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PubMed1990

Is development really the best contraceptive? A 20-year trial in Comilla district, Bangladesh.

"This article examines which public programmes and which socio-economic development indicators have had an impact on contraceptive practices and fertility in a selected group of villages in Comilla district of Bangladesh. It finds that equitable, even-handed development may be a good 'contraceptive', but is not a realistic alternative to family planning effort.... This research, undertaken in 1985, replicates a similar knowledge, attitudes and practice (KAP) type study undertaken in these same villages some 20 years earlier, in 1967/68....Thus, the two studies provide a unique look at demographic behavioural characteristics when these agricultural development programmes were in an early stage and then 20 years later."

Asia↗
PubMed2002

Atmospheric quality and distribution of heavy metals in Argentina employing Tillandsia capillaris as a biomonitor.

The atmospheric quality and distribution of heavy metals were evaluated throughout a wide region of Argentina. In addition, the biomonitor performance of Tillandsia capillaris Ruiz & Pav. f. capillaris was studied in relation to the accumulation of heavy metals and to its physiologic response to air pollutants. A sampling area of 50,000 km2 was selected in the central region of the Argentine Republic. This area was subdivided into grids of 25 x 25 km. Pools of T. capillaris, where present, were collected at each intersection point. From each pool three sub-samples were analyzed independently. Furthermore, five replicates were collected at 20% of the points in order to analyze the variability within the site. The content of Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Chemical-physiological parameters were also determined to detect symptoms of foliar damage. Chlorophylls, phaeophytins, hydroperoxy conjugated dienes, malondialdehyde and sulfur were quantified in T. capillaris. Some of these parameters were used to calculate a foliar damage index. Data sets were evaluated by one-way ANOVA, correlation analysis, principal component analysis and mapping. Geographical distribution patterns were obtained for the different metals reflecting the contribution of natural and anthropogenic emission sources. According to our results it can be inferred that Fe, Mn and Co probably originated in the soil. For Pb, the highest values were found in the mountainous area, which can be attributed to the presence of Pb in the granitic rocks. Ni showed mainly an anthropogenic origin, with higher values found in places next to industrial centers. For Zn the highest values were in areas of agricultural development. The same was observed for Cu, whose presence could be related to the employment of pesticides. The foliar damage index distribution map showed that the central and southeastern zones were the ones where the major damage in the bioindicator was found. The central zone coincides with the city of Córdoba whereas the southeastern area is strictly agricultural, so the high values found there could be related to the use of pesticides.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2003

An historical perspective from the Green Revolution to the gene revolution.

Since the 1960s conventional crop breeding has increased food production commesurate with the growing population. For agricultural development to continue, the exploitation of greater genetic diversity and modern biotechnology are becoming increasingly important. This article reviews the milestones achieved by the Green Revolution and many of the recent breakthroughs of modern biotechnology.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1992

The Caribbean Animal and Plant Information Network.

The Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) is presently implementing a four-year project in the Caribbean region to establish a regional information network on animal and plant health--the Caribbean Animal and Plant Health Information Network (CARAPHIN). CARAPHIN's immediate goal is to give the participating countries the technical capability to process and analyze the phyto- and zoo-sanitary information that they generate, share this information within the region, and use it as an effective instrument for decision making for agricultural development and trade. Sharing of information is further facilitated through the periodic regional and hemispheric meetings organized by IICA, by the Inter-American Animal Health Commission, and by the Technical Advisory Committee on Plant Protection. The Veterinary and Plant Protection Services of the region have expressed interest in the continuation of CARAPHIN as a permanent mechanism for agricultural health information management in the Caribbean. This motivated IICA to seek financing for a second phase of CARAPHIN, which will be executed from 1992 through 1996. Phase II of the project will seek to ensure the continuing application of the techniques and methodologies acquired by the agricultural health services of the different countries, and the functioning of the disease/pest information systems at the regional level. This will be achieved through technical assistance, continuing education, publications, provision of useful databases, and transfer of the project to a regional institution.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1995

Toxicological data needed for safety evaluation and regulation on inherent plant toxins.

Although the awareness that natural compounds in foodstuffs can have implications for human health is growing, there is a lack of data on the toxicology and occurrence. To enable the safety evaluation of inherent plant toxins adequate toxicological data are necessary. Of most inherent plant toxins at best only limited toxicological data are available, which makes it impossible to perform an accurate safety evaluation. This limited knowledge of inherent plant toxins permits the mystical claim of safety on the basis of history of food use, and thus the development of specific food safety regulation has been postponed. To further develop flexible and adequate regulation, for at least some inherent plant toxins, an adequate set of toxicological data should be available in order to verify and validate the initial regulation. Several problems (e.g., availability of the plant toxin or accuracy of historical human toxicity data) which arise when gathering the necessary data and the development of regulations are discussed and elaborated with a few examples such as solanum alkaloids and glucosinolates. As long as nobody is held responsible to study safety aspects of inherent plant toxins, the lack of data will persist. Therefore a certain level of regulation should be recommended to provide the data needed. Such safety research projects integrated with new agricultural developments should be endorsed by the European Union and other international bodies.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Self-poisoning in Sri Lanka: factors determining the choice of the poisoning agents.

