[Recommendations for the diagnosis and therapy of hyperlipoproteinemia in childhood and adolescence developed by the Committee of the Czech Society for Atherosclerosis].
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Adolescent↗
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Results for “Adolescent Development”
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Human aggrecan keratan sulfate undergoes structural changes during adolescent development.
Alkaline borohydride-reduced keratan sulfate chains were isolated from human articular cartilage aggrecan from individuals of various ages (0-85 years old). The chains were structurally characterized using 1H NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and oligosaccharide profiling (after digestion with the enzymes keratanase and keratanase II). The results show that from birth to early adolescence (0-9 years) the levels of alpha(1-3)-fucosylation, alpha(2-3)-sialylation, and galactose sulfation increase. Also, the weight-average molecular weight of the chains increases. During maturation (9-18 years) the levels of fucosylation and galactose sulfation continue to increase and alpha(2-6)-sialylation of the chains occurs. In adult life (18-85 years) there is little change in the weight-average molecular weight of the chains, and the levels of fucosylation, sialylation, and sulfation remain fairly constant.
Acetylglucosaminidase↗
Obesity in children and adolescents: development of predictive equations and their application to epidemiologic studies.
Epidemiological studies of body fatness cannot be based on laboratory measures. One alternative is to analyze values related to body composition such as skinfold thicknesses, but it is better to apply an equation that accurately predicts a body composition variable. If an equation is to be developed, the choice of the dependent variable affects the selection of the independent variables to be tested for inclusion. The validation group should have a wide distribution of values for the dependent and independent variables. To develop an equation that works well on validation and with other groups, all possible sub-set regression should be applied, multicollinearity examined, and ridge and robust regression used if these are needed. An equation chosen from the literature should have been developed and tested by appropriate methods and it should be validated against data from a sub-group of the study sample.
Adolescent↗
The relationship between traumatic dental injuries and adolescents' development along the life course.
UNLABELLED: Few models have been proposed to explain the aetiology of traumatic dental injuries. Those that have, focus on risk factors at present stage of life. The contribution of risk factors for dental injuries at different stages of life needs to be investigated. OBJECTIVES: To test the relationship between life course experiences and the occurrence of traumatic dental injuries in adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was used to collect data retrospectively. Out of a total number of 764 eligible 13-year-old-adolescents enrolled in private and public schools located in urban areas in the town of Cianorte, Brazil, 652 (85%) agreed to participate in the study. They were interviewed and examined for traumatic dental injuries by two trained dental epidemiologists using validated criteria. The interviews collected information on socioeconomic circumstances, family related variables, school grade and anthropometric measures (height and weight). RESULTS: Adolescent boys, those from non-nuclear families, those reporting high levels of paternal punishment and those who were at lower grades at school for their age were more likely to experience dental injuries than girls, adolescents from nuclear families, those reporting low levels of paternal punishment and those who were at higher grades at school. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that adolescents who experienced adverse psychosocial environments along the life course had more traumatic dental injuries than their counterparts who experienced more favourable environments.
Adolescent↗
Developing adolescent services in general practice.
BACKGROUND: Adolescence is recognised as a time of risk-taking behaviour, yet it is also a crucial time for laying down the foundations for future health. This literature review examines current adolescent healthcare provision in the community, particularly general practice. The role of the practice nurse in meeting adolescents' healthcare needs is also explored. CONCLUSION: Although health professionals and teenagers see general practice as an appropriate location for health promotion activity, generally it is not the first choice for health information for young people. There is no consensus on effective interventions in teenage health care, as different methods work in different areas. The stigma of adolescent healthcare provision, where young people are seen as a difficult group that requires specialist provision, should be removed. However, there should be specific healthcare provision for this age group.
Adolescent↗
A longitudinal study of change and sameness in personality development: adolescence to later adulthood.
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Adolescent↗
Compliance with anticonvulsant therapy by epileptic youth. Relationships to psychosocial aspects of adolescent development.
Independence in daily life, family harmony as perceived by youths and their parents, and self-esteem were investigated in relation to anticonvulsant medication compliance in 25 epileptics aged 9-17 years. Medication compliance was assessed by monthly home saliva sampling for phenobarbital concentrations. Psychosocial issues were assessed by standardized instruments. Each psychosocial issue was highly correlated with compliance. Partial correlation analysis reveals that these findings are not explained by the subject's demographic or clinical characteristics. Medication noncompliance appears to be associated with a restriction of independence in daily life, lack of harmony in family relations, and low self-esteem in teenage epileptics. Clinicians should observe for these conditions and initiate patient and family counseling in order to maximize medication compliance and seizure control.
