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PubMed2004

Prospective studies of Bartonella of rodents. Part II. Diverse infections in a single rodent community.

The genetic diversity of Bartonella species within a small mammal community and in individual cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) was examined by trapping, capturing, sampling, and releasing of marked animals over a 17-month interval. Based on sequence analyses of the Bartonella gltA gene, amplicons separated into four genogroups (A, B, C, and Pin) containing 11 variants. Although the prevalence of bacteremia due to different genogroups/variants of Bartonella was temporally variable, variants of genogroup A predominated during each sampling period. Multiple gltA variants were often (20.5% of individuals) isolated from a single cotton rat blood sample; a maximum of five variants was recovered from an individual during its sampling history. Among 92 cotton rats bacteremic at two or more sampling dates, 34 rats retained a single genetic variant, alone or in mixed infection, throughout their sampling history. The temporal course of individual infections was complex as the succession of gltA variants was variable and detectable bacteremia was often intermittent. No antibodies (titer of >1:8) were detected to homologous strains of Bartonella recovered from individual cotton rats during their sampling history. The temporal course of Bartonella infections could result from a single, persistent, and potentially multi-genogroup/variant infection, during which variants differentially dominate the detectable bacteremia.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Environmental factors associated with Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii seropositivity in free-ranging coyotes from northern California.

Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii is a newly recognized pathogen of domestic dogs and humans. Coyotes (Canis latrans) are considered an important reservoir of this bacterium in the western United States, but its vectors are still unknown. Our objective was to identify environmental factors associated with Bartonella antibody prevalence in 239 coyotes from northern California, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, associations were evaluated between B. v. berkhoffii and two pathogens with known vectors and habitat requirements, Dirofilaria immitis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Overall, B. v. berkhoffii seroprevalence was 28% (95% confidence interval [CI], 22.3%, 33.7%) and Bartonella seropositive coyotes were more likely than seronegative coyotes to be positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Odds ratio = 3.3; 95% CI = 1.8, 5.9) and Dirofilaria immitis (Odds ratio = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.2, 3.8). The most likely geographic clusters of Bartonella and Dirofilaria overlapped. Bartonella seropositivity was associated with higher precipitation (p = 0.003) and proximity to the coast (p = 0.007) in univariate analysis. The association with precipitation varied with season, based on a logistic regression model.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum↗
PubMed2003

Western immunoblotting for Bartonella endocarditis.

To differentiate infectious endocarditis (IE) from other Bartonella infections and to identify infecting Bartonella bacteria at the species level on a serological basis, we used Western immunoblotting to test sera from 51 patients with Bartonella IE (of which 27 had previously benefited from species identification by molecular techniques), 11 patients with chronic Bartonella quintana bacteremia, and 10 patients with cat scratch disease. Patients with IE were Western blot positive in 49 of 51 cases, and significant cross-reactivity with three heterologous Bartonella antigens was found in 45 of 49 cases. Sera from bacteremic patients did not react with more than one heterologous antigen, and sera from patients with cat scratch disease gave negative results. Sera reacted only with B. henselae in four cases of IE, including one with a positive PCR result for valve tissue. Western blot and cross-adsorption performed on serum samples from patients with IE (the identity of the causative species having been determined by PCR) were demonstrated to identify efficiently the causative species in all cases. When applied to patients diagnosed on the basis of serological tests only, this technique allowed identification of the causative species in 20 of 22 cases. The results were in accordance with epidemiological features. Six reactive bands of B. quintana (of molecular sizes from 10 to 83 kDa) demonstrated significant association with sera from patients with B. quintana endocarditis. Overall, Western blotting and cross-adsorption made it possible to identify the causative species in 49 of 51 (96%) IE cases.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1997

Bartonella spp. as emerging human pathogens.

