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PubMed2005

Reduction of deoxynivalenol in barley by treatment with aqueous sodium carbonate and heat.

Naturally contaminated lots of Canadian barley containing either 18.4 or 4.3 microg/g deoxynivalenol (DON) were heated at 80 degrees C, with small amounts of water or 1 M sodium carbonate solution to study the rate of DON reduction. Samples were heated in sealed polypropylene containers for periods of up to 8 days. In the 18.4 microg/g DON barley, rapid reductions were observed: with no solutions added, DON declined to 14.7 microg/g after 1 day, and to 4.9 microg/g after 8 days solely due to heat; with water at 10 mL/100 g barley, DON levels reached 3.7 microg/g after 8 days; with 1 M sodium carbonate solution added at 10 mL/100 g barley, DON declined to 4.7 microg/g after 1 day, and to 0.4 microg/g after 8 days; with 20 mL/100 g barley, DON declined to 1.4 microg/g after 1 day and to near-zero levels after 8 days. In the 4.3 microg/g DON barley, more gradual reductions were evident: with no solutions added, DON declined to 2.9 microg/g after 8 days solely due to heat; with water at 10 mL/100 g barley, DON levels reached 2.3 microg/g after 8 days; with 1 M sodium carbonate solution added at 10 mL/100 g barley, DON declined to 2.7 microg/g after 1 day, and to near-zero levels after 8 days; with 20 mL/100 g barley, DON declined to 1.4 microg/g after 1 day and to near-zero levels after 3, 5 and 8 days.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Analysis of volatile compounds from various types of barley cultivars.

We identified volatile compounds of barley flour and determined the variation in volatile compound profiles among different types and varieties of barley. Volatile compounds of 12 barley and two wheat cultivars were analyzed using solid phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography. Twenty-six volatiles comprising aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and a furan were identified in barley. 1-Octen-3-ol, 3-methylbutanal, 2-methylbutanal, hexanal, 2-hexenal, 2-heptenal, 2-nonenal, and decanal were identified as key odorants in barley as their concentration exceeded their odor detection threshold in water. Hexanal (46-1269 microg/L) and 1-pentanol (798-1811 microg/L) were the major volatile compounds in barley cultivars. In wheat, 1-pentanol (723-748 microg/L) was a major volatile. Hulled barley had higher total volatile, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol, and furan contents than hulless barley, highlighting the importance of the husk in barley grain aroma. The proanthocyanidin-free varieties generally showed higher total volatile and aldehyde contents than wild-type varieties, potentially due to decreased antioxidant activity by the absence of proanthocyanidins.

Alcohols↗
PubMed2005

Stable barley chromosomes without centromeric repeats.

The satellite sequences (AGGGAG)(n) and Ty3/gypsy-like retrotransposons are known to localize at the barley centromeres. Using a gametocidal system, which induces chromosomal mutations in barley chromosomes added to common wheat, we obtained an isochromosome for the short arm of barley chromosome 7H (7HS) that lacked the barley-specific satellite sequence (AGGGAG)(n). Two telocentric derivatives of the isochromosome arose in the progeny: 7HS* with and 7HS** without the pericentromeric C-band. FISH analysis demonstrated that both telosomes lacked not only the barley-specific centromeric (AGGGAG)(n) repeats and retroelements but also any of the known wheat centromeric tandem repeats, including the 192-bp, 250-bp, and TaiI sequences. Although they lacked these centromeric repeats, 7HS* and 7HS** both showed normal mitotic and meiotic transmission. Translocation of barley centromeric repeats to a wheat chromosome 4A did not generate a dicentric chromosome. Indirect immunostaining revealed that all tested centromere-specific proteins (rice CENH3, maize CENP-C, and putative barley homologues of the yeast kinetochore proteins CBF5 and SKP1) and histone H3 phosphorylated at serines 10 and 28 localized at the centromeric region of 7HS*. We conclude that the barley centromeric repeats are neither sufficient nor obligatory to assemble kinetochores, and we discuss the possible formation of a novel centromere in a barley chromosome.

