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PubMed1990

[The effect of body constitution on work capacity evaluated by means of mechanical efficiency].

The utilizable sources of energy of the human organism are relatively restricted where by interindividual differences are not substantial, while differences in physical performance are extreme. The capacity to transform chemical energy into mechanical work, sometimes described also as the work capacity of the organism is evaluated by means of mechanical efficiency--ME. In men with varying amounts of training (incl. untrained ones), differing significantly as to the percentage of body fat (3.8-17.2%), assessed by measurement of ten skinfolds, the authors assessed ME on a treadmill. The highest ME values were recorded in trained sportsmen (endurance runners--32.4%), lowest in untrained middle-aged men (16.9%). The authors found a close negative correlation of ME and maximal oxygen consumption per kg body weight and values of body fat percentage. With the increasing percentage of body fat the values of ME decline, the prerequisites for effective transformation of chemical energy of the organism into mechanical work are reduced and the work capacity of the organism declines.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Ergometric determination of cardiac output in 1500 Swiss children and adults of both sexes, aged 5 to 65 years. Relation to body constitution, sex, age and work capacity in the step test (Part 2)].

The stroke volume of the heart during exercise in upright position (steptest) was determined in 1500 Swiss children and adults of either sex, aged 5 to 65 years. The use of the simplified ergometric method (Strehler) allowed to carry out these determinations mainly in series and without any difficulty. Average absolute values are presented for each year during childhood and adolescence and for each decade in the period of adult life. The stroke volume is lower in the female than in the male group; this refers to absolute values as well as to values relative to body size. The absolute values are approximately proportional to body weight, to the cube of body height and to a standard volume calculated from body height and body weight. There is a typical age-depending course of the relationship between stroke volume and body size (standard volume), the development of the stroke volume showing a minimum before and a maximum during puberty. Provided work load in per cent of the maximal working capacity is the same the stroke volume of the heart during exercise in upright position remains unchanged until the age of about 55 to 60 years. The practical scope of the investigation was to collect data for the setting up of a new stroke volume standard.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Obesity: body constitution, activity, or education?].

UNLABELLED: Obesity is highly prevalent in many countries. Obese people have higher prevalence in many chronic degenerative diseases, psycopathology and social problems. Little information, however, is usually available on how is the behavior of obesity at community level. PURPOSE: To evaluate prevalence of obesity in Pelotas city (RS), and to identify factors associated with obesity. METHODS: This population-based survey measured the frequency of obesity and his risk factors in a mid-sized Brazilian city by studying a cluster sample of 1657 adults aged 20-69 years. The independent variables studied were: sex, color of the skin, age in years, physical activity, pattern of alcohol consumption, cigarette smoke habit, scholarity and social class. Queletet index at the cut point of 30.0 kg/m2 was adopted to define obesity according the World Health Organization recommendation. RESULTS: Obesity prevalence of 15.3% in men and 23.2% between women was encountered in this sample. All studied variables showed some influence on Quetelet index except the color of the skin. Among the studied factors low level of scholarity seems to be most important determinant of obesity after multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of obesity is associated with advanced age, female gender and low level of scholarity. The possibility of intervention makes the last one more important than the first and second. Other studies about obesity are needed in order to produce a better understanding of the problem.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Sex-specific analysis of cartilage volume in the knee joint--a quantitative MRI-based study].

The objective of the present study was to determine differences in the normal knee joint cartilage volume of males and females, the analysis of the percentage distribution of the cartilage tissue onto the various joint surfaces, and the determination of the relationship between the cartilage volume, the body weight, and the tibial head diameter. We examined the knee joints of nine healthy men and nine women with a low level of physical activity. The cartilage volume was assessed with magnetic resonance imaging, applying a fat-suppressed gradient-echo sequence with a resolution of 2 x 0.31 x 0.31 mm3 and 3D image reconstruction. In the men, the absolute volumes of the femur and tibia, but not those of the patella, were significantly higher than in the women. The differences between the sexes were considerably lower after normalisation to the body weight and the tibial head diameter and were no more statistically significant. The interindividual variability was reduced after normalisation to these two parameters, the body weight being more effective. We did not observe sex-specific differences in the percentage of the total cartilage volume taken up by the various joint surfaces. Our results suggest that, in young individuals without cartilage lesions, there exist sex-specific differences of the cartilage volume in the knee joint. However, these can be explained in terms of general differences in body constitution (body weight and bone size), without further significant influences of the sex. The knowledge of the normal, sex-specific cartilage volume is relevant when attempting to estimate the amount of tissue loss at the time at which symptoms occur in a patient with degenerative joint disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Sports anthropology investigation on female participants of the German Sports-Aerobic-Masters compared to non-sports participating young females].