Members of the genus Bartonella (formerly Rochalimaea) were virtually unknown to modern-day clinicians and microbiologists until they were associated with opportunistic infections in AIDS patients about 6 years ago. Since that time, Bartonella species have been associated with cat scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, and a variety of other disease syndromes. Clinical presentation of infection with Bartonella ranges from a relatively mild lymphadenopathy with few other symptoms, seen in cat scratch disease, to life-threatening systemic disease in the immunocompromised patient. In some individuals, infection manifests as lesions that exhibit proliferation of endothelial cells and neovascularization, a pathogenic process unique to this genus of bacteria. As the spectrum of disease attributed to Bartonella is further defined, the need for reliable laboratory methods to diagnose infections caused by these unique organisms also increases. A brief summary of the clinical presentations associated with Bartonella infections is presented, and the current status of laboratory diagnosis and identification of these organisms is reviewed.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Endocarditis in a dog due to infection with a novel Bartonella subspecies.

Vegetative valvular endocarditis involving the aortic and, to a lesser extent, mitral valves was diagnosed echocardiographically in a 3-year-old spayed female Labrador retriever. Historically, the dog had been treated with tetracycline hydrochloride and prednisolone for positive seroreactivity to Ehrlichia canis and antinuclear antigens. Although three aerobic and anaerobic blood cultures failed to grow bacteria, blood cultured simultaneously by the lysis centrifugation technique grew a fastidious, gram-negative organism. Despite an initial therapeutic response, the owner elected euthanasia 17 days later. Necropsy confirmed aortic and mitral valvular endocarditis. Bacteria phenotypically similar to Bartonella species were visualized in the heart valve by light and electron microscopy, and Bartonella DNA from a frozen heart valve was amplified by PCR. Subsequent phenotypic and genotypic characterization of the isolate, including biochemical testing, cellular fatty acid analysis, DNA hybridization, and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that this organism, which can induce endocarditis in dogs, is a novel Bartonella subspecies containing an insertion sequence unique among currently recognized Bartonella species. The name Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkoffii subsp. nov. will be proposed for this organism.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Bartonella koehlerae sp. nov., isolated from cats.

Two of the 25 Bartonella isolates recovered during a prevalence study of Bartonella henselae bacteremia in domestic cats from the greater San Francisco Bay region were found to differ phenotypically and genotypically from all prior B. henselae isolates. These isolates, C-29 and C-30, which were recovered from the blood of two pet cats belonging to the same household, grew on chocolate agar as pinpoint colonies following 14 days of incubation at 35 degrees C in a candle jar but failed to grow on heart infusion agar supplemented with 5% rabbit blood. Additional phenotypic characteristics distinguished the isolates C-29 and C-30 from other feline B. henselae isolates. The restriction patterns obtained for C-29 and C-30 by citrate synthase PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis as well as by genomic RFLP could not be distinguished from each other but were distinctly different from that of the B. henselae type strain. In reciprocal reactions, DNAs from strains C-29 and C-30 were 97 to 100% related under optimal and stringent DNA reassociation conditions, with 0 to 0.5% divergence within related sequences. Labeled DNA from the type strain of B. henselae was 61 to 65% related to unlabeled DNAs from strains C-29 and C-30 in 55 degrees C reactions, with 5.0 to 5.5% divergence within the related sequences, and 31 to 41% related in stringent, 70 degrees C reactions. In reciprocal reactions, labeled DNAs from strains C-29 and C-30 were 68 to 92% related to those of the B. henselae type strain and other B. henselae strains, with 5 to 7% divergence. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain C-29 was 99.54% homologous to that of the type strain of B. henselae. On the basis of these findings, the two isolates C-29 and C-30 are designated a new species of Bartonella, for which we propose the name Bartonella koehlerae. The type strain of Bartonella koehlerae is strain C-29 (ATCC 700693).

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Novel chemically modified liquid medium that will support the growth of seven bartonella species.

