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PubMed1999

Alterations in organization and transcription of the mitochondrial genome of cytoplasmic male sterile sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.).

We have constructed a physical map of the mitochondrial DNA of a cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) sugar beet line, TK81-MS, and compared it with that published for normal fertile sugar beet (cv. TK81-O) to clarify the differences between the CMS and normal mitochondrial genomes. The TK81-MS genome is present as a single circular molecule of 481.8 kb, or as two molecules of 184.9 and 296.9 kb. The CMS genome was found to be highly rearranged relative to the normal mitochondrial genome, with at least fifteen rearrangement and/or inversion events being required to align the two DNAs. Analysis of transcription patterns of known mitochondrial genes and rearranged regions revealed six genes, coxI, coxII, atpA, atp6, rps3, and orf324, whose expression is altered in the CMS line relative to the normal line. Of these six, only the coxI transcript pattern differs between male-sterile and fertility-restored genotypes, making it likely that the coxI locus is involved in mediating CMS in sugar beet.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Improved detection of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus in a DAS ELISA by means of antibody single chain fragments (scFv) which were selected to protease-stable epitopes from phage display libraries.

The detection of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) in stored sugar beets by means of monoclonal antibodies or antibody single chain fragments (scFv) often poses problems, because the immunodominant C-terminal epitope of the viral coat protein is readily lost due to proteolysis. Clones which produce scFv specific for protease-stable BNYVV epitopes were selected from two naive phage display libraries. Fusion proteins of the scFv with a human IgG kappa chain (expressed from the newly designed vector pCL) or with alkaline phosphatase,respectively, allow the ELISA detection of BNYVV even in stored sugar beets with a sensitivity which was comparable or often higher than that achieved with polyclonal antibodies.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2000

Molecular analyses of European A, B and P type sources of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus and detection of the rare P type in Kazakhstan.

Nucleotide sequence analyses revealed that the genomes of the various European types of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), i.e. the A, B and P types, are strongly conserved. Almost identical sequences were found, for instance, for A types originating from The Netherlands, Italy and former Yugoslavia; these sequences were also almost identical to those determined c. 15 years ago by Bouzoubaa et al. (1985; 1986 and 1987). This sequence stability of BNYVV types is in contrast to a pronounced sequence variability observed with Beet soil-borne pomovirus, another Polymyxa-transmitted sugar beet virus with rod-shaped particles. Sequences of RNA 1, 2 and 4 of BNYVV sources from Kazakhstan were almost identical to those of the P type of BNYVV which so far had been found only in a small area around the French town of Pithiviers. RNA 5, which in Europe is found also only in the Pithiviers area, was detected in the bait plants grown in two out of three soil samples from different fields in Kazakhstan. It closely resembled RNA 5 from the Pithiviers area, but was very different from RNA 5 from various East Asian BNYVV sources.

Chenopodiaceae↗
PubMed1992

Synthesis of full-length transcripts of beet western yellows virus RNA: messenger properties and biological activity in protoplasts.

Full-length cDNA of beet western yellows virus genomic RNA has been cloned behind the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase promoter of the transcription vector BS(-). The in vitro run-off transcription product obtained in the presence of T7 RNA polymerase and m7GpppG cap has the same messenger properties as natural viral RNA in in vitro translation systems. The full-length transcript was also able to infect Chenopodium quinoa protoplasts inoculated by electroporation. Infection could be followed by the appearance of viral coat protein in the inoculated protoplasts and the de novo synthesis of viral RNA. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments revealed that expression of beet western yellows virus open reading frame 1 and the C-terminal portion of open reading frame 6 were not required for infection of protoplasts. Additional experiments with these mutants and mutants in the other viral open reading frames should provide information concerning the requirements for beet western yellows virus replication and, ultimately, the role of virus genes in other important steps in the virus infection cycle, such as aphid transmission.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Metabolic effects and clinical value of beet fiber treatment in NIDDM patients.

