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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Effects of cysteinyl leukotrienes in small human bronchus and antagonist activity of montelukast and its metabolites.

BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that small airways contribute to clinically significant processes in asthma. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are considered to be pivotal mediators in the pathogenesis of asthma. Montelukast (MK), a specific CysLT1 receptor antagonist, is metabolized in two main hydroxylated metabolites (termed M5 and M6, respectively). OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to compare the responsiveness of small and large human bronchi to the three CysLTs, to evaluate the antagonist activity of MK, M5 and M6 in these preparations of human bronchi, and to characterize the CysLT receptors involved in the contractile response. METHODS AND RESULTS: In isolated small bronchus (i.d. 0.5-2 mm), the potencies (-log molar EC50) of LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4 were 9.3 (n=11), 9.1 (n=30) and 8.4 (n=14), respectively. The three CysLTs were about 30-fold more potent in small bronchi than in larger bronchi (i.d. 4-6 mm). In small bronchi, MK significantly shifted to the right the CysLT concentration-effect curves with pA2 values against LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4 of 9.1 (n=3), 9.0 (n=11) and 8.7 (n=5), respectively. The antagonist potencies of M6 and M5 were similar to MK and fivefold lower, respectively. A similar activity of MK against the three CysLTs suggested that CysLT1 receptors are involved in the contraction of human bronchus. Analysis by RT-PCR also indicated that human bronchus mainly expressed CysLT1 receptors. CONCLUSION: MK exerts a potent antagonist activity against the particularly potent constricting effects of CysLTs in isolated human small bronchi, which only expressed the CysLT1 receptor subtype. The metabolites of MK are also potent in vitro antagonists, but may not participate in the therapeutic activity of MK due to their low plasma concentrations in patients treated with the recommended dose of MK.

Acetates↗
PubMed2006

Bronchoplasty at the level of the segmental bronchus.

The efficacy of anastomosis including the segmental bronchus performed in Hyogo Medical Center was reviewed. There were 18 patients with anastomosis of segmental bronchi (group 1), 14 patients with anastomosis between the upper, lingular, or basal segmental bronchus and main bronchus, avoiding pneumonectomy (group 2), and a miscellaneous group (group 3). Patients in group 1 had early-stage lung cancer or low-grade malignant tumors, whereas those in group 2 had advanced hilar tumors. Though technical requirements for these operations are higher than for typical bronchoplasty, they provide better quality of life postoperatively and reasonably good outcomes without increasing morbidity. The specialist in general thoracic surgery must make every effort to avoid excessively large resection of lung tissue such as lobectomy or pneumonectomy.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed1985

Endoscopic treatment of bronchus stump fistulae following pneumonectomy with fibrin sealant in domestic pigs.

Occlusion of the transected bronchus after pneumonectomy was achieved by transthoracic fibrin sealing in 14 domestic pigs. In 9 additional animals standardized bronchus stump fistulae could also be closed with fibrin sealant which was applied through a flexible bronchoscope. An average of 1 ml of fibrin sealant containing 500 units of thrombin and 3500 units of Aprotinin was necessary to achieve bronchial closure and to prevent early dissolution of the sealant. Endoscopic closure of a bronchus fistula by fibrin plug was successfully employed in one clinical case.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Indications for endoscopic Nd-YAG laser surgery in the trachea and bronchus.