Adolescent↗
Motives for not drinking alcohol among Australian adolescents: development and initial validation of a five-factor scale.
Why people drink has been the subject of much research, however, why people do not drink has been largely neglected. The aim of the present study was to develop a Motives for Abstaining from Alcohol Questionnaire (MAAQ) based on Cox and Klinger's [Journal of Abnormal Psychology 97 (1988) 168; Why people drink (1990) 291] motivational model of alcohol use to investigate reasons for not drinking alcohol either at all or on certain occasions. An initial 35-item version of the MAAQ was administered to 187 Australian high school students (years 10 and 12). Analyses supported a five-factor model with the final 19-item version explaining 60% of the variance. The factors were easily interpretable and were labeled: fear of negative consequences, dispositional risk, family constraints, religious constraints, and indifference toward alcohol. Regression analyses showed that different motives for not drinking predicted different aspects of alcohol use. Results are discussed in terms of theories of alcohol use that emphasize the interface of opponent motivational pathways toward decisions to drink.
Adolescent↗
Adolescent development and energy expenditure in females with cystic fibrosis.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Poor nutrition and growth status are common in people with cystic fibrosis (CF), and females often have a worse clinical course. Relationships between sexual maturity, nutrition, resting energy expenditure (REE), and pulmonary status in females with CF and pancreatic insufficiency (PI) were evaluated. METHODS: Pre- and post-menarcheal females with CF and PI (8-29 yr) were compared to healthy females. Z-scores for growth and body composition, anthropometry and DEXA were assessed. REE was measured in all subjects and pulmonary function in CF. RESULTS: Compared to healthy females (n=28, 14.6+/-4.1 yr), females with CF (n=16, 14.7+/-4.4 yr) had lower height Z (-0.1+/-0.9 versus -0.9+/-0.9, P=0.009) and muscle area Z (0.8+/-1.3 versus -0.4+/-1.2, P=0.007), and higher REE (100+/-10 versus 110+/-11% predicted, P=0.008). Difference in REE was more pronounced for post-menarcheal girls. REE adjusted for fat and fat-free mass was significantly higher with CF (+110 calories/day), and declined with menarcheal age in all subjects. FEV1 was positively associated with BMI Z score, and negatively associated with age at menarche. CONCLUSIONS: Height and muscle stores were reduced and REE elevated in subjects with CF compared to healthy controls. Poorer growth and nutritional status and delayed menarche were associated with poorer pulmonary function in CF and were likely related to the cumulative effect of energy imbalance on growth and body composition.
Adolescent↗
Developing adolescent services--crossing the divide.
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Adolescent↗
Commentary: the importance of demonstrations in developing adolescent HIV care models.
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Adolescent↗
The effect of pregnancy on adolescent growth and development.
Adolescent pregnancy represents a triple developmental crisis to young women, that of adolescence, pregnancy, and establishing a relationship with a member of the opposite sex. Physiologically the adjustments of pregnancy are superimposed on those of pubescence. Psychologically and intellectually the pregnant adolescent is still developing, and it is thus difficult for her to meet the physiological demands of pregnancy. Society has responded by developing comprehensive programs for intensive care which have reduced considerably the risks of pregnancy. Contraceptive knowledge has not totally prevented the problems of teenage pregnancy, in part because the adolescents who become pregnant are not sufficiently developed intellectually to perceive that today's actions may prevent future consequences. This paper reviews the literature and synthesizes the published studies with personal experience gained in over five years of professional work with teenage women.
Adolescent↗
Cognitive correlates of medial temporal lobe development across adolescence: a magnetic resonance imaging study.
Adolescent development involves progressive changes in brain structure and cognitive function, but relatively few studies have documented the cognitive correlates of differences in structural brain volumes in this age group. We examined the relations among age, cognitive processing, and mesial temporal lobe volume in 37 children and adolescents. Participants completed a brief cognitive assessment battery and underwent volumetric structural magnetic resonance imaging. For the sample as a whole, amygdala volume correlated positively with age, and larger volumes of both the left and right amygdala were significantly associated with better performance on several cognitive tasks assessing academic skills and acquired knowledge in long-term memory. In contrast, hippocampal volumes did not correlate with adolescents' age and were less frequently correlated with cognitive performance. Amygdala volumes were most predictive of cognitive abilities in boys, whereas for girls, the volume of the hippocampus contributed more frequently to the prediction of cognitive abilities. These data suggest that measurable differences in mesial temporal volumes during adolescence are reliably associated with long-term cognitive abilities, particularly academic skills and the acquisition of intellectual knowledge, and that these relationships may differ as a function of the sex of the child.
