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PubMed1977

The API ZYM system in the identification of Gram-negative anaerobes.

The API ZYM reactions of type species of Gram-negative anaerobes representative of those encountered in human infections and of 56 clinical isolates of such organisms, identified by conventional techniques, were investigated. The API ZYM test clearly distinguished between the different genera and species examined and appears to provide a simple, reliable method for the identification of this group of organisms.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1985

Four hour identification of Enterobacteriaceae with the API Rapid 20E and Micro-ID systems.

One hundred strains of Enterobacteriaceae were examined in parallel with the API Rapid 20E and Micro-ID commercial four hour identification systems. With the API Rapid 20E system 78% of the strains were correctly identified, 15% were not identified, and 7% were misidentified. The respective figures with the Micro-ID system were 74%, 11%, and 15%.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of API Coryne system for identifying coryneform bacteria.

AIM: To identify rapidly and accurately coryneform bacteria, using a commercial strip system. METHODS: Ninety eight strains of Corynebacterium species and 62 additional strains belonging to genera Erysipelothrix, Oerskovia, Rhodococcus, Actinomyces, Archanobacterium, Gardnerella and Listeria were studied. Bacteria were identified using conventional biochemical tests and a commercial system (API-Coryne, BioMèrieux, France). Fresh rabbit serum was added to fermentation tubes for Gardnerella vaginalis isolates. RESULTS: One hundred and five out of the 160 (65.7%) organisms studied were correctly and completely identified by the API Coryne system. Thirty five (21.8%) more were correctly identified with additional tests. Seventeen (10.6%) organisms were not identified by the system and three (1.9%) were misidentified. CONCLUSIONS: The system was a good alternative for identification of coryneform organisms. When occasionally performed with some additional tests, this method permits reliable and rapid identification of coryneform organisms compared with conventional methods.

Actinomyces↗
PubMed1985

Comparison of fluorescent antibody, bacitracin susceptibility, latex agglutination, coagglutination, and API 20S for identifying group A streptococci.

A total of 200 beta-hemolytic streptococci, isolated from clinical specimens submitted to our laboratory, were identified as group A versus non-A using the fluorescent antibody technique (FA), bacitracin susceptibility (BBL, Difco, and Raven disks), SeroSTAT, Streptex, Phadebact, and the API 20S system. Of the 122 group A isolates, all methods except SeroSTAT and Phadebact yielded 92-99% agreement when compared with the Lancefield precipitin test. Phadebact yielded an 84% agreement and SeroSTAT changed from 83 to 98% after trypsinization. Numerous false positives were obtained and only FA (91%) and API 20S (96%) yielded better than 90% agreement on non-A identification when compared with the Lancefield test. The most false positives were obtained (45%) using the SeroSTAT reagents. Considering accuracy, our data suggests the FA technique to be the method of choice for identifying group A streptococci.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1986

Identification of staphylococci from bovine udders: evaluation of the API 20GP system.

The API 20GP system (Analytab Products, Plainview, NY) correctly identified 56.1% of staphylococci isolated from the bovine mammary gland. The system identified 90.2% of Staphylococcus aureus strains, but failed to recognize strains of Staphylcoccus hyicus and others. Poor performance was attributed to the limited number of veterinary strains contained in the profile index data base. The API 20GP was determined to be an unacceptable method for identification of staphylococci isolated from the bovine mammary gland.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Determination of the extracellular and cell-associated hydrolase profiles of Pseudomonas fluorescens sp. using the Analytab API ZYM system.

The extracellular and cell-associated hydrolase profiles of a number of Pseudomonas fluorescens strains were examined with the Analytab API ZYM system. Esterase/lipase was the only strong extracellular enzyme activity detected (mean 3.33): weak esterase, lipase, and leucine aminopeptidase activities were found with some strains (mean activities of 1.08, 1.53, and 1.40, respectively). Very strong leucine aminopeptidase activity (4.5) was associated with the cells. Cell-associated trypsin, esterase/lipase, acid phosphatase, and phosphoamidase were also found. Neither extracellular nor cell-associated hydrolase profiles changed significantly when cells were grown in skim milk or mineral salts medium at either 5 or 20 degrees C. Similarly, added calcium did not seem required for synthesis of any of the enzymes. The extracellular enzyme profiles differed considerably from those of the cell-associated enzymes for all strains tested. An extracellular proteinase-deficient mutant of strain 32A (RM14) failed to produce significant quantities of extracellular esterase/lipase activity. Production of cell-associated enzymes was unaffected by the mutation. These results suggest that the Analytab API ZYM system may be useful in identifying psychrotrophs isolated from milk.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1992

Identification and susceptibility testing for obligate anaerobic bacteria using a semi-automated API ATB plus system.