Azure Stains↗
PubMed2006

Post-prandial responses to cereal products enriched with barley beta-glucan.

BACKGROUND: High amounts of soluble beta-glucan in barley products may exert beneficial effects on glucose tolerance and blood lipids. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the acute postprandial response on plasma glucose, insulin and lipids after consumption of two experimental products made from barley flour enriched with beta-glucan in comparison with similar products made from whole-wheat flour. METHODS: A group of 10 healthy volunteers (5 males, age 25.4 +/- 0.5 y, BMI 22.6 +/- 0.7 Kg/m(2)) received at breakfast, in random order and in different days, portions (40g of available carbohydrate) of different cereal products or white bread consumed together with a load of 90000 UI retinol. Products were crackers and cookies made either from barley or whole-wheat flour in a 2 x 2 design, where the two factors were the cereal source of dietary fiber (DF), and the food processing. Barley products supplied 12 g DF, 50% soluble, with 3.5 g of beta-glucan per portion. Whole-wheat products supplied about 14 g of dietary fiber, mainly in the insoluble form, with negligible amount of beta-glucan. Fasting and post-prandial glucose and insulin were evaluated for 180 min after the meals; retinyl-palmitate (RP) and triacylglycerol (TAG) were evaluated hourly over 8 hours. Glycemic (GI) and Insulinemic (II) indexes of products were also assessed, using white bread as reference. RESULTS: Glucose curves were significantly different between types of food processing (p < 0.01) but not between cereal sources of DF (p = 0.07). On the contrary, the effect of fiber but not of processing was evident when glucose response was expressed as Glycemic Index (effect of DF p < 0.01, effect of processing p = 0.69). Individual GI values were 78, 81, 49 and 34 for whole-wheat crackers (WWCr), whole-wheat cookies (WWc), barley crackers (BCr) and barley cookies (Bc) respectively. Insulin curves were significantly different both between type of processing and fiber source (p < 0.001 for both effects). Again, insulin indices were different between fiber but not between processing (p < 0.5 and p = 0.174 respectively). RP and TAG daily profiles were not significantly different between the factors studied. CONCLUSIONS: Products prepared from barley flour enriched with beta-glucan exhibit favourable responses on glucose metabolism, and particularly on insulinemic responses. In general, cookies responded better to the addition of barley fiber than crackers. Our results highlight the complexity of the effect that barley fiber may exert when added to different food products in reducing postprandial metabolic responses.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Effect of partial dehulling of two- and six-row barley varieties on precaecal digestibility of amino acids in pigs.

Five barrows (German Landrace; initial BW 58 kg, final BW 80 kg) fitted with an ileo-rectal anastomosis were used to determine the effect of partial dehulling and addition of barley hulls of two- and six-row barley varieties on the precaecal digestibility (pD) of CP and amino acids. The following diets were provided according to a standardized diet formulation and tested in seven consecutive periods (repeated group-period design): two-row barley (TRB) + casein (C), dehulled TRB + C, TRB + C + 10% hulls, six-row barley (SRB) + C, dehulled SRB + C, SRB + C + 1% hulls, and wheat starch + C. The diets were supplied at daily rates of 79-86 g DMI x kg BW(-0.75) in barley containing diets and at 49 g DMI x kg BW(-0.75) in the casein diet. The digestibility of amino acids in barley varieties was determined by the difference method (casein as basal diet) using quantitative digesta collection. In both varieties of barley the pD of CP and amino acids did not differ. The pD of CP was unchanged in regard to the treatments in both barley varieties. Due to dehulling in TRB the pD was improved significantly for most indispensable amino acids and in SRB for Met and Cys. Addition of 10% hulls to TRB led to equivalent pD of Arg, His, Leu, Tyr, and Trp compared to TRB, but the pD of Lys, Phe, Thr and Val was significantly decreased below the levels of TRB. Addition of even 1% hulls to SRB impaired the pD of Lys below the level in SRB. In conclusion, addition of barley hulls to pig diets impairs amino acids absorption in the small intestine. The pD values, measured under standardized experimental conditions (without a correction using basal endogenous amino acids), are similar to the values of true digestibility published by NRC (1998).