Nd-YAG laser surgery via the fiberoptic bronchoscope can vaporize lesions causing airway obstruction or stenosis located from the trachea to segmental bronchi with minimized danger of bleeding, and improve ventilatory disturbances. 35 lesions in the trachea and bronchus consisting of 27 malignant lesions and 8 benign lesions were treated with endoscopic Nd-YAG laser surgery. The procedures were performed under local anesthesia, and no significant side effects were recognized. The lesions was irradiated with 20-80 W. power. In most cases a continuous wave was used, but in cases of early stage squamous cell carcinoma intermittent irradiation of 0.5 second laser spots were used. In 21 of 35 cases effective results were obtained. The non-effective results obtained in 14 cases were considered to be due to inexact preprocedural evaluation of the extent of the lesions. Effective results were obtained in 11 of 13 lesions located in the trachea, in 3 of 5 lesions in the trachea and bronchus and in 7 of 17 lesions in the bronchus. Tumor in the trachea with severe ventilatory disturbance is a good indication for Nd-YAG laser surgery to rapidly alleviate symptoms. But in cases of lung cancer, indications even as a palliative procedure are limited to those cases in which the lung parenchyma distal to the stenotic portion is viable. However, the indications for this procedure as a curative modality are extremely limited.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Metabolism and DNA binding of benzo[a]pyrene in cultured human bladder and bronchus.

The metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) was examined in explant cultures of human bladder and bronchus. Three-day cultures were exposed to radiolabeled BP for 24 h, and the metabolism was determined by analysis of the level of binding of reactive metabolites to DNA, and by the release of metabolites into the medium. For a given individual, the DNA binding level and extent of metabolism was usually higher in the bladder than in the bronchus. In specimens obtained from 16 individuals, the average DNA-binding levels for BP-DNA adducts following a 24 h exposure to 1 microM BP were 6.4 +/- 5.0 mumol BP/mol deoxyribonucleotide for the bladder and 3.1 +/- 1.9 mumol BP/mol deoxyribonucleotide for the bronchus. The major BP-DNA adduct in both tissues co-chromatographed with one of the adducts formed by reaction of r-7, t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene with deoxyguanosine using high-pressure liquid chromatography. In tissues obtained from the same individual, the binding levels of BP metabolites to bladder cell DNA was not strongly correlated to that of bronchial cell DNA (r = 0.55). The medium of both tissues contained small amounts of free, unconjugated metabolites of BP (less than 3% of the total) and large amounts (30-86% of the total) of unidentified, highly polar material. Human bladder appears to be the most active explant tissue yet studied with respect to its ability to activate BP to DNA binding forms. The relevance of this observation to human bladder cancer is, as yet, unknown.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Electrocardiographic and genetic evaluation of giant jungle fowl, broilers, and their reciprocal crosses following unilateral bronchus occlusion.

Electrocardiography is useful as a noninvasive technique for detecting right ventricular hypertrophy in birds developing pulmonary hypertension (PH) and pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS, ascites). The objective of this study was to identify every aspect of the Lead II ECG wave form (amplitude or duration) that can be correlated with right ventricular hypertrophy [increased right:total ventricular weight ratios (RV:TV)] indicative of PH across a broad genetic background. Sham operations were conducted, or PH was induced by occluding one extrapulmonary primary bronchus in 14-d-old chicks produced from matings of broilers (B x B), Giant Jungle Fowl (J x J), and their reciprocal crosses (B x J and J x B). Standard three-lead electrocardiograms (ECG) were recorded on Days 28 and 42, and final necropsies were conducted to evaluate the incidence of ascites, confirm sex, and obtain ventricular weights for calculating RV:TV. Ascites did not develop in the J x J, and one each of the B x J and J x B chicks developed ascites; consequently, only data from birds that did not develop ascites were compared. Heart rate was recorded, and the following amplitudes and durations were measured or calculated for three consecutive wave cycles of the Lead II ECG: base of R to the peak of R (RbR), peak of R to base of S (RS), base of S to peak of R' (SR'), S, peak of R' to base of R' (R'R'b), and base of S to peak of T (ST). Differences between the ECG of sham and bronchus clamp groups were more prominent in B x B and B x J than in J x B, and bronchus occlusion did not affect the ECG, growth, or RV:TV ratios of J x J. In contrast, sex influences were more prominent in J x J and J x B than in B x J and B x B. These observations suggest a paternal pattern of inheritance for Lead II ECG wave forms, with crosses sired by broilers (B x B, B x J) exhibiting susceptibility to PH and few ECG differences related to sex, whereas crosses sired by Giant Jungle Fowl U x J, J x B) exhibited resistance to PH and numerous ECG differences related to sex.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Electrocardiographic evaluation of broilers following unilateral occlusion of an extrapulmonary primary bronchus.

