of Fabricius and thymus in chickens inoculated with Escherichia coli.

Specific-pathogen-free 10-week-old chickens were inoculated via the air sac with Escherichia coli and showed lymphocytic depletion of bursa of Fabricius and thymus. In experiment I, chickens were necropsied at 12 and 24 hours, 2, 3, and 5 days after inoculation. At 12 hours after inoculation there was lymphocytic depletion in the medulla of lymphoid follicles of the bursa. At 24 hours after inoculation there was lymphocytic depletion also in the cortex of follicles and edema in interfollicular interstitium and follicular medulla. At 2 and 3 days after inoculation there were more marked lymphocytic depletion in medulla and cortex, and fibrosis in interfollicular interstitium. Partial repopulation of follicles with lymphocytes was seen at 5 days after inoculation. In the thymus, lymphocytic depletion occurred in the cortex. At 12 hours after inoculation, lymphocytic necrosis increased in number more than that of control chickens. The width of the cortex and medulla decreased. At 24 hours after inoculation, lymphocytic necrosis increased further. At 2 to 5 days after inoculation, the boundary between the cortex and medulla of lobules was obscure and cellular elements of the cortex and medulla were mingled. In experiment II, chickens were necropsied as in experiment I and also at 8 and 14 days after inoculation. The relative weights of the bursa and thymus reduced rapidly to minimal relative weights at 8 days after inoculation. At 14 days after inoculation, both bursa and thymus had normal relative weights and histological structures. These findings indicate that E. coli infection may induce transient lymphocytic depletion of lymphoid tissues in the chicken.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The anatomy of the deep infrapatellar bursa of the knee.

Disorders of the deep infrapatellar bursa are important to include in the differential diagnosis of anterior knee pain. Knowledge regarding its anatomic location can aid the clinician in establishing a proper diagnosis. Fifty cadaveric knees were dissected, and the deep infrapatellar bursa had a consistent anatomic location in all specimens. The deep infrapatellar bursa was located directly posterior to the distal 38% of the patellar tendon, just proximal to its insertion on the tibial tubercle. There was no communication to the knee joint. Its average width at the most proximal margin of the tibial tubercle was slightly wider than the average distal width of the patellar tendon. It was found to be partially compartmentalized, with a fat pad apron extending down from the retropatellar fat pad to partially divide it into anterior and posterior compartments. The recommended approach to this bursa, either for aspiration, injection, or surgery, is along the lateral edge of the patellar tendon just proximal to the tibial tubercle.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Progesterone receptor in the chick bursa of fabricius: characterization and immunohistochemical localization.

A high affinity progesterone-binding site was studied in the chick bursa of Fabricius. The dissociation constant for progesterone was 1.4 nM, and the concentration of progesterone-binding sites increased with estradiol treatment. In estradiol-treated bursas, the receptor concentration was about 240 fmol/mg protein. The binding site was specific for progestins, with the following order of affinities: ORG 2058 greater than progesterone greater than promegestone. Androgens, dexamethasone, and estradiol were weak competitors for progesterone binding in the bursa cytosols from estradiol-treated chicks. Immunoglobulin G fraction of antiserum (immunoglobulin G-RB) raised in rabbit against the B-subunit of chick oviduct progesterone receptor (PR) was used for an immunohistochemical study. The PR was found only in the interfollicular cells, which were most probably nonlymphoid cells. Staining was localized exclusively in the elongated nuclei of these cells. No staining was seen in the bursal epithelium or inside the lymphoid follicles. The results indicate that the interfollicular cells of the bursa contain specific PRs which are under estrogen regulation as in the oviduct. Thus, these cells might be under direct progesterone regulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Apoptosis in the chicken bursa of fabricius induced by X-irradiation.