We evaluated the reliability of the API systems, Rapid ID 32 A and ATB ANA, for the identification and susceptibility testing of obligate anaerobic bacteria in a clinical laboratory that does not possess either an anaerobic chamber or a chromatograph. Tested were 105 clinical isolates. Identifications were compared with those obtained according to the criteria of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute Manual using the API 20 A system with incubation in an anaerobic chamber and gas chromatography. Identifications were concordant in 86.3% of cases. The Rapid ID 32 A system was inaccurate in distinguishing Bacteroides of the fragilis group. Susceptibility to 10 antibiotics of the ATB ANA system was compared to that obtained by MIC determination on Wilkins Chalgren agar. Overall, concordance was 78.2%. Disagreements were mostly minor (16.4%): resistant strains classified as intermediate or intermediate classified as susceptible. When the ATB ANA strip cannot be inoculated in an anaerobic chamber, it is possible that a denser inoculum would decrease the percentage of minor disagreements.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1989

[Staphylococcus aureus infection in Apis mellifera L. (honeybees)].

The causative agent of American foulbrood is Bacillus larvae, the causes of the European foulbrood diseases are Streptococcus pluton and Bacillus alvei and the causes of the septicemia are Pseudomonas apiseptica and Escherichia coli in honeybees (Apis mellifera). Apart from the above causative agents in this study, Staphylococcus aureus has been isolated and identified from honeybees (Apis mellifera).

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[The effect of dilutions of Apis mellifica and Apium virus on ultraviolet light-induced erythema in the guinea pig].

Dilutions of Apis mellifica (obtained from the whole bee) and Apium virus (obtained from bee venom) are used classically in homeopathy for inflammatory symptoms with edema, erythema and pruritus (Lewis triad). Using a method examining the evolution of UV induced erythema in the guinea pig, the authors show the following dilutions of Apis mellifica 7 CH(10(-14)), 9 CH(10(-18)) and of Apium virus 5 CH(10(-10)), 7 CH(10(-14)), 9 CH(10(-18)) exert an action on experimental erythema. The results are statistically significant for the dilutions at the 48th hour after irradiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Broad spectrum beta-lactamases and the API ATB 244 system: the need for detection].

API ATB 24H is an automated system designed to test the sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics. Using this system we found that it was not fully able to detect acquired resistance to oxy-iminocephalosporins in enterobacteriaceae producing extended broad spectrum betalactamase (CTX-1, SHV-3, SHV-4). However, the frequency of detection varied with the type of API SYSTEM (ATB G-, ATB PSE), the nature of beta lactam antibiotic (cefotaxime, ceftazidime) and the type of beta lactamase produced. Considering the fact that this new mechanism of resistance must be taken into account, we suggest that the most simple method for the detection of oxy-imini beta lactamases is a double disk test of synergy between Augmentin (acid clavulanic + amoxycillin) and 1 disk of oxy-iminocephalosporin.

Cephalosporins↗
PubMed1989

[Determination of the sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics by an agar diffusion method and use of the API ATB system: a comparative study].

130 bacterial strains were studied for their antibiotics sensitivity by an agar diffusion method and using API ATB System: 50 Enterobacteriaceae, 12 other Gram negative bacilli, 48 Staphylococci and 20 Streptococci. The results concurred in 83 p. cent of the cases. Discrepancies were essentially observed for coagulase negative Staphylococci and Streptococci. Strains appeared more resistant by API ATB System than by the agar diffusion method. Discrepancies mostly concerned beta-lactam antibiotic sensitivity for Gram negative bacilli or aminoglycosides and macrolides sensitivity for Staphylococci. They also concerned sulfamides and trimethoprim sensitivity for all bacterial species.

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed1989

[Interpretative reading and quality control of an antibiotic sensitivity test using an expert system. Application to the API ATB system and Enterobacteriaceae].

An expert system (cadi-yac), written in Turbo-Prolog and working on IBM PC and Bacanal + (a management software of microbiology laboratory) was used to recognize and correct the phenotype of antibiotic sensibility. The results were there of API ATB system. The knowledge was adapted from two references works. A routine use of the expert system give a correct recognition of enzymatic profile in more than 80% cases for the beta-lactams and more than 98% cases for the aminosides. The mistakes detected by cadi-yac, were often interpreted as deficiency of API system by humans experts. The expert system mistakes (1.5%) were due composites phenotypes.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1987

Some features of coagulase positive staphylococci from bovine milk. II. Comparison of conventional techniques and the API Staph system.