Bacteria of the genus Bartonella, a member of the Alphaproteobacteria, are fastidious, gram-negative, aerobic bacilli that comprise numerous species, subspecies, and subtypes. In human and veterinary medicine, species isolation remains a vital component of the diagnostic and therapeutic management of Bartonella infection. We describe a novel, chemically modified, insect-based liquid culture medium that supports the growth of at least seven Bartonella species. This medium will also support cocultures consisting of different Bartonella species, and it facilitated the primary isolation of Bartonella henselae from blood and aqueous fluid of naturally infected cats. This liquid growth medium may provide an advantage over conventional direct blood agar plating for the diagnostic confirmation of bartonellosis.

Angiomatosis, Bacillary↗
PubMed2006

Effects of cow age and pregnancy on Bartonella infection in a herd of dairy cattle.

Bartonella spp. are small hemotropic bacteria infecting mammals. Four Bartonella species have been recently described in cattle and wild ruminants. To date, the biology and possible pathogenic role of Bartonella species isolated from ruminants are poorly understood. Therefore, a dairy herd of 448 cows and heifers was surveyed in order to establish the prevalence of Bartonella bovis and B. chomelii infections, the level of bacteremia, and the relationship between bacteremia and age or pregnancy status. The putative impact of Bartonella infection on production performance (individual milk cell count, milk yield) and reproductive status (success of artificial insemination [AI], placental retention, embryonic death, and abortion) was also assessed. The overall mean prevalence of B. bovis bacteremia was 59%, with the highest prevalence in heifers (92.5%). No B. chomelii was isolated, and 95% (114/120) of the B. bovis strains isolated and tested by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism belonged to type I. The level of bacteremia was higher in pregnant cows than in nonpregnant cows (P = 0.05), and the level of bacteremia rose during the last two-thirds of gestation (P < 0.001). There was no correlation between bacteremia and milk yield, individual milk cell count, success of first AI, interval between two calvings, or incidence of abortion and embryonic death. The interval from calving to first AI was shorter and the incidence of placental retention was lower in bacteremic animals than in nonbacteremic ones (P = 0.03 and P = 0.01, respectively).

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Molecular and cellular basis of bartonella pathogenesis.

The genus Bartonella comprises several important human pathogens that cause a wide range of clinical manifestations: cat-scratch disease, trench fever, Carrion's disease, bacteremia with fever, bacillary angiomatosis and peliosis, endocarditis, and neuroretinitis. Common features of bartonellae include transmission by blood-sucking arthropods and the specific interaction with endothelial cells and erythrocytes of their mammalian hosts. For each Bartonella species, the invasion and persistent intracellular colonization of erythrocytes are limited to a specific human or animal reservoir host. In contrast, endothelial cells are target host cells in probably all mammals, including humans. Bartonellae subvert multiple cellular functions of human endothelial cells, resulting in cell invasion, proinflammatory activation, suppression of apoptosis, and stimulation of proliferation, which may cumulate in vasoproliferative tumor growth. This review summarizes our understanding of Bartonella-host cell interactions and the molecular mechanisms of bacterial virulence and persistence. In addition, current controversies and unanswered questions in this area are highlighted.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Endocarditis due to Bartonella spp. Three new clinical cases and Spanish literature review].

INTRODUCTION: Infections by Bartonella spp. include a wide spectrum of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, such as culture-negative endocarditis. METHODS: Description of 3 cases of endocarditis due to Bartonella spp. and review of those previously reported in Spain. RESULTS: Including these 3 new cases of endocarditis due to Bartonella spp., a total of 6 cases have been reported in Spain. The median age of the patients was 51.6 years and 83.3% were men. There was history of contact with cats in 66.7%, and 50% were alcoholic. Only one patient had prior valvular disease. There were no clinical manifestations typical to any of the Bartonella species. The aortic valve was the one most commonly affected. In all cases, B. henselae was the agent implicated. The diagnosis was made by serology in 5 cases (83.3%). The outcome was favorable in all patients, although 4 of them (66.7%) required valve replacement. CONCLUSION: Endocarditis due to Bartonella spp. is present in Spain and is likely to be underestimated. We should suspect this pathogen in patients with negative blood cultures and a history of chronic alcoholism, homeless patients, and those who have had contact with cats or who have been bitten by fleas or lice, as well as patients with endocarditis and positive serology against Chlamydia spp.