Immature B lymphocytes in the chicken bursa of Fabricius have previously been reported to undergo apoptosis by low doses of ionizing radiation. In the present study, newly hatched chickens were subjected to whole-body X-irradiation, and the bursa of Fabricius was examined at various postirradiation times by light and electron microscopy to obtain information on the change of ultrastructure of irradiated bursal cells as well as on the time course and dose-response for the induction of apoptosis. Histological examination by light microscopy showed that pyknotic cells started to increase in the bursa within a few hours after irradiation and the frequency of occurrence reached a maximum at 6 hr. An evident increase of the pyknotic cells in number was observed at a dose of as little as 1 Gy, and the frequency increased with increases in the dose, reaching over 90% at 15 Gy. Electron microscopy of the irradiated bursa revealed typical apoptotic morphology such as chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, formation of apoptotic bodies and phagocytosis of pyknotic cells. Induction of apoptosis was also confirmed by the appearance of a typical DNA ladder pattern on agarose gel. Thus, the present results demonstrate that the chicken bursal cells are hypersensitive to X-irradiation with regard to induction of apoptosis, and that the apoptotic bursal cells exhibit most of the ultrastructural features known to be typical of apoptosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

An immunohistochemical analysis of T-cell subsets in the chicken bursa of Fabricius during postnatal stages of development.

T-cell subsets in the chicken bursa of Fabricius were analysed immunohistochemically during postnatal stages. Distinct types of T cells were present both in the surface epithelium and lamina propria of the bursa. TcR1+ and CT8+ cells were predominant in the surface epithelium, while TcR2+ and CT8+ cells were numerous in the lamina propria. These T-cell subsets peaked in frequency of occurrence at 5 weeks. They then decreased in number, and a few T cells remained in the bursa until 15 weeks of age. This result showed that the bursa of chickens is furnished with the distinct types of T-cell subsets at early postnatal stages of development to maintain its local immunity.

Aging↗
PubMed1980

The intermetatarsophalangeal bursa--its significance in Morton's metatarsalgia.

The intermetatarsophalangeal bursa was investigated by dissection, radiography and injection. In the web spaces between the second and third and the third and fourth digits the bursa lies superior to the transverse metatarsal ligament but projects distally to it, closely applied to the neurovascular bundle. Tissue from the web spaces of patients with classical Morton's metatarsalgia often shows lymphocytic infiltration, with additional fibrinoid necrosis of the bursal wall. It is suggested that inflammatory changes in this bursa could account for the pathological and histological findings in this condition. The bursa in the most lateral web space does not extend beyond the ligament and is not in contact with the neurovascular bundle, which may explain the rarity of symptoms in this space.

Bursa, Synovial↗
PubMed2006

Effect of infectious bursal disease virus insult on iron, copper, and zinc concentration in liver, bursa of Fabricius, spleen, pancreas, and serum of chickens.

The effect of a systemic disease on the dynamics of iron, zinc, and copper in chickens fed ad libitum was examined by infecting 10-day-old specific pathogen-free chickens with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Liver, bursa of Fabricius, pancreas, spleen, and serum were sampled in 10 controls and 10 challenged chickens at 3-day intervals postinfection (PI) for 15 days. The samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Serum levels were similar to that reported in the literature. Concentrations of iron and zinc did not change significantly in the pancreas, but there was an increase in copper in infected pancreatic tissue on days 9 and 15 PI. Iron concentration in the spleen showed a significant increase on days 6, 9, and 15 PI, whereas zinc was only significantly increased on day 15 PI. There was no significant change in copper concentrations in the spleens of infected chickens vs. controls. This finding is in line with previously reported data. The results showed that the liver was not a major tissue where iron and zinc were sequestered, as previous data have shown in mammals. Instead, the bursa of Fabricius had significantly increased levels of both iron and zinc in infected tissue vs. control tissue from 9 days PI on. Furthermore, the bursa had increased levels of copper in the latter portion of the study. These findings suggest that the bursa of Fabricius rather than the liver is the major organ for metallic ion sequestering during IBDV infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[125I]iodomelatonin-binding sites in the bursa of Fabricius of birds: binding characteristics, subcellular distribution, diurnal variations and age studies.