A total of 150 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were subjected to the tests on the API Staph system. Of these, 50 were also tested by conventional methods, using the same tests as those found on the API Staph strips. Applying the principles of numerical taxonomy, the relationship between these isolates was 82% and more. Tests for the metabolism of sucrose and N-acetyl-glucosamine and for the production of argenine dihydrolysate and urease appear to be superfluous in the identification of S. aureus in this system.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[The effect of resuscitation on the results obtained in identification of enterobacteriaceae by the API system (author's transl)].

During studies on the reliability of the API system, the question arose whether the small proportion of adequate results in cultures stored at 4 degrees C could be attributable to this method of storage. Therefore, the reactions of those cultures which had caused most problems were studied following periods of storage ofone day, six weeks and nine weeks at 4 degrees C, and in the freeze-dried state. Storage in particular conditions was found to have a definite effect on the reliability of the API system so that a period of resuscitation of forty-eight hours in a bouillon at 37 degrees C is required to restore the cultures to normal.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1986

[Evaluation of the antibiotic sensitivity of Pseudomonas sp. using the API-ATB-PSE system. Comparison with diffusion and the reference agar dilution method].

In vitro activity of twelve antibiotics (ticarcillin, mezlocillin, azlocillin, piperacillin, cefoperazone, cefsulodin, ceftazidime, gentamicin, netilmicin, pefloxacin and ciprofloxacin) was determined by measuring minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) using agar dilution according to WHO recommendations, agar diffusion and the API-ATB-PSE system. One-hundred and forty-two Pseudomonas strains were studied. Five species of Pseudomonas were represented, i.e. aeruginosa, maltophilia, cepacia, stutzeri and paucimobilis. Isolates came from two Paris hospitals. Percentages of total agreement, minor discrepancies and major discrepancies between the results obtained with the API-ATB-PSE method and those recorded with the reference methods were determined. After checking the discordant strains, the results are discussed in order to evaluate the reliability of the ATB method for antibiotic susceptibility testing with Pseudomonas sp.

Agar↗
PubMed1986

[Evaluation of the API ATB-CMI system for testing the sensitivity of Haemophilus influenzae to antibiotics. Comparison with other technics and reflections on interpretation criteria].

The API ATB-MIC system was used for antibiotic sensitivity testing of H. influenzae (following addition of NAD and hemin). Results were compared to those obtained with agar dilution and disc diffusion. Eighty-four strains with a variety of resistance phenotypes (including beta-lactamase-producing strains and strains resistant to chloramphenicol, tetracycline or kanamycin) were tested. The API ATB-MIC system studies the susceptibility of H. influenzae to antibiotics by determining minimal inhibitory concentrations. Agreement between the methods ranged from 83% to 98% according to the antibiotic. Discrepancies involved ampicillin, minocycline and, to a lesser extent, chloramphenicol. These discrepancies had no influence on the interpretation of results except in one instance involving chloramphenicol. Comparison of the results obtained with each of the three methods leads to a discussion of the criteria that indicate resistance of H. influenzae and of the cutoff concentrations and diameters used for other species. Criteria indicating resistance are production of beta-lactamase for ampicillin, production of enzyme, a MIC above 2 mg/l or a diameter below 26 mm for chloramphenicol, and a diameter below 18 mm or a MIC above 4 mg/l for tetracycline and minocycline.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1985

Some features of coagulase positive staphylococci from bovine milk. 1. Carbohydrate metabolism: comparison of conventional techniques and the API 50 CH system.

When conventional techniques were applied to 84 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from milk samples, it was found that they were all catalase and phosphatase positive and oxidase negative. They all fermented glucose within 24 h and mannitol within 24-48 h when inoculated into Hugh & Leifson's medium, enriched with 1% horse serum. When they were subjected to the carbohydrates of the API 50 CH system, all metabolized glucose aerobically, but only 85-89% of the isolates could utilize mannitol aerobically. Because of the difference in the utilization of mannitol observed, the value of the API 50 CH classification in the taxonomy of S. aureus becomes questionable. This system could be used as a handy tool, however, when selecting carbohydrates to be used in taxonomical studies.

Animals↗