In the present study a randomized cross-over design was used to determine the clinical usefulness of adding 16 g of beet fiber to the ordinary diet of non-insulin dependent diabetic (NIDDM) out-patients. In addition, fiber effects on the gastrointestinal hormone responses to a standardized test meal were evaluated. The study included five patients treated with diet alone and eight patients treated with diet and sulphonylurea (SU). Beet fiber supplementation resulted in a 10% reduction (P less than 0.01) of serum cholesterol in SU-treated patients. No differences were found for fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, serum triglycerides or body weight. In the diet-treated patients, fasting plasma somatostatin was elevated during the fiber period. However, postprandial responses of insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, gastric inhibitory peptide and somatostatin were not influenced by an increased fiber intake in any group. All patients experienced mild gastrointestinal discomfort during the fiber period. In view of the limited metabolic benefit of beet fiber treatment we conclude that there is little use for this type of dietary fiber in the routine treatment of patients with NIDDM.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed2005

Adsorption of phenol from aqueous solution by using carbonised beet pulp.

The beet pulp, a major low value by-product in sugar industry was used to prepare carbon for phenol adsorption. It was produced by carbonisation in N2 atmosphere at 600 degrees C for 1.5 h. The surface area of beet pulp carbon was measured as 47.5 m2g(-1) by using BET method. The adsorption studies of phenol from aqueous solution on beet pulp carbon (BPC) have been studied in the range of 25-500 mgdm(-3) initial phenol concentrations and at the temperatures of 25, 40 and 60 degrees C. The maximum phenol adsorption capacity was obtained as 89.5 mgg(-1)at the temperature of 60 degrees C at pH=6.0. The Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models were used for the mathematical description of the adsorption equilibrium and it was reported that experimental data fitted very well to Freundlich model, although they could be modelled by the Langmuir equation. Batch adsorption models, based on the assumption of the pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order mechanism, were applied to examine the kinetics of the adsorption. The results showed that kinetic data were followed more closely the pseudo-second order model than the pseudo-first order. The thermodynamic parameters such as, equilibrium constant (K), Gibbs free energy changes (DeltaG degrees ), standard enthalpy change (DeltaH degrees ) and standard entropy change (DeltaS degrees ) had been determined. The results show that adsorption of phenol on BPC is an endothermic and spontaneous in nature.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2006

Textural development of sugar beet bagasse activated with ZnCl2.

In this study, activated carbons were prepared from sugar beet bagasse, which is side product and waste in sugar plants, by chemical activation with ZnCl2. Influence of activation temperature was investigated on to pore structure. ZnCl2/sugar beet bagasse ratio (impregnation ratio) was selected as 1:1. The impregnated sample was raised to the activation temperature under N(2) (100ml/min) atmosphere with 10 degrees C/min heating rate and hold at this temperature for 1h. The activation temperature was varied over the temperature range of 400-900 degrees C. BET surface area values were determined in the range of 832-1697 m(2)/g. Under the experimental conditions, 500 degrees C was found to be the optimal condition for producing high surface area carbons with ZnCl2 activation. Sugar beet bagasse was suitable for preparation of activated carbon with essentially microporous structure. Activated carbon ash content was found in the range of 1.2-2.7 (%w/w d.b.). Activated carbon samples and raw material were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, DTA and TGA.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2004

A multiplex RT-PCR assay capable of distinguishing beet necrotic yellow vein virus types A and B.

A multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain assay (mRT-PCR) was developed, based on primers designed to distinguish the A and B types of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV). RNA was extracted from 72 BNYVV isolates from Asia, Europe and North America, and the type of each isolate determined using an established detection method based on single strand conformation polymorphisms (SSCPs). An area of the 'triple gene block' region on RNA 2 was amplified and sequenced from 16 isolates of the A and B types. These sequences were aligned and two sets of PCR primers were designed to amplify unique areas common to each type. The A type assay produced a single 324 base-pair RT-PCR fragment when positive samples were amplified. The B type assay produced a 178 base-pair product from positive samples. No amplification was observed from healthy Chenopodium quinoa or sugar beet plants and from plants infected by others sugar beet soil-borne viruses. Fragment length differed sufficiently to allow both assays to be run in a single PCR tube. The results obtained using the new multiplex RT-PCR assay were consistent with those from the established SSCP method for all 72 reference samples.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) pectins are covalently cross-linked through diferulic bridges in the cell wall.