Adolescent↗
Quality of life and psychosocial development in adolescents with epilepsy: a qualitative investigation using focus group methods.
The majority of previous studies investigating the impact of epilepsy on the QOL of adolescents have used proxy opinions from clinicians and/or parents. This study highlights the need for research to investigate QOL from the direct perspective of adolescents and consider issues in the context of a developmental perspective. A focus group technique was used. Twenty-two adolescents aged between 12 years 4 months and 18 years 0 months (6 males and 16 females) were stratified by age (12-13, 14-15 and 16+ years) into six focus groups. Data were transcribed and QSR NUD*IST 4.0 was used to help generate central themes. Several procedures were undertaken to increase validity and reliability of findings. Analysis identified two main themes comprising (a) issues related to adolescent development (identity formation) and (b) epilepsy related variables, with five and four main sub-themes, respectively ('peer acceptance', 'development of autonomy', 'school related issues', 'epilepsy as part of me' and 'future', and 'medication issues', 'seizures', 'knowledge of epilepsy' and 'sense of uncertainty'). The main issues related to peer acceptance and development of autonomy. In contrast to previous studies, academic difficulties were not highlighted as an issue. No significant age-related differences in issues were identified. A conceptual model representing these findings is presented and clinical implications and suggestions for future research are reported.
Adolescent↗
[Tools for planning a project to promote adolescent health and development: the adolescents' perspective].
This qualitative study was developed with low-income teenage students from outlying cities around the Federal District, Brazil. The main objective was to identify their opinions, feelings, and information concerning the community's reality in order to implement a project to promote health care in this age group. A focal group technique was used to collect data. Two focal groups of adolescents 13 to 17 years old were conducted. Resulting data were submitted to descriptive analysis. According to the findings, adolescents have limited opportunities to engage in leisure activities. Problems in the community include lack of security, unavoidable contact with violence, and drug abuse. Adolescents understand that such problems are due to the absence of an appropriate social context. They also highlight difficulties in establishing healthy interpersonal relationships within their families. Their first feeling is one of disempowerment in dealing with prevailing conditions, but they also show willingness to become involved in community work.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Concerns about pain management among adolescents with cancer: developing the Adolescent Barriers Questionnaire.
Investigators have examined barriers to pain management in adults with cancer, but these patient-related barriers have rarely been studied in adolescents. This article summarizes 2 studies used in the development and initial psychometric testing of the Adolescent Barriers Questionnaire (ABQ). Building on the Barriers Questionnaire-II, the ABQ is designed to measure the extent to which adolescents with cancer have concerns about reporting pain and using analgesics. Study 1 was a qualitative study investigating pain management concerns of 5 adolescents with cancer. Concerns emerged that could potentially impede pain management such as fear of addiction and worry about communicating pain to parents and providers. Each of the adolescents revealed at least 1 concern about pain management or held fatalistic beliefs that cancer pain cannot be relieved. In study 2, content validity of the preliminary ABQ (52 items assessing 13 barrier sub-scales) was assessed by 2 panels, adolescents with cancer and clinicians. Based on results, the ABQ was modified to contain 45 items that assess 11 barriers. Further examination of barriers in adolescents with cancer is warranted.
Activities of Daily Living↗
A taxonomy of adolescent health: development of the adolescent health profile-types.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to develop a taxonomy of health profile-types that describe adolescents' patterns of health as self-reported on a health status questionnaire. The intent was to be able to assign individuals to mutually exclusive and exhaustive groups that characterize the important aspects of their health and need for health services. METHODS: Cluster analytic empirical methods and clinically based conceptual methods were used to identify patterns of health in samples of adolescents from schools and from clinics that serve adolescents with chronic conditions and acute illnesses. Individuals with similar patterns of scores across multiple domains were assigned to the same profile-type. Results from the empirical and conceptually based methods were integrated to produce a practical system for assigning youths to profile-types. RESULTS: Four domains of health (Satisfaction, Discomfort, Risks and Resilience) were used to group individuals into 13 distinct profile-types. The profile-types were characterized primarily by the number of domains in which health is poor, identifying the unique combinations of problems that characterize different subgroups of adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: This method of reporting the information available on health status surveys is potentially a more informative way of identifying and classifying the health needs of subgroups in the population than is available from global scores or multiple scale scores. The reliability and validity of this taxonomy of health profile-types for the purposes of planning and evaluating health services must be demonstrated. That is the purpose of the accompanying study.
Acute Disease↗
Supporting child and adolescent nursing developments.
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Adolescent↗