This study was conducted to provide a comprehensive evaluation of both the amplitudes and durations of the Lead II electrocardiogram (ECG) in nonascitic and ascitic broilers. At 14 d of age, male and female broiler chicks were sham-operated (SHAM, n = 27), or pulmonary hypertension was initiated by occluding one extrapulmonary primary bronchus (BRONCHUS CLAMP, n = 57). Lead II ECG and BW were recorded on Days 28 (ECG1) and 42 (ECG2), necropsies were conducted on all birds dying after Day 28, and final necropsies were conducted on Day 49. Data collected at necropsy included the presence (ASCITIC) or absence (NONASCITIC) of ascites, sex, and ventricular weights for calculating the right:total ventricular weight ratio (RV:TV), which serves as a reliable index of pulmonary hypertension. In each bird, three consecutive ECG1 and ECG2 wave cycles were quantified for both amplitude and duration of the following wave segments: Rb-R, R-S, S-R', R'-R'b, and S-T. The S wave amplitude was calculated by subtracting R-S from Rb-R and heart rate (HR) was measured from the peak of one T wave to the peak of the next. In the majority of comparisons, ASCITIC and BRONCHUS CLAMP broilers had larger S, R'-R'b, and S-T amplitudes, longer R-S, R'-R'b, and S-T durations, and a slower HR than NONASCITIC and SHAM broilers, regardless of sex. The differences in ECG wave forms and durations between ASCITIC and NONASCITIC broilers were greater on Day 42 (ECG2) than on Day 28 (ECG1), but when both ECG were used to develop a regression equation to estimate RV:TV, the R2 was 0.79. The most important Lead II ECG parameters associated with the development of ascites were an increasingly negative S wave amplitude and greater amplitudes and durations for R'-R'b and S-T as well as a decrease in the HR.

Airway Obstruction↗
PubMed2000

Congenital tracheal bronchus: the inability to isolate the right lung with a univent bronchial blocker tube.

Tracheal bronchus is a congenital anomaly in which the right upper lobe bronchus originates from the lateral tracheal wall. This anatomic variant is reported in approximately 1 of 250 patients at bronchoscopy. Although it is usually of little clinical significance, this atypical origin of the right upper lobe bronchus may complicate one-lung ventilation during thoracic surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Successful one-lung ventilation in a patient with aberrant tracheal bronchus.

IMPLICATIONS: We report a 47-yr-old patient who underwent surgery for esophageal cancer. Because of the isolated ventilation of the right upper lobe after occlusion of the right mainstem bronchus, bronchoscopic re-confirmation exposed an aberrant tracheal bronchus. A Fogarty tube was introduced to block the tracheal bronchus and provide one-lung ventilation.

Bronchi↗
PubMed1996

Transthoracic bronchial intubation in a case of main bronchus disruption.

We report on a case of blunt thoracic trauma that resulted in complete disruption of the right main bronchus. Due to massive loss of respiratory volume during thoracotomy, sufficient ventilation could not be maintained via the orotracheal tube. Transthoracic intubation of the left main bronchus via the right bronchial defect was the ultima ratio procedure that allowed reanastomosis of the disrupted right main bronchus.

Bronchi↗
PubMed1995

Obstructed tracheal bronchus as a cause of post-obstructive pneumonia.

This article describes a case of obstructed supernumerary tracheal bronchus with partial atelectasis and pneumonia of the right upper lobe, diagnosed using trispiral tomograms. An obstructing broncholith, a supernumerary tracheal bronchus, and granulation tissue mass extruding from the bronchus were confirmed by resection of the pulmonary segment.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Phenotypic differences of proliferating fibroblasts in the stroma of lung adenocarcinoma and normal bronchus tissue.