The melatonin-binding sites in membrane preparations of the bursa of Fabricius of birds were studied using [125I]iodomelatonin as a radioligand. The binding sites were stable, saturable, reversible and of high affinity. Scatchard analysis of specific binding revealed equilibrium binding constants (Kd) of (means +/- S.E.M.) 43.1 +/- 5.9, 73.3 +/- 7.6 and 35.3 +/- 4.8 pmol/l respectively at the mid-point of the light period (mid-light) in chickens, pigeons and quail, with a total number of binding sites (Bmax) of 1.23 +/- 0.15, 1.33 +/- 0.18 and 0.94 +/- 0.07 fmol/mg protein. The diurnal variation in [125I]iodomelatonin binding showed that the Bmax was 45, 115 and 70% higher at mid-light than at mid-dark in the bursae of chickens, pigeons and quail respectively. The Kd value determined from kinetic analysis was 49.0 +/- 6.4 pmol/l at mid-light in the chicken bursa. The [125I]iodomelatonin-binding sites of chicken bursal membranes had the following order of pharmacological affinities: 2-iodomelatonin > melatonin > 6-chloromelatonin > 6-hydroxymelatonin > N-acetyl-serotonin > 5-hydroxytryptamine, tryptamine, 5-methoxytryptophol, 1-acetylindole-3-carboxaldehyde, 3-acetylindole, L-tryptophan, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, 5-hydroxytryptophan suggesting that the [125I]iodomelatonin-binding sites were highly specific for melatonin. The subcellular distribution of binding sites in the chicken bursa was in the following descending order: nuclear > mitochondrial > microsomal > cytosolic fraction. There was an age-related decrease in [125I]iodomelatonin-binding in chicken bursal membranes, with higher densities in the neonate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aging↗
PubMed1988

Sonography of the Achilles tendon and adjacent bursae.

Abnormalities of the Achilles tendon and adjacent bursae are common problems that may be difficult to diagnose clinically. Twenty patients with symptoms involving the Achilles tendon and 10 control subjects were evaluated with real-time sonography in order to explore the role of sonography in defining abnormalities of the tendon and adjacent bursae and in differentiating between conditions requiring surgery and those needing conservative therapy. Normal anatomic structures seen consistently included the Achilles tendon, the musculotendinous junction, the retrocalcaneal bursa, and the calcaneal tendon insertion site. The normal range of tendon thickness was 4-9 mm (mean, 6.2 mm). All patients had repeat sonograms after either clinical resolution (14 cases) or surgical intervention (six cases). Twelve of the symptomatic patients had abnormal findings. Partial ruptures of the Achilles tendon were reliably differentiated from other lesions. No evidence of tendon thickening was found in tendinitis. Tendon thickening was found only in cases of previous tendon rupture. The superficial tendo Achillis bursa was imaged only when inflamed. Sonography was found to differentiate reliably between conditions that require surgical intervention and those that will respond to conservative therapy.

Achilles Tendon↗
PubMed2003

Injection of corticosteroids, hyaluronate, and amikacin into the navicular bursa in horses with signs of navicular area pain unresponsive to other treatments: 25 cases (1999-2002).

OBJECTIVE: To determine history, clinical and radiographic abnormalities, and outcome in horses with signs of navicular area pain unresponsive to corrective shoeing and systemic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration that were treated with an injection of corticosteroids, sodium hyaluronate, and amikacin into the navicular bursa. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 25 horses. PROCEDURE: Data collected from the medical records included signalment, history, horse use, severity and duration of lameness, shoeing regimen, results of diagnostic anesthesia, radiographic abnormalities, and outcome. RESULTS: 17 horses had bilateral forelimb lameness, 7 had unilateral forelimb lameness, and 1 had unilateral hind limb lameness. Mean duration of lameness was 9.2 months. All horses had been treated with corrective shoeing and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for at least 6 months; 18 had previously been treated by injection of corticosteroids and sodium hyaluronate into the distal interphalangeal joint. Fourteen horses had mismatched front feet, and 21 horses had signs of pain in response to application of pressure over the central aspect of the frog. Palmar digital nerve anesthesia resulted in substantial improvement in or resolution of the lameness in all horses. Twenty horses (80%) were sound and returned to intended activities 2 weeks after navicular bursa treatment; mean duration of soundness was 4.6 months. Two horses that received numerous navicular bursa injections had a rupture of the deep digital flexor tendon at the level of the pastern region. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that navicular bursa treatment may provide temporary improvement in horses with signs of chronic navicular area pain that fail to respond to other treatments.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2000

An in vitro study to compare 5 different techniques for injection of the navicular bursa in the horse.