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1990

A carboxyl-terminal propeptide is necessary for proper sorting of barley lectin to vacuoles of tobacco.

Barley lectin is synthesized as a preproprotein with a glycosylated carboxyl-terminal propeptide (CTPP) that is removed before or concomitant with deposition of the mature protein in vacuoles. Expression of a cDNA clone encoding barley lectin in transformed tobacco plants results in the correct processing, maturation, and accumulation of active barley lectin in vacuoles [Wilkins, T.A., Bednarek, S.Y., and Raikhel, N.V. (1990). Plant Cell 2, 301-313]. The glycan of the propeptide is not essential for vacuolar sorting, but may influence the rate of post-translational processing [Wilkins, T.A., Bednarek, S.Y., and Raikhel, N.V. (1990). Plant Cell 2, 301-313]. To investigate the functional role of the CTPP in processing, assembly, and sorting of barley lectin to vacuoles, a mutant barley lectin cDNA clone lacking the 15-amino acid CTPP was prepared. The CTPP deletion mutant of barley lectin was expressed in tobacco protoplasts, suspension-cultured cells, and transgenic plants. In all three systems, the wild-type barley lectin was sorted to vacuoles, whereas the mutant barley lectin was secreted to the incubation media. Therefore, we conclude that the carboxyl-terminal domain of the barley lectin proprotein is necessary for the efficient sorting of this protein to plant cell vacuoles.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

The energy content of barley fed to growing pigs: characterizing the nature of its variability and developing prediction equations for its estimation.

Currently, the pork industry attempts to formulate energy levels in swine diets to within a tolerance of 1.5%. This is difficult to achieve in practice when the energy content of primary ingredients fluctuates by up to 15%. This experiment was carried out to define the sources of variation in the energy content of barley and to develop a practical method to accurately estimate the DE and ME content of individual barley samples. Four samples of each of five covered barley varieties (AC Lacombe, B-1602, Bedford, Harrington, and Manley) were collected to obtain a range of quality within each variety. Five measurements were collected on each barley sample using 60 crossbred barrows in an apparent total tract digestibility study. The barrows, average BW of 35.3 kg, were housed in individual metabolism crates to facilitate separate collection of urine and feces. Five-day collection periods followed 5-d diet acclimation periods. Levels of total beta-glucan, ADF, CP, and starch (90% DM) in the 20 barley samples ranged from 2.7 to 4.5%, 4.5 to 9.2%, 10.8 to 15.1%, and 42.3 to 53.4%, respectively. The mean DE and ME content of the 20 samples were 2,934 and 2,857 kcal/kg (90% DM), respectively, and varied among samples by 15.2% (447 kcal). The complex structural cell wall carbohydrates seemed to have the greatest influence on the energy content of individual barley samples. The ADF fraction alone accounted for 85% of the total variation in energy content of the 20 samples. Converted into a prediction equation, DE = 3,526 - 92.8 x ADF (90% DM), the ADF content was used to estimate the DE content of barley with 85% accuracy. This experiment confirms the large variation in the energy content of barley, describes the factors that influence this variation, and presents equations based on chemical and(or) physical measurements that may be used to predict the DE and ME content of individual barley samples.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

Ryegrass-based diet and barley supplementation: partition of nitrogenous nutrients among splanchnic tissues and hind limb in finishing lambs.