Fibroblasts in tumor tissue are thought to interact with tumor cells directly and/or indirectly and to have important roles in tumor invasion and metastasis. To characterize the phenotype of proliferating fibroblasts in pulmonary adenocarcinoma, we established short-term fibroblast cell lines from both normal bronchus and adenocarcinoma tissues obtained from the same patients and compared the gene expression profiles. Four sets of fibroblast cell lines (eight cell lines in total) were used in the analysis. Total RNA was extracted from each cell line and hybridized with 550 cancer-related RNAs blotted on a cDNA filter array. Five up-regulated genes and 12 down-regulated genes (total of 17 genes) were detected in the fibroblast cell lines from the tumor tissues compared with those from normal bronchus. Using real-time quantitative RT-PCR methods, the expression profile of each gene was examined; five genes, one up-regulated (MLH1) and four down-regulated (Cox1, FGFR4, p120, and Smad3), were confirmed. Furthermore, the protein expression levels of the five genes in the cancerous and normal tissues were examined immunohistochemically, and the up-regulation of MLH1 and the down-regulation of Cox1 in cancerous tissue were confirmed in vivo. These results indicate that the proliferating fibroblasts in pulmonary adenocarcinomas are phenotypically different from fibroblasts in normal bronchus tissues.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1982

Pharmacological responses of human and porcine lung parenchyma, bronchus and pulmonary artery.

1 Responses of preparations of human and porcine isolated bronchus and pulmonary artery to carbachol (CCh), methacholine, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), (-)-noradrenaline (NA), (-)adrenaline (Adr) and (+/-)-isoprenaline (Iso) were compared with responses to the same agonists in isolated lung parenchyma strips. 2 All preparations from both human and porcine lung contracted in response to histamine and all, except preparations of porcine pulmonary artery, contracted in response to CCh. Human and porcine pulmonary artery and parenchyma strip contracted in response to NA while bronchial preparations invariably relaxed. Iso caused relaxation of human and porcine bronchus and parenchyma strip. Although 5-HT was completely inactive in tissues isolated from pig lung, this amine was a powerful spasmogen in human pulmonary artery, relaxed human bronchus and caused variable responses in human parenchyma. 3 Results indicate that the pharmacological characteristics of human and porcine parenchyma strips may be explained in terms of responses of vascular or airways smooth muscle.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Contractile activity of three endothelins (ET-1, ET-2 and ET-3) on the human isolated bronchus.

1. The effects of three endothelins: (i) the classical or human/porcine endothelin (ET-1); (ii) [Trp6, Leu7] endothelin (ET-2) and (iii) [Thr2, Phe4, Thr5, Tyr6, Lys7, Tyr14] endothelin or rat endothelin (ET-3) were tested on the human isolated bronchus. 2. ET-1 produced a concentration-dependent contraction of the human isolated bronchus that proceeded in two different steps. The first step was observed at very low concentrations (pD2 = 11.01 +/- 0.17, n = 10) but corresponded to a low intrinsic activity (Emax = 15.6 +/- 1.8% of Emax = 26.1 +/- 2.9% of ACh 3 x 10(-3) M, n = 5, P less than 0.05), reduced by nicardipine 10(-6) M (Emax = 6.0 +/- 2.6% of ACh 3 x 10(-3) M, n = 5, P less than 0.05) and strongly inhibited in calcium-free medium. The second step of the action of ET-1 corresponded to a lesser potency (pD2 = 7.90 +/- 0.17, n = 9) but a higher intrinsic activity (Emax = 82.5 +/- 4.7% of ACh 3 x 10(-3) M). This effect was not significantly modified by nicardipine 10(-6) M or by Bay K 8644 10(-7) M. Neither of the two effects was modified by indomethacin 3 x 10(-6) M. 3. The effects of ET-2 and ET-3 were qualitatively similar to those of ET-1 but quantitatively different; for these two steps of contracting activity and for potency and efficacy the ranking was: ET-1 greater than ET-2 = ET-3. 4. Thus, ET-1 appears to be the most potent of these three substances in its effect on the human isolated bronchus. Its activity seems to involve the action of voltage-dependent calcium channels at low concentrations (10-12 to 10-9M), whereas other mechanisms are involved at higher concentrations (10-8 to 3 x 10-7M).