Numerous different techniques for injection of the navicular bursa have been described but there is little conformity between these descriptions. A literature review was performed and techniques for injection of the navicular bursa were categorised into 5 approaches. This study was performed to evaluate the reproducibility of each technique and to assess which technique was consistently most successful. Five inexperienced operators performed each technique on 5 cadaver forelimbs. Once a needle had been placed, a radiograph was taken to confirm placement was in accordance with the description of the technique. Contrast agent was then injected and another radiograph taken to determine whether the navicular bursa had been injected successfully. The position of the navicular bone was highly predictable as a point 1 cm distal to the coronary band and halfway between the most dorsal and most palmar aspect of the coronary band. The use of this point as a landmark for injection of the navicular bursa allowed a high degree of accuracy and reliability of needle placement, irrespective of foot conformation.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Studies on infectious bursal disease in chickens. 2. Scoring microscopic lesions in the bursa of fabricius, thymus, spleen, and kidney in gnotobiotic and battery reared White Leghorns experimentally infected with infectious bursal disease virus.

During a 2 1/2 year study on the effect of experimentally-induced infectious bursal disease (IBD) in White Leghorns, a system for scoring microscopic lesions was developed. Microscopic changes in the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen, and kidney were studied to create a lesion score for each organ. No changes occurred in the cecal tonsil and few, if any, changes occurred in the liver. The system was useful in evaluating the severity of pathologic and inflammatory changes in each organ during the course of the disease. Lesion scores for the bursa ranged from 0 for normal bursae to +4 for severely affected bursae. The lesion scores for the thymus, spleen, and kidney ranged from 0 to +3. The criteria for scoring lesions in the thymus were: 0 equaled no change; +1- cortex had a few empty spaces, pronounced hyperemia with some heterophil infiltration, especially in the medulla; +2- cortex had an increase in the number of empty spaces and increased heterophil infiltration, and the cortex and medulla had decreased hyperemia; +3- cortex had numerous round aggregations (12 to 16 mu in diameter) of cell debris and pyknotic nuclei, a definite decrease in the lymphocyte density in the cortex, and decreased hyperemia in cortex and medulla. This lesion scoring system was useful in determining the severity of IBD in different-aged progeny from IBD-immune and nonimmune dams.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Postembryonic development of the chicken bursa of Fabricius: a light microscopic histoquantitative study.

Development of the bursa of Fabricius in the chicken was studied from day 4 to day 84 after hatching using light microscopic, morphometric methods. The proportion of lymphoid follicles of the total bursal tissue increased from 62% at day 4 to 86% at day 63 and thereafter decreased slightly until day 84. The corresponding values for bursal stroma and epithelium decreased from day 4 to day 84. The relative and absolute amounts of lymphoid tissue increased from enlargement of individual lymphoid follicles; their mean spatial diameter increased from 185 microns at day 4 to 720 microns at day 84. The number of areas of follicle-associated epithelium at the bursal mucosa, which in a mature bursa corresponds to the follicle number, remained relatively unchanged (range 7200 to 12000 per bursa). the follicular cortex grew more rapidly than did the follicular medulla, indicating different functions for each. The total surface area of the follicle-associated epithelium was .88 cm2 at day 4 increasing to 4.71 cm2 at day 63. This increase also in mainly due to increased size of the individual areas of follicle-associated epithelium (diameter increased from 71 to 168 microns). Histoquantitative findings are discussed in light of present knowledge about the function of the bursa as a central and peripheral lymphoid organ.

Aging↗
PubMed2001

Notch signaling suppresses IgH gene expression in chicken B cells: implication in spatially restricted expression of Serrate2/Notch1 in the bursa of Fabricius.