Splanchnic metabolism of nitrogenous nutrients and their uptake by the hind limb were studied in finishing lambs receiving ryegrass harvested at grazing stage with or without barley supplementation. Six multicatheterized lambs (40.2 +/- 1.5 kg) were fed with frozen ryegrass (RG) at 690 kJ of ME intake (MEI) x d(-1) x BW(-0.75) and 20.8 g of N intake (NI)/d successively without and with barley supplementation (RG + B), according to a crossover design. Barley supplementation represented 21% of DM intake and increased the MEI and the NI by 32 and 24% respectively, (P < 0.01). In the ruminal fluid, barley increased acetate and butyrate concentrations by 21.2 and 49.6%, respectively (P < 0.04), without any effect on the ammonia concentration. Consequently, the net portal appearance (NPA) of ammonia was not modified, but the NPA of total amino acids (TAA; +38%) and nonessential amino acids (NEAA; +45%) was increased (P < 0.05) by barley supplementation. Taken individually, the NPA of the essential amino acids (EAA) was increased for isoleucine (+32%; P < 0.05), threonine (+151%; P < 0.03), and lysine (+26%; P < 0.06), with no effect for the other EAA. In contrast to what was observed at the PDV level, no significant alteration in the net hepatic amino acid flux was observed for TAA, EAA, NEAA, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), urea, and ammonia after barley supplementation, showing a relatively minor role of the liver in the regulation of the supply of amino acids to the peripheral tissues. However, taken individually, the net hepatic uptake of some NEAA involved in gluconeogenesis and/or ureagenesis was altered with barley supplementation: the alanine uptake was increased by 44% (P < 0.05), aspartate + asparagine (asx) uptake was decreased by 18% (P < 0.01), and glutamate + glutamine (glx) release tended (P < 0.10) to be increased by 208%. With barley supplementation, NI increased by 5 g of N/d, and net splanchnic release increased by 4.63 g of N/d. Consequently, the additional dietary N supply (together with energy supply) was nearly exclusively available to peripheral tissues as AA-N (N as amino acids), but no strong effect of this additional supply of AA to the hind limb could be demonstrated in terms of net AA hind limb fluxes. Consequently, barley supplementation of a ryegrass-based diet increased the net AA release by the splanchnic tissues, with little effect on the AA net uptake by the peripheral tissues.

Amino Acids, Essential↗
PubMed2004

Effects of increasing level of supplemental barley on forage intake, digestibility, and ruminal fermentation in steers fed medium-quality grass hay.

Objectives of this research were to evaluate effects of increasing level of barley supplementation on forage intake, digestibility, and ruminal fermentation in beef steers fed medium-quality forage. Four crossbred ruminally cannulated steers (average initial BW = 200 +/- 10 kg) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Chopped (5 cm) grass hay (10% CP) was offered ad libitum with one of four supplements. Supplements included 0, 0.8, 1.6, or 2.4 kg of barley (DM basis) and were fed in two equal portions at 0700 and 1600. Supplements were fed at levels to provide for equal intake of supplemental protein with the addition of soybean meal. Forage intake (kg and g/kg BW) decreased linearly (P < 0.01), and total intake increased linearly (P < 0.03) with increasing level of barley supplementation. Digestible OM intake (g/kg BW) increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing level of barley supplementation; however, the majority of this response was observed with 0.8 kg of barley supplementation. Treatments had only minor effects on ruminal pH, with decreases occurring at 15 h after feeding in steers receiving 2.4 kg of barley supplementation. Total-tract digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, and CP were increased (P < 0.04) with barley supplementation; however, ADF digestibility was decreased by 1.6 and 2.4 kg of barley supplementation compared with controls. Ruminal ammonia concentrations decreased linearly (P < 0.01) at 1 through 15 h after feeding. Total ruminal VFA concentrations were not altered by dietary treatments. Ruminal proportions of acetate and butyrate decreased (P < 0.10) in response to supplementation. Rate, lag, and extent (72 h) of in situ forage degradability were unaffected by treatment. Generally, these data are interpreted to indicate that increasing levels of barley supplementation decrease forage intake, increase DM, OM, and NDF digestibility, and indicate alteration of the ruminal environment and fermentation patterns.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1989

Barley distillers grains as a protein supplement for dairy cows.