3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethy↗
PubMed1990

Structure-activity studies on endothelin (16-21), the C-terminal hexapeptide of the endothelins, in the guinea-pig bronchus.

1. We describe the results of a structure-activity study in which the C-terminal hexapeptide of the endothelins, endothelin (16-21), is compared with shorter fragments; hexapeptides bearing amino-acid substitutions and the corresponding C-terminal fragments of sarafotoxins. The guinea-pig bronchus was used in this study since it is the most sensitive preparation for endothelin (16-21) thus far developed. 2. The biological results obtained with endothelin (16-21) and analogues demonstrate that the contractile activity of the C-terminal hexapeptide of endothelin on the guinea-pig bronchus depends on quite close structural requirements, strongly suggestive of a receptor interaction. The following features appear to be essential for the biological activity: (a) the C-terminal free carboxylic function; (b) the L-configuration of Trp-21; (c) the beta-carboxylic function of Asp-18; (d) the presence of Leu-17 and (e) the imidazole moiety of His-16. 3. The hexapeptide corresponding to the C-terminal portion of sarafotoxin, sarafotoxin (16-21), was devoid of biological activity. This behaviour might be related to the proposed existence of more than one receptor for the endothelin/sarafotoxin family in the guinea-pig bronchus.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Left principal bronchus rupture in a cat.

A two-year-old neutered male domestic shorthaired cat was referred with respiratory compromise. Investigations included thoracic radiography and tracheal endoscopy. Findings were consistent with a traumatic avulsion injury to the left principal bronchus. Treatment involved the resection of the ruptured and stenosed left principal bronchus segment via a fifth right intercostal lateral thoracotomy. Once the damaged portion of bronchus had been removed, bronchial repair was achieved by end-to-end anastomosis. A full recovery was made and, at the time of writing (16 months postoperatively), the cat was clinically normal.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed1983

Laser treatment for carcinoma of the bronchus.

Laser treatment in carcinoma of the bronchus is essentially palliative and is suitable for only a few patients. Patients selected for laser treatment must have predominantly endobronchial growth with normal bronchial anatomy still identifiable and symptoms due to the obstruction or to haemoptysis. A total of 34 patients with carcinoma of the bronchus were treated with argon gas or neodynium yttrium aluminium garnet crystal lasers. Good palliation was obtained in just over half the cases of partial obstruction of the trachea or main bronchus, but best results were obtained in lesions of the trachea or main carina. Re-expansion of the collapsed lung was achieved in some cases but with considerable risk of pneumonia. Haemoptysis was controlled at least partly in several cases. Laser treatment has the advantage of having no toxicity or dose limit and may be used in cases of poor respiratory function. The procedure was better tolerated than radiotherapy or chemotherapy and its relatively lower cost may justify setting up laser units in major cities.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Report on a child with stricture following foreign body of long duration in the bronchus. Discussion on the management of bronchial foreign bodies.

A case report and the management of a 10-year-old girl who had inhaled a foreign body into the right intermediate bronchus at some unknown (but certainly not recent) time previously is given. A stricture at the site of the impaction of the foreign body was found. The excision of the stricture and repair of the bronchus with pericardium is described together with a 3-year follow-up report. The diagnosis and immediate management of foreign bodies in the bronchus are discussed and the importance of differentiating organic and non-organic foreign bodies is stressed. The management of bronchial strictures is discussed as is the result obtained in the above reported case.

Bronchi↗