Sri Lanka is a developing agricultural country with a high fatality rate due to self-poisoning with very toxic agrochemicals as the main poisoning agents. A prospective study of 97 consecutive admissions following self-poisoning reveals that easy availability of the agrochemicals together with the lack of knowledge regarding their lethality were the main causative factors determining the choice of poisoning agents. Developing community awareness of the lethality of these substances, educating the farmers with regards to proper storage and disposal of agrochemicals together with stricter legislation regarding their sale and distribution may reduce the incidence of self-poisoning due to these agents with a consequent reduction in mortality due to self-poisoning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Ecology of health and nutrition in Ecuadorian Amazonia (province of Napo). I. The Siona-Secoya Indians of the Aguarico River].

Are presented in this study results on the Sionas-Secoyas' subsistence pattern and health and nutrition status. Sionas-Secoyas still preserved a traditional way of life despite considerable demographic and environmental changes in the province. They are entirely self sufficient. The degree to which they meet their energy requirements appeared to be low but their intakes are obviously underestimated due to an important extra-household food consumption. Protein intakes are high; consumption of foods of animal origin is important. The quality of their alimentation is reasonably good. There are no cases of undernutrition; children growth is steady despite their smallness; they have a robust physical constitution. Parasitic burden is not heavy compared with other surveys in Amazonia. Infectious diseases are not frequent too. However this very propice situation is jeopardized by the process of agricultural development and the unceasing trespassing of the reservation boundaries. State officials should pay more attention to the preservation of Sionas-Secoyas' interests and must protect them from the covetousness of outsiders.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Current malaria situation in Turkey].

Geographically, Turkey is situated in an area where malaria is very risky. The climatic conditions in the region are suitable for the malaria vector to proliferate. Due to agricultural infrastructural changes, GAP and other similar projects, insufficient environmental conditions, urbanization, national and international population moves, are a key to manage malaria control activities. It is estimated that malaria will be a potential danger for Turkey in the forthcoming years. The disease is located largely in south-eastern Anatolia. The Diyarbakir, Batman, Sanliurfa, Siirt, and Mardin districts are the most affected areas. In western districts, like Aydin and Manisa, an increase in the number of indigenous cases can be observed from time to time. This is due to workers moving from malaria districts to western parts to final work. Since these workers cannot be controlled, the population living in these regions get infected from indigenous cases. There were 84,345 malaria cases in 1994 and 82,096 in 1995, they decreased to 60,884 in 1996 and numbered 35,456 in 1997. They accounted for 36,842 and 20,963 in 1998 and 1999, respectively. In Turkey there are almost all cases of P. vivax malaria. There are also P. vivax and P. falciparum malaria cases coming from other countries: There were 321 P. vivax cases, including 2 P. falciparum ones, arriving to Turkey from Iraq in 1995. The P. vivax malaria cases accounted for 229 in 1996, and 67, cases P. vivax including 12 P. falciparum cases, in 1997, and 4 P. vivax cases in 1998 that came from that country. One P. vivax case entered Turkey from Georgia in 1998. The cause of higher incidence of P. vivax cases in 1995, it decreasing in 1999, is the lack of border controls over workers coming to Turkey. The other internationally imported cases are from Syria, Sudan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nigeria, India, Azerbaijan, Malaysia, Ghana, Indonesia, Yemen. Our examinations have shown that none of these internationally imported cases are important in transmitting the diseases. The districts where malaria cases occur are the places where population moves are rapid, agriculture is the main occupation, the increase in the population is high and the education/cultural level is low. Within years, the districts with high malaria cases also differ. Before 1990 Cucurova and Amikova were the places that showed the highest incidence of malaria. Since 1990, the number of cases from south-eastern Anatolia has started to rise. The main reasons for this change are a comprehensive malaria prevention programme, regional development, developed agricultural systems, and lower population movements. The 1999 statistical data indicate that 83 and 17% of all malaria cases are observed in the GAP and other districts, respectively. The distribution of malaria cases in Turkey differs by months and climatic conditions. The incidence of malaria starts to rise in March, reaching its peak in July, August and September, begins to fall in October. In other words, the number of malaria cases is lowest in winter and reaches its peak in summer and autumn. This is not due to the parasite itself, but a climatic change is a main reason. In the past years the comprehensive malaria prevention programme has started bearing its fruits. Within the WHO Roll Back Malaria strategies, Turkey has started to implement its national malaria control projects, the meeting held on March 22, 2000, coordinated the country's international cooperation for this purpose. The meeting considered the aim of the project to be introduced into other organizations. In this regards, the target for 2002 is to halve the incidence of malaria as compared to 1999. The middle--and long-term incidence of malaria will be lowered to even smaller figures. The objectives of this project are as follows: to integrate malaria services with primary health care services to prove more effective studies; to develop early diagnosis and treatment systems, to provide better diagnostic services, and to develop mobile diagnostic ones; to make radical treatment and monitoring patients; to conduct regular active case surveillance studies; to conduct regular vector control studies; to monitor the sensitivity of vectors to insecticides and to provide their alternatives; to design malaria control studies for the specialists of districts; to implement educational programmes among the population and attract it in controlling malaria.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