The bursa of Fabricius is a central organ for chicken B cell development and provides an essential microenvironment for expansion of the B cell pool and for generation of a diversified B cell repertoire. We report here that genes encoding the Notch family of transmembrane proteins, key regulators of cell fate determination in development, are differentially expressed in the bursa of Fabricius: Notch1 is expressed in medullary B cells located close to the basement membrane-associated epithelium (BMAE). In contrast, a Notch ligand, Serrate2, is expressed exclusively in the BMAE, which surrounds bursal medulla. A basic helix-loop-helix-type transcription factor, Hairy1, a downstream target of Notch signaling, is expressed in the bursa coordinately with Notch1 and Serrate2 and an immature B cell line, TLT1, which expresses both Notch1 and Serrate2. Furthermore, stable expression of a constitutively active form of chicken Notch1 or Notch2 in a B cell line results in a down-regulation of surface IgM expression, which is accompanied by the reduction of IgH gene transcripts. Transient reporter assay with the human IgH gene intronic enhancer reveals that an active form of Notch1 inhibits the IgH enhancer activity in chicken B cells, suggesting that Notch-mediated signals suppress the IgH gene expression via influencing the IgH intronic enhancer. These findings raise the possibility that the local activation of Notch1 in a subset of B cells by Serrate2 expressed in BMAE may influence the cell fate decision that is involved in B cell differentiation and selection inside the bursa.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ontogeny of the avian thymus and bursa of Fabricius studied in interspecific chimeras.

Differences in the structure of the interphase nucleus between two species of birds, the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and the chick (Gallus gallus) have been used to distinguish cells from different origins in interspecies combinations. This biological cell marking technique was applied to thymus and bursa of Fabricius histogenesis. Using various combinations between components of quail and chick thymic and bursic rudiments, the respective contribution of endodermal epithelium, mesenchyme and blood-borne extrinsic elements to the histogenesis of thymus and bursa was analyzed. It was demonstrated that the whole lymphoid population in these organs is derived from immigrant blood-borne stem cells. Thymus and bursa become attractive for stem cells at a precise stage of their development. In thymus the attractive period last about 24 hours in the quail and 36 hours in the chick. In the bursa of Fabricius the invasion lasts several days in both quail and chick embryos. The mechanisms which control the onset and the interruption of the stem cells inflow have been investigated.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Atrophy of the primary lymphoid organs of meat pigeons in Italy associated with circoviruslike particles in the bursa of Fabricius.

During a survey effected in a meat pigeon slaughterhouse of central Italy, atrophy of primary lymphoid organs (bursa of Fabricius and thymus) and hypoplasia of bone marrow were observed. Histologic, ultrastructural, and hematologic examinations were performed on a total of 80 randomly selected 30-day-old meat pigeons. By histologic studies, lymphocytic depletion and necrosis with cyst formations in the bursa of Fabricius were detected in all subjects that showed thymus and bursa atrophy at necropsy. Basophilic intranuclear inclusions were also observed in bursal cells. After ultrastructural studies, these inclusions were proved to be viral particles resembling circoviruslike particles in morphology and size. Severe lymphocytic depletion of the bursa was plausibly associated with the presence of the viral particles.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Effects of light environment on the weight of bursa of Fabricius in White Rock chicks.

The weight of the bursa of Fabricius of White Rock chicks reared under two photoperiods was studied in relation to body weight, weight of the endocrine organs, and spleen using a multiple correlation method. At the 95% level of confidence the coefficient of determination suggested that the weight of the bursa could be predicted with 77% plus or minus 7.8% accuracy from the organs weighed for a period from 2-24 weeks, the weight of the pituitary being the most stable contributor to this prediction. The weight of the spleen, similarly, could be predicted with a 92% plus or minus 3.8% accuracy. Correlations of testes and thyroid weight with bursa weight suggested possible influence of testosterone and thyroxin on bursa-spleen relationships during the period of bursal growth and involution.

Adrenal Glands↗