Arabinan and galactan side chains of sugar beet pectins are esterified by ferulic acid residues that can undergo in vivo oxidative reactions to form dehydrodiferulates. After acid and enzymatic degradation of sugar beet cell walls and fractionation of the solubilized products by hydrophobic interaction chromatography, three dehydrodiferulate-rich fractions were isolated. The structural identification of the different compounds present in these fractions was performed by electrospray-ion trap-mass spectrometry (before and after (18)O labeling) and high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. Several compounds contained solely Ara (terminal or alpha-1-->5-linked-dimer) and dehydrodiferulate. The location of the dehydrodiferulate was assigned in some cases to the O-2 and in others to the O-5 of non-reducing Ara residues. One compound contained Gal (beta-1-->4-linked-dimer), Ara (alpha-1-->5-linked-dimer) and dehydrodiferulate. The location of the dehydrodiferulate was unambiguously assigned to the O-2 of the non-reducing Ara residue and O-6 of the non-reducing Gal residue. These results provide direct evidence that pectic arabinans and galactans are covalently cross-linked (intra- or inter-molecularly) through dehydrodiferulates in sugar beet cell walls. Molecular modeling was used to compute and structurally characterize the low energy conformations of the isolated compounds. Interestingly, the conformations of the dehydrodiferulate-bridged arabinan and galactan fragments selected from an energetic criterion, evidenced very nice agreement with the experimental occurrence of the dehydrodiferulated pectins. The present work combines for the first time intensive mass spectrometry data and molecular modeling to give structural relevance of a molecular cohesion between rhamnogalacturonan fragments.

Beta vulgaris↗
PubMed1997

Comparison of ELISA and RT-PCR for the detection of beet yellows closterovirus in plants and aphids.

A reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was developed to detect beet yellows closterovirus (BYV) in plants and single aphids using primers spanning the conserved regions of the published sequences of the coat protein gene and open reading frames 7 and 8. Three total RNA extraction procedures were examined and all were found to produce RNA of sufficient quality for RT-PCR, although the RNA extraction kit supplied by Flowgen was found to be the most versatile for the extraction of BYV from individual aphids. When 60 aphids, which had fed on virus infected sugar beet were tested by RT-PCR, 55% of individuals were found to contain BYV. Two groups of 36 individual aphids were tested by TAS-ELISA using a specific BYV monoclonal antibody; 53% gave positive absorbance values when a substrate amplification system was used, but none was found to contain virus when the system was replaced with the substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate. An immunocapture RT-PCR method was shown to detect BYV regardless of whether the RNA had been extracted from the trapped particles or the reverse transcription and PCR mixtures were added to the wells containing intact particles. The RT-PCR method is now used to determine the numbers of BYV carrying aphids migrating into sugar-beet crops.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Characterization of a new antifungal non-specific lipid transfer protein (nsLTP) from sugar beet leaves.

A novel protein (IWF5) comprising 92 amino acids has been purified from the intercellular washing fluid of sugar beet leaves using cation exchange chromatography and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. Based on amino acid sequence homology, including the presence of eight cysteines at conserved positions, the protein can be classified as a member of the plant family of non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs). The protein is 47% identical to IWF1, an antifungal nsLTP previously isolated from leaves of sugar beet. A potential site for N-linked glycosylation present in IWF5 (Asn-Xxx-Ser/Thr) was found not to be glycosylated. The amino acid sequence data were used to generate a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) clone, employed for the isolation of a corresponding cDNA clone. According to the cDNA clone, IWF5 is expressed as a preprotein with an N-terminal signal sequence of 26 amino acid residues. The protein shows a strong in vitro antifungal activity against Cercospora beticola (causal agent of leaf spot disease in sugar beet) and inhibits fungal growth at concentrations below 10 µg ml(-1).