Actinobacillus Infections↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence of rickettsia felis-like and Bartonella Spp. in Ctenocephalides felis and Ctenocephalides canis from La Rioja (Northern Spain).

Our aim was to determine the presence of Rickettsia spp. and Bartonella spp. in Ctenocephalides felis and Ctenocephalides canis from La Rioja (Spain). A total of 88 specimens were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using gltA and ompB genes as targets for Rickettsia spp., and 16S rRNA and ribC genes for Bartonella spp. Rickettsia felis-like (28.4%), Bartonella clarridgeiae (6.8%), and Bartonella henselae (3.4%) were detected in Ctenocephalides spp. Other Bartonella sp. different from B. clarridgeiae and B. henselae could also be present in fleas from La Rioja.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Granulomatous disease associated with Bartonella infection in 2 dogs.

Shortly after removal of an engorged tick from the left ear, a 4-year-old Greyhound was referred for evaluation of fever and a rapidly enlarging mass in the region of the left submandibular lymph node. Histopathologic evaluation of the lymph node resulted in a diagnosis of severe granulomatous lymphadenitis. An 11-year-old mixed-breed dog was referred for evaluation of a 6-week history of serous nasal discharge. Histologic examination of a surgical biopsy from a nasal mass indicated multifocal granulomatous inflammation with fibrosis. Serum samples obtained from both dogs were reactive by immunofluorescent assay to Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii antigens (reciprocal titers of 128). Although Bartonella organisms were not isolated by lysis centrifugation blood culture, Bartonella DNA was amplified from tissue samples obtained from each dog (lymph node biopsy from dog 1 and nasal biopsy from dog 2) using primers that amplify a portion of the 16S rRNA gene followed by Southern blot hybridization using a genus-specific probe. Additionally, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of a Bartonella-specific citrate synthase gene product obtained from dog 2 resulted in a restriction pattern identical to B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii. This is the 1st report of granulomatous disease in dogs associated with Bartonella infection.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Survey of Bartonella species infecting intradomicillary animals in the Huayllacallán Valley, Ancash, Peru, a region endemic for human bartonellosis.

The natural cycle of Bartonella bacilliformis remains uncertain, and the suspected existence of animal reservoirs for the bacterium has never been convincingly demonstrated. We conducted a survey of Bartonella species infecting intradomicillary animals in a bartonellosis-endemic region of Peru, obtaining blood from 50 animals living in the homes of 11 families whose children had recently had bartonellosis. Bartonella-like bacteria were recovered from four of nine small rodents included in the study, but from none of the 41 domesticated animals. Identification and comparison of these isolates, and two Bartonella-like isolates obtained from Phyllotis mice in a different endemic region of Peru using serologic and genotypic methods indicated that although none were strains of B. bacilliformis, five were probably representatives of three previously unrecognized Bartonella species and one was a likely strain of the pathogenic species B. elizabethae.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Genetic and ecologic characteristics of Bartonella communities in rodents in southern China.

Ecologic and bacteriologic observations of small mammals captured in Yunnan Province in the People's Republic of China indicated that Bartonella infections occurred at a high prevalence among some rodent species. Sequence analyses of the citrate synthase genes of these Bartonella demonstrated that rodents in this region harbored a diverse assemblage of strains. The Bartonella isolates obtained from Apodemus, Eothenomys, and Rattus typically clustered separately by genus of rodent host. Cultures obtained from Rattus rats were genetically related to Bartonella elizabethae, a recognized human pathogen. The finding of Bartonella species in a high proportion of the rodent samples from Yunnan suggests the need to investigate whether these agents might be responsible for cases of febrile illnesses of unknown etiology in southern China and elsewhere in southeastern Asia.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Isolation of Bartonella spp. from embryos and neonates of naturally infected rodents.