This investigation is based on the sports anthropology of 50 female participants of the German championships of Sport Aerobics (age range 16-35 years), whose constitutional body build parameters were compared to 50 female physical education students (age range 18-30 years) and 40 women (age range 18-35), who did not engage in sportive activities at all. Somatotyping and other sports anthropological techniques were performed according to Parnell (1958). Heath & Carter (1967), Conrad (1963) and Knussmann (1961a, 1961b) as well as proportion figures and phantom stratagem. In the North-American somatocharts the aerobic athletes were classified as ectomesomorph, whereas the physical education female students were found in the ectoendomorph area according to Parnell and the non-sportive subjects remained on the mesoendomorph part. In the Heath-Carter somatochart, the physical education students and the non-sportive women were registered in the mesoendomorph and ectoendomorph areas. In the German systems the young women were placed in the leptomorph direction and mesoplastic in the Conrad typology. According to Knussmann, all the investigated groups were classified as ultramacrosom and superleptomorph. Some morphological differences can be detected by means of proportion figures and phantom stratagem. The aerobic athletes display a more athletic somatotype with an accentuated radio-ulnar breath. The aerobic group is also characterised by the smallest body fat percentage, whereas the non-exercising group shows the opposite. This is also proven by the body mass index.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Body composition and constitution: a constitutional syndrome (1st of 2 parts)].

Constitutional syndrome alters body constitution modifying (usually decreasing) two of its dimensions--weight and perimeters--by changing the composition of one, several or every body levels. Apart of the cause, the basic physiopathological process that characterizes this new syndrome is the amino acid mobilization from the muscle (proteolysis). As soon as fat loss has no consequence to the organism, proteolysis reduces the muscle mass and life is in danger. Actually, there is no effective treatment to improve the nitrogen balance by medication or hormones in speed catabolic states but it can also approach us to more proper therapeutics for these so frequent processes in clinic.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Is the biomechanical principle of 'antagonistic compensation' valid also on the genetic level?

According to 'antagonistic compensation', appendicular bones rendered hypofunctional by surgical means, become shorter and more robust. In normal Buffalo rats, appendicular bones are short and very robust and in Fisher rats they are long and gracile. Total body constitution is robust in Buffalo rats and gracile in Fisher rats. In GRL rats, appendicular bones are short but body constitution is gracile and the robusticity of the appendicular bones is intermediate between Fischer and Buffalo rats. Thus, total body constitution and relative length of the appendicular bones determine their robusticity, shorter bones being more robust than longer bones. In other words, the relationship between bone length and robusticity is the same in experimentally produced antagonistic compensation and genetically determined normal condition of rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The effect of oestrogen treatment on body proportions in constitutionally tall girls.

Body proportions were studied in 31 girls with constitutional tall stature during treatment with 200 micrograms ethinyl oestradiol per day continuously, combined with 5-10 mg medroxyprogesterone on the first 10 days of each month. Their mean (+/- SD) predicted adult height was 186.0 (+/- 4.0) cm. At the start of therapy, leg length (LL) standard deviation score (SDS) (3.8 +/- 0.7) was significantly greater than the sitting height (SH) SDS (2.3 +/- 1.1). During therapy, the mean sitting height increased by 2.9 cm, in contrast to an increment of only 0.8 cm for LL. The SDS of the ratio between SH and LL remained below zero. The expected gain without therapy, assuming a stable SDS position over time, was 5.4 cm for SH and 4.4 cm for LL, significantly more than the observed gains. In conclusion, tall girls have relatively long legs. Oestrogen therapy leads to an almost complete stop of leg growth, while the growth of the trunk is reduced to a lesser extent. This selective inhibition results in a trunk/leg ratio which is closer to, though still significantly different from that of normal girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism is associated with birth height, growth to adolescence, and adult stature in healthy caucasian men: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study.

Vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphism has been associated with bone mineral density (BMD), but recent data indicate association to parameters of body constitution and growth. We investigated VDR gene polymorphism, defined by BsmI and TaqI, in 90 healthy Caucasian males and any relation with parameters of body constitution at birth, and to parameters of body constitution, BMD and bone area, at age 16.9 +/- 0.3 yr (mean +/- SD) and at age 19.2 +/- 0.7. Using PCR and the restriction enzyme BsmI and TaqI, the allelic variants BB, Bb, and bb, and TT, Tt, and tt were identified. Height (cm) and weight (kg) were measured using standardized equipment, and BMD of the total body, lumbar spine, and femoral neck, and bone area (cm2) of the total body, humerus, femur was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. BsmI and TaqI genotypes were related in 89 of the 90 cases; hence, the same associations were found for both genotypes. Boys with the BB genotype were shorter at birth (P = 0.01) and grew less from birth to age 16.9 +/- 0.3 (P = 0.01) than their Bb and bb counterparts. Both during puberty (age 16.9 +/- 0.3) and after puberty (age 19.3 +/- 0.7), the BB boys were shorter (P = 0.005-0.008) and had lower bone area of the humerus, femur, and total body (P < 0.05) than the Bb and bb boys. The allelic variants were not related to BMD at any site. A prediction model including parental height, birth height, birth weight, and VDR alleles could predict up to 39% of the total variation in adult height in our population. The VDR allelic variants alone contributed to 8% of the total variation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Metric index in the evaluation of body composition in 7-8-year-old children].

The classification of the body constitution of then 7-8 years old school children in Moscow and Berlin (416 persons) was carried out using the metric index. The metric index, based on the data of the body length, transversal and sagittal diameters of the chests and the age sex of children, clearly indicated the common tendency in the distribution of body constitution types in connection with the lepto- and picnomorphy. Correlation of the body constitution with the physical development was also found, its coefficients are 0.624--for girls and 0.500--for boys.

Anthropometry↗