The dynamics of nitrous oxide emission from the use of mineral fertilizers in Russia.

The intensity of nitrous oxide (N2O) emission was considered based on literature data on the single input of mineral N (nitrogen) fertilizers into different agricultural soil types in Russia. Ambient environmental factors exert a combined effect on the process of gaseous nitrogen formation from fertilizers applied. To reduce the uncertainty of estimates as much as possible, only experimental results obtained under conditions similar to natural were selected for the assessments. Mineral nitric fertilizers were applied to soil at a rate of 40 to 75 kg/ha and the N2O emissions were measured for approximately 140 days. Daily average emission values varied from 0.08 to 0.45% of fertilizer nitrogen. Correspondingly, 1.26 and 2.38% of fertilizer nitrogen were emitted as N2O from chernozems and soddy podzols. In 1990, the use of fertilizers in Russian agricultural practices for 53 Gg N2O-N, which equates to approximately 6.1% of global nitrous oxide emissions from nitric fertilizers. Later, the emission dropped because of a decrease in the input of nitric fertilizers to agricultural crops, and in 1998, it constituted just 20.5% of the 1990 level. In the period from 2008 to 2012, the nitrous oxide emission is expected to vary from 0.5 to 65.0 Gg N2O-N due to possible changes in national agricultural development. In the most likely scenario, the use of mineral fertilizers in Russia will account for approximately 34 to 40 Gg N2O-N emissions annually from 2008-2012.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1997

The challenge of improving iron nutrition: limitations and potentials of major intervention approaches.

Various approaches to improving iron status are discussed. Success in controlling iron deficiency worldwide will require the exploration and demonstration of all possible options. The approaches, which are not mutually exclusive, include iron supplementation, nutrition education, reducing intestinal parasites (particularly hookworm), expanding fortification of processed foods, and developing crops that are more iron bioavailable. Coordination with existing health and nutrition programs can enhance progress toward better overall nutrition. For example, in the development of food fortification or of crops with higher nutritional value, the combination of multiple micronutrients can be considered. Within the primary health care system, iron supplementation and deworming can be coordinated with other health care activities. The ultimate success in control of iron deficiency will depend on how well the various intervention approaches can be integrated within the current framework of public health, food processing, and agriculture development.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Mycorrhizosphere interactions to improve plant fitness and soil quality.

Arbuscular mycoruhizal fungi are key components of soil microbiota and obviously interact with other microorganisms in the rhizosphere, i.e. the zone of influence of plant roots on microbial populations and other soil constituents. Mycorrhiza formation changes several aspects of plant physiology and some nutritional and physical properties of the rhizospheric soil. These effects modify the colonization patterns of the root or mycovrhizas (mycorrhizosphere) by soil microorganisms. The rhizosphere of mycorrhizal plants, in practice a mycorrhizosphere, harbors a great array of microbial activities responsible for several key ecosystem processes. This paper summarizes the main conceptual principles and accepted statements on the microbial interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and other members of rhizosphere microbiota and discusses current developments and future trends concerning the following topics: (i) effect of soil microorganisms on mycorrhiza formation; (ii) mycorrhizosphere establishment; (iii) interactions involved in nutrient cycling and plant growth; (iv) interactions involved in the biological control of plant pathogens; and (v) interactions to improve soil quality. The main conclusion is that microbial interactions in the rhizosphere of mycorrhizal plants improve plant fitness and soil quality, critical issues for a sustainable agricultural development and ecosystem functioning.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1977

Human ecology in understanding environmental health problems.