Dried distillers grains produced from a mix of 65% barley and 35% corn were evaluated in digestion and lactation experiments. Dried barley distillers grains had 56% NDF, 29% CP, 3% amino acid N, 2.5% NDIN (55% of total N), and 1.8% ADIN (39% of total N). Wet barley distillers grains had 38% NDF, 27% CP, 2.7% amino acid N, .5% NDIN (12% of total N), and .8% ADIN (19% of total N). Digestibility of DM and N was similar among lactating dairy cows fed diets containing approximately 25% corn silage DM, 15% alfalfa silage DM, 15% alfalfa hay DM, plus varying amounts of a corn-barley concentrate mix and supplemental CP from soybean meal, barley distillers grains, or from 1:1 mixture of soybean meal and barley distillers grains. Digestibility of ADIN, NDF, and ADF increased with increasing amounts of barley distillers grains in the diet. Similar diets were fed to 60 Holstein cows for 84 d in a lactation experiment. Source of supplemental protein did not affect milk production (22.5 kg/d), FCM (20.4 kg/d), milk fat percent (3.6%), or DM intake (19.0 kg/d). Milk protein percent was decreased by feeding barley distillers grains. It was concluded that barley distillers grains were an acceptable protein source for dairy cows and that ADIN and NDF might not be appropriate measures of the nutritional value of this product.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1993

Effect of enzyme supplementation on the performance and digestive tract size of broiler chickens fed wheat- and barley-based diets.

Three experiments were conducted to study the effects of crude enzyme preparations on the performance and gastrointestinal tract size of chicks fed wheat and barley diets. In the first experiment, enzyme addition (100 and 200 mg/kg of Roxazyme G and 1,000 mg/kg of Avizyme SX) to diets containing Bedford barley improved weight gain (6%) and the feed to gain ratio (5%) over a 6-wk period for both male and female broilers. In Experiment 2, enzyme addition to diets containing Scout (hulless) and Bedford (hulled) barley improved (P < or = .05) weight gains of Leghorn chicks by 25 and 11% and the feed to gain ratios by 10 and 6%, respectively. Feed consumption increased significantly (16%) only in the case of birds fed enzyme with Scout barley. Corresponding reductions in the relative weights of the crop and gizzards were 15 and 17% for birds fed Scout barley and 7 and 8% for those fed Bedford barley. Enzyme treatment of the diet containing Scout barley also reduced the relative length of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum and the relative weight of the proventriculus, whereas a similar treatment of Bedford barley resulted in changes in the relative length of the duodenum and jejunum (P < .05). In the final broiler experiment (42 days), crude enzyme addition (100 mg/kg) to wheat and barley diets improved weight gains by 13 and 9% and feed to gain ratios by 7 and 10%, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1995

Gramine and free amino acids as indicators of fluoride-induced stress in barley and its consequences to insect herbivory.

Barley leaves were sprayed with aqueous NaF, which caused accumulation of fluoride in the foliage, but no visible symptoms were detectable. No significant correlation was observed between foliar fluoride concentration and content of the indole alkaloid gramine after exposure to fluoride levels of 20 to 60 mg F liter-1. Fluoride exposure did not explicitly affect the performance of Carausius morosus or Rhopalosiphum paid on barley. After exposure to fluoride levels of 100 and 200 mg F liter-1, as NaF, fluoride treatment had a significant effect on gramine concentration of the first leaf of barley, being highest at a fluoride treatment of 200 mg liter-1, and there was a slight, but significant positive correlation between the log-transformed foliar fluoride concentration and log-transformed gramine concentration of the first leaf. Fluoride treatment increased levels of some individual free amino acids in barley foliage. Exposure of young barley to NaF in aqueous form caused accumulation of fluoride in barley foliage and resulted in increased levels of gramine in the first leaf and levels of some free amino acids in foliage. It is possible that the fluoride-induced concurrent increase in gramine concentration in barley leaves could override the eventual increase in nutritive value to herbivorous insects after fluoride exposure. More detailed biochemical studies of the induction of gramine production are needed to understand the fluoride effects in secondary metabolism of barley.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1993

Barley embryo globulin 1 gene, Beg1: characterization of cDNA, chromosome mapping and regulation of expression.