Embryos and neonatal offspring of wild-captured cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) and white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) were tested for the presence of Bartonella spp. Isolates of Bartonella spp. were obtained from 18 of 31 embryos and 7 of 19 neonates from bacteremic dams of the two species; no isolates were obtained from material from non-bacteremic dams. Sequence analysis demonstrated that the isolates from embryos and neonates matched the phylogenetic group of Bartonella spp. isolates obtained from the mother. No antibodies to homologous Bartonella spp. antigens were detected in maternal and neonatal blood or embryonic tissue. These findings suggest the possibility of vertical transmission of Bartonella spp. among natural rodent hosts.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Detection of Bartonella bacilliformis in cultures, blood, and formalin preserved skin biopsies by use of the polymerase chain reaction.

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is described for the detection of Bartonella bacilliformis, the etiologic agent of bartonellosis, which cannot be identified biochemically. Amplification of a genomic 231 bp Bartonella DNA sequence permitted specific identification of 12 Bartonella isolates from Peruvian bartonellosis patients as well as detection of Bartonella DNA in blood samples and formaldehyde preserved skin biopsies. Specificity of amplification products was confirmed by restriction fragment analysis. No positive results were obtained with Brucella abortus, phylogenetically closely related to B. bacilliformis, and several other bacterial, fungal, and protozoal species. PCR appears as a promising technique for specific identification of B. bacilliformis in cultures and in clinical materials with further applications in taxonomic studies and in the investigation of Bartonella-like isolates obtained outside South America.

Bacteremia↗
PubMed1995

Serologic responses to Bartonella and Afipia antigens in patients with cat scratch disease.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the serologic response to Afipia and Bartonella, previously named Rochalimaea, in patients with cat scratch disease (CSD) and a healthy control group. DESIGN: Prospective, controlled trial. SETTING: Referral clinic and hospitalized patients in a university medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty patients with CSD and 57 healthy control subjects of similar age. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The immune responses to Afipia felis and Bartonella henselae were evaluated by a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in patients with CSD and healthy control subjects. Responses to B henselae were also measured by indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) tests. Antibody levels to Bartonella quintana were measured by ELISA and IFA in a limited number of patients and control subjects. RESULTS: Of the 80 patients with clinical CSD, 56 had positive results of CSD skin tests. ELISA antibody levels to A felis did not differ between patients and control subjects, but immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG ELISA antibodies to B henselae and B quintana were significantly higher in patients than in control subjects. IFA responses to B henselae and B quintana were also significantly higher in patients than in control subjects. CONCLUSION: Patients with CSD had significant serologic responses to B henselae and B quintana but not to A felis, suggesting that the causative agent of CSD is antigenically related to the Bartonella genus and not to Afipia. The Bartonella IgM ELISA and IFA assay were both sensitive and specific and may be used to establish the diagnosis of CSD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Image cytometry and topographical analysis of proliferation of endothelial cells in vitro during Bartonella (Rochalimaea) infection.

Bartonella quintana and Bartonella henselae are clinically associated with proliferative neovascular lesions. The effect of Bartonella infection on human endothelial cells was evaluated in vitro by quantitative image analysis. Particular emphasis is placed on reporting the methodologies employed. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were infected in vitro with the two Bartonella species. Cell proliferation (cell density), cell morphology (cell surface, form and elongation factors) and spatial reorganization (global topographical analysis and hierarchical cluster detection) were monitored over a 3-day period of infection. Firstly, infection stimulated endothelial cell proliferation. Secondly, infection induced obvious morphological changes; infected cells became larger, more elongated and spindle-shaped. Cytoskeletal reorganization was confirmed by staining of F actin. Thirdly, infection altered the spatial organization of cells within the monolayer; this could not have been due solely to the morphological modifications they experienced. This model demonstrates that Bartonella infection provoked endothelial cell proliferation, topographical rearrangements and morphological changes because of modifications of the cytoskeleton. These experimental findings provide a physiopathological explanation to the abnormal angiogenesis observed in bacillary angiomatosis.

Bartonella↗