The role of human ecology in understanding of environmental health problems is discussed, and the importance of study on "regional" ecosystems is emphasized in consideration of recent arguments on theoretical frame work of human ecology. After brief conceptual discussion on "regional" ecosystems, the environmental health on hunter-gatherer populations, and then, the influence of agricultural development is discussed in relation to the "closedness" of regional ecosystems. Finally, by an example, e.g. islanders on small islands of southern Japan, the differentiation of economic activities by island is shown as the most important regulating factor for the accumulation of mercury in islanders.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1983

Nutrition survey in Tabasco, Mexico: patterns of infant feeding.

Information on infant feeding was collected from 149 mothers of 744 children born over a period of 25 yr in an area of Tabasco, Mexico which has experienced rapid economic development. From 1953 to 1978, there was an increase in bottle-feeding, primarily as a supplement to breast-feeding, while the proportion of infants exclusively breast-fed declined from 69 to 48%. This trend was accompanied by a decrease in the average duration of lactation: the percentage of infants breast-fed 12 months or more declined from 73 to 45%. Mothers living within the area of an agricultural development project completed in 1973 were more likely to bottle-feed than mothers outside the project. The consequences of supplemental bottle-feeding for continued lactation, infant health, and child spacing require further investigation.

Birth Order↗
PubMed1997

Time series analysis on chlorides, nitrates, ammonium and dissolved oxygen concentrations in the Seine river near Paris.

Graphical and statistical time series techniques have been used to analyze the trends and specified time changes, in a 90-year record of annual average value of Seine river water quality data. The information obtained may be associated with some socio-economic variables, such as industrial or agricultural development, urban increase and wastewater discharge around or upstream of the measure station. Such a study may now be applied to more rural stations in order to compare the evolution of water quality and, perhaps, historical monthly average values to evaluate the seasonality effect on annual trends.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1980

Death and its effects on the family household: implications thereof within a Japanese pioneer agricultural community in the eastern lowlands of Bolivia.

Following the descriptive analysis of the deaths occurring within a Japanese pioneer agricultural community in the lowlands of eastern Bolivia, the impact of death on the permanency of the household and the family farming system was analyzed. During the 20 years since the establishment of the colony, adult male deaths were in a greater than twofold excess over those of adult females, and one-third of the number of deaths was attributable to unnatural causes. The death of adult members of the household was not directly related to remigration, but a significant association with remigration was found in the specific cases of death of the household head: the cases of sudden death from unnatural causes, or the cases in which the household contained no adult male who would take over the role of practicing pioneer farming after the demise of the head. The data also showed a retarded agricultural development where the head had died at an early stage of the establishment of the household. The results suggest that the family structure and the family life cycle of a household has an important safety-valve role in maintaining adjustment potential in the community.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2005

[The detection of plasmid pCAMBIA1301 in transgenic rice by arrayed primer extension].

Biochip technology which had emerged from the fusion of biotechnology and micro/nanofabrication technology at the end of 1980s has been widely used in life science, medicine, clinical diagnosis, drug development, agriculture, environmental protection and strategies. DNA microarray (also call gene chip, DNA chip), one kind of biochips, is small chip containing many oligonucleotide probes. It can hybridize with labelled sample, making it possible to detect large numbers of oligonucleotides at one time. So DNA microarray can overcome the disadvantage of traditional hybridization technology such as complexity, low automation, poor efficiency and quantity of molecules detected. This paper describes a new method to detect transgenic plant with gene chip. We have developed a novel arrayed-primer extension technique. It combines hybridization and PCR in one step, while ordinary DNA microarray needs two separate steps. Therefore our method provide a feasibility to detect long DNA fragment .

DNA Primers↗
PubMed2004

Heavy metals content of municipal wastewater and sludges in Kuwait.

Municipal wastewater may contain heavy metals, which are hazardous to the environment and humans. With stringent regulations concerning water reuse and sludge utilization in agriculture, there is a great need to determine levels of heavy metals in liquid wastes, sludges and agricultural crops. The state of Kuwait has programs to utilize waste sludge produced at wastewater treatment plants as soil conditioner and fertilizer for greenery and agricultural development projects and to reuse treated wastewater effluents in irrigation. The common metals found in Kuwait's raw wastewater and sludge are Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The effects of accumulation of heavy metals in soil are long lasting and even permanent. In this study, the variations in the concentration levels of heavy metals were measured in wastewater and sludge produced at Ardiya municipal wastewater treatment plant in Kuwait. A relationship was observed between the concentrations of heavy metals in treated wastewater and sludge used for agriculture and the level of accumulated heavy metals found in residual tissues of some crops.

Agriculture↗