We report identification of a 2189 bp cDNA clone from barley corresponding to a single-copy gene, Beg1 (Barley embryo globulin), on chromosome 4, which encodes a storage globulin. In barley, the major protein reserve in the aleurone layer belongs to the 7S globulin class of proteins found in many seeds. Electrophoretically and antigenically similar proteins are present in the barley embryo. Accumulation of Beg1 mRNA was noted beginning 15-20 days post-anthesis in both the aleurone layer and embryo of the developing barley grain but not in the starchy endosperm. A high level of Beg1 mRNA is also present in the mature imbibed aleurones, which can be repressed by treatment with gibberellic acid. This repressive effect of gibberellin on the levels of Beg1 mRNA is confirmed in the gibberellin response-constitutive mutant, slender, whose aleurone layers do not accumulate Beg1 mRNA even in the absence of applied gibberellic acid. The deduced primary translation product of the Beg1 mRNA is a 63.7 amino acid (72 kDa) protein with homology to maize embryo globulin 1 (GLB1) and a partial sequence of a wheat 7S globulin. The internal amino acid sequence of BEG1 closely matches the N-terminal sequence of isolated barley aleurone globulin. Seven imperfect tandem repeats of 16 amino acids each are present near the N-terminus of BEG1, which conform to the consensus HGEGEREEEXGRGRGR, and contribute to the observed unusual amino acid composition of this protein. A second, distinct barley globulin gene, Beg2, which is homologous to maize Glb2, was detected by Northern and Southern analysis. Beg2 and Beg1 are regulated differently which may indicate variation in storage or utilization properties among the barley globulins.

Abscisic Acid↗
PubMed1996

The physical relationship of barley chromosome 5 (1H) to the linkage groups of rice chromosomes 5 and 10.

Using a recently developed polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-mediated approach for physical mapping of single-copy DNA sequences on microisolated chromosomes of barley, sequence-tagged sites of DNA probes that reveal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) localized on the linkage maps of rice chromosomes 5 and 10 were allocated to cytologically defined regions of barley chromosome 5 (1H). The rice map of linkage group 5, of about 135 cM in size, falls into two separate parts, which are related to the distal portions of both the short and long arms of the barley chromosome. The markers on the rice map of chromosome 5 were found to be located within regions of the barley chromosome which show high recombination rates. The map of rice chromosome 10, of about 75 cM in size, on the other hand, is related to an interstitial segment of the long arm of chromosome 5 (1H) which is highly suppressed in recombination activity. For positional cloning of genes of this homoeologous region from the barley genome, the small rice genome will probably prove to be a useful tool. No markers located on rice chromosomes were detected within the pericentric Giemsa-positive heterochromatin of the barley chromosome, indicating that these barley-specific sequences form a block which separates the linkage segments conserved in rice. By our estimate approximately half of the barley-specific sequences of chromosome 5 (1H) show a dispersed distribution, while the other half separates the conserved linkage segments.

Chromosomes↗
PubMed2006

Genetic diversity analysis of Tibetan wild barley using SSR markers.

One hundred and six accessions of wild barley collected from Tibet, China, including 50 entries of the two-rowed wild barley Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum (HS), 29 entries of the six-rowed wild barley Hordeum vulgare ssp. agriocrithon (HA), and 27 entries of the six-rowed wild barley Hordeum vulgare ssp. agriocrithon var. lagunculiforme (HL), were analyzed using 30 SSR markers selected from the seven barley linkage groups for studying genetic diversity and evolutionary relationship of the three subspecies of Tibetan wild barley to cultivated barley in China. Over the 30 genetic loci that were studied, 229 alleles were identified among the 106 accessions, of which 70 were common alleles. H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum possesses about thrice more private alleles (2.83 alleles/locus) than HS (0.93 alleles/locus), whereas almost no private alleles were detected in HL. The genetic diversity among-subspecies is much higher than that within-subspecies. Generally, the genetic diversity among the three subspecies is of the order HS > HL > HA. Phylogenetic analysis of the 106 accessions showed that all the accessions of HS and HA was clustered in their own groups, whereas the 27 accessions of HL were separated into two groups (14 entries with group HS and the rest with group HA). This indicated that HL was an intermediate form between HS and HA. Based on this study and previous works, we suggested that Chinese cultivated barley might evolve from HS via HL to HA.