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Potential nitrosamine formation and its prevention during biological denitrification of red beet juice.

High nitrate intake has been shown to result in an increased risk of endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds. Certain vegetables and vegetable juices contain high concentrations of nitrate. Biological denitrification using strains of Paracoccus denitrificans (P.d.) has been proposed as effective means to reduce nitrate contents in such vegetable juices. During this bacterial denitrification process, substantial nitrite concentrations are transiently formed. This study investigated whether N-nitrosation reactions might occur. The easily nitrosatable amine morpholine was added to red beet juice at high concentration (100 ppm) during denitrification 10 different batches of red beet juice served as raw material. Each batch was submitted to denitrification in the presence and absence of ascorbic acid. In the absence of ascorbic acid, formation of N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) was observed in the low ppb range (0.5-8 ppb). Addition of ascorbic acid (500 mg/litre) inhibited the formation of NMOR, except for those instances where the pH was less than 6 and/or nitrate turnover was low (< 200 mg NO3-/litre/hr). Under conditions leading to high rates of nitrate turnover (> 200 mg NO3-/litre/hr), nitrosamine formation can reliably be prevented by ascorbic acid. The results show that bacterial denitrification of red beet juice high in nitrate can be accomplished without the risk of nitrosamine formation.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed2001

Scale up of fuel ethanol production from sugar beet juice using loofa sponge immobilized bioreactor.

Production of fuel ethanol from sugar beet juice, using cells immobilized on loofa sponge was investigated. Based on ethanol productivity and ease of cell immobilization, a flocculating yeast strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae IR2 was selected for ethanol production from sugar beet juice. It was found that raw sugar beet juice was an optimal substrate for ethanol production, requiring neither pH adjustment nor nitrogen source supplement. When compared with a 2 l bubble column bioreactor, mixing was not sufficient in an 8 l bioreactor containing a bed of sliced loofa sponges and consequently, the immobilized cells were not uniformly distributed within the bed. Most of the cells were immobilized in the lower part of the bed and this resulted in decreased ethanol productivity. By using an external loop bioreactor, constructing the fixed bed with cylindrical loofa sponges, dividing the bed into upper, middle and lower sections with approximately 1 cm spaces between them and circulating the broth through the loop during the immobilization, uniform cell distribution within the bed was achieved. Using this method, the system was scaled up to 50 l and when compared with the 2 l bubble column bioreactor, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in ethanol productivity and yield. By using external loop bioreactor to immobilize the cells uniformly on the loofa sponge beds, efficient large scale ethanol production systems can be constructed.

Bioreactors↗
PubMed2003

Effects of beer factory sludge on soil properties and growth of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris saccharifera L.).

The possible use of beer factory sludge (BFS) for an agricultural purpose was investigated with sugar beet (Beta vulgaris saccharifera L.). BFS was air dried and sieved through a 4 mm mesh before application to a soil (Typic Xerofluvent). Afterwards, the BFS was mixed with soil at a rate 0, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 tonnes ha(-1). The mixtures were than put into pots and kept in the greenhouse for an incubation of five months. During the incubation, pH, the electrical conductivity, the organic matter content, NH4+-N and NO3--N content were regularly measured. At the end of the incubation period, sugar beet seeds were sown into the same pots. After a growing period of six-months the sugar beet plants were harvested, and yield and quality parameters were determined. BFS increased leaf and root yield. However, the effect of BFS on leaf growth was more pronounced than on root growth. The highest sugar content, refined sugar content and refined sugar yield were obtained with the application rate of 10 tonnes BFS per hectare. Ten tonnes of BSF per hectare was the most suitable on the basis of root quality parameters and root yield. However BFS should be applied to the soil six or seven months in advance due to the high level of nitrogen released through mineralization.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Production of fructose and ethanol from sugar beet molasses using Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 36858.