Alleles↗
PubMed2000

Variation in total and soluble beta-glucan content in hulless barley: effects of thermal, physical, and enzymic treatments.

Total and soluble beta-glucan content and effects of various treatments of barley grain on extractability and molecular characteristics of soluble beta-glucan were studied. Four types of hulless barley (normal, high amylose, waxy, and zero amylose waxy) from 29 registered and experimental genotypes were analyzed. For each, moisture, protein, amylose, 100 kernel weight, starch, beta-glucan (total and soluble), beta-glucanase activity, and slurry viscosity were determined. Significant differences in total beta-glucan were observed among the groups, with average values of 7. 49%, 6.86%, 6.30%, and 4.38% for high amylose, waxy, zero amylose waxy, and normal barley, respectively. The extractability of beta-glucan in high amylose barley was relatively low (20.6-29.7%) compared to that in normal (29.8-44.3%), zero amylose waxy (34.0-52. 5%), and waxy (36.7-52.7%) barley genotypes. Viscosity of barley flour slurries was affected by the content of soluble beta-glucans, beta-glucanase activity, and molecular weight of beta-glucans. Hydrothermal treatments (autoclaving and steaming) of barley had no effect on extractability of beta-glucans, but prevented enzymic hydrolysis of beta-glucans, and thereby substantially improved their molecular weight. The addition of enzymes (protease and esterase) during extraction and/or physical treatments (sonication) increased extractability of beta-glucans from barley.

Genotype↗
PubMed1998

Dose response to soluble fiber in barley in lowering blood lipids in hamster.

Diets containing 0, 25, 50, or 75% finely ground barley (high in soluble fiber and soluble beta-glucans) were fed to groups of hamsters. After four weeks, serum total cholesterol (CH) levels in these animals were most elevated in the group fed the barley-free (0% barley) diet. Compared to animals eating this diet, the 25% barley diet lowered CH by 16.4%. However, the 50% barley diet lowered CH further by only 4.1% while the 75% barley diet caused virtually no further lowering of CH. Thus, the CH-lowering response to barley cannot be viewed as a dose dependent response. The lowering pattern for serum triglycerides, however, suggested a dose dependent response. Serum total-CH: high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)-CH or low-density-lipoprotein (LDL)-CH:HDL-CH ratios were not significantly affected by barley level in the diets.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Analysis of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in wild barley from the Fertile Crescent: associations with ecology, geography and flowering time.

Wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch, is the progenitor of cultivated barley, Hordeum vulgare. The centre of diversity is in the Fertile Crescent of the Near East, where wild barley grows in a wide range of conditions (temperature, water availability, day length, etc.). The genetic diversity of 39 wild barley genotypes collected from Israel, Turkey and Iran was studied with 33 SSRs of known map location. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was performed to partition the genetic variation present within from the variation between the three countries of origin. Using classification tree analysis, two (or three) specific SSRs were identified which could correctly classify most of the wild barley genotypes according to country of origin. Associations of SSR variation with flowering time and adaptation to site-of-origin ecology and geography were investigated by two contrasting statistical approaches, linear regression based on SSR length variation and linear regression based on SSR allele class differences. A number of SSRs were significantly associated with flowering time under four different growing regimes (short days, long days, unvernalised and vernalised). Most of the associations observed could be accounted for by close linkage of the SSR loci to earliness per se genes. No associations were found with photoperiodic and vernalisation response genes known to control flowering in cultivated barley suggesting that different genetic factors may be active in wild barley. Novel genomic regions controlling flowering time in wild barley were detected on chromosomes 1HS, 2HL, 3HS and 4HS. Associations of SSRs with site-of-origin ecological and geographic data were found primarily in genomic regions determining plant development. This study shows that the analyses of SSR variation by allele class and repeat length are complementary, and that some SSRs are not necessarily selectively neutral.

Alleles↗