The production of enriched fructose syrups and ethanol from beet molasses using Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 36858 was studied. In batch experiments with a total sugar concentration between 94.9 and 312.4 g/L, the fructose yield was above 93% of the theoretical value. The ethanol yield and volumetric productivity in the beet molasses media with sugar concentration below 276.2 g/L were in the range of 59-76% of theoretical value and between 0.48 and 2.97 g of ethanol/(L x h), respectively. The fructose fraction in the carbohydrates content of the produced syrups was more than 95% when the total initial sugar concentration in the medium was below 242.0 g/L. Some oligosaccharides and glycerol were also produced in all tested media. Raffinose and the produced oligosaccharides were completely consumed by the end of the fermentation process when the total initial sugar concentration was below 190.1 g/L. The glycerol concentration was below 16.1 g/L. The results could be useful for a potential industrial production of ethanol and high-fructose syrup from sugar beet molasses.

Beta vulgaris↗
PubMed2004

Antioxidant activity of processed table beets (Beta vulgaris var, conditiva) and green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

It has been shown that thermal processing of tomatoes and sweet corn results in increased antioxidant activities despite the loss of vitamin C. Until now, it is unclear whether this positive effect of thermal processing occurs with all crop produce. Therefore, analysis of a root vegetable (beets) and of a legume (green beans) was undertaken to address this question. Antioxidant activity of beets processed under typical commercial processing conditions remained constant despite an 8% loss of vitamin C, a 60% loss of color, and 30% loss of dietary folate. There was a slight but significant 5% increase in phenolic content of processed beets. In contrast, vitamin C and dietary folate content of green beans remained constant, whereas a 32% reduction in phenolic compounds occurred after typical commercial processing conditions. The antioxidant activity of green beans was reduced by 20%. These findings along with previous works suggest that the effects of thermal processing vary with the respective produce crop type. It also reinforces the concept that optimal health benefits may be achieved when a wide variety of plant foods (fruits, vegetables and whole grains) and preparation methods are incorporated into the diet.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2004

Fluorometric sucrose evaluation for sugar beet.

Sucrose is the economic product from sugar beet. Disease resistance is often available in low-sucrose genotypes and, prior to the deployment of such novel genes as available into the cultivated spectrum, selection for increased sucrose content is required during introgression. The objective of this work was to evaluate a relatively rapid and inexpensive enzymatic-fluorometric microtiter plate assay for sucrose quantification in sugar beet root dry matter, both for progeny testing in the greenhouse and for evaluation of field-grown mother roots. As determined using HPLC, sucrose content in diverse populations of sugar and table beet assayed over various developmental stages ranged from 0.213 to 2.416 mmol g(-1) of dry matter, and these values were used as references for both refractometry and enzymatic-fluorometric assay. As expected, refractometric analysis generally overestimated sucrose content. Enzymatic-fluorometric analyses were reasonably well correlated with HPLC results for young greenhouse-grown root tissues (R2 = 0.976), and less so with older field-grown roots (R2 = 0.605), for unknown reasons. Enzymatic-fluorometric assays may be best deployed for progeny testing of young seedlings.

Beta vulgaris↗
PubMed2005

Biodegradable composites from sugar beet pulp and poly(lactic acid).

Sugar beet pulp and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites were prepared by compression-heating. The resultant thermoplastics had a lower density, but they had tensile strength similar to that of pure PLA specimens as well as the same geometric properties. Tensile properties depended on the initial water content of sugar beet pulp and the process by which composites were manufactured. In comparison with sugar beet pulp, the composite showed improved water resistance. This can be attributed to the hydrophobic character of PLA and pulp-matrix interactions. The composite thermoplastics showed suitable properties for potential use as lightweight construction materials.

Beta vulgaris↗