Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “AMYGDALOID BODY”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

The human brain at stage 16, including the initial evagination of the neurohypophysis.

Thirty-nine sectioned embryos of stage 16 were studied. Up to this stage the amygdaloid body is derived entirely from the medial eminence, which was purely diencephalic in stage 14, but now extends also to the telencephalon. The area of the future olfactory bulb is indicated by the presence of olfactory fibres entering the brain wall; the future olfactory tubercle is characterized by cellular islands. The presence of the hippocampal thickening and various histological features make it possible to outline the main, future cortical areas already at this early stage: archi-, paleo-, and neopallium. Hippocampus and area dentata correspond to the areas identified by Hines (1922) and Bartelmez and Dekaban (1962) but not to those identified by Humphrey (1966). The interventricular foramen is wide. The cerebral hemispheres grow rostrally and dorsally, thereby forming the beginning of the longitudinal fissure. Apart from the commissure of the superior colliculi, which began to appear in advanced embryos of stage 14, fibres of the posterior commissure are now present in some specimens. The neurohypophysis is apparent in fewer than half of the embryos. The marginal ridge (zona limitans intrathalamica) separates the dorsal from the ventral thalamus. Cranial nerve 3 emerges from M2. M1 has become shorter. Important pathways are beginning: the olfactory route by the olfactory fibres and the medial forebrain bundle; the vestibular by vestibulocerebellar and vestibulospinal fibres; gustatory by chorda tympani, nervus intermedius, and tractus solitarius. Fibres of the cochlear nerve are noted. The first parasympathetic ganglia, submandibular and ciliary, are identifiable. Asymmetry of the cerebral hemispheres was noted in one specimen.

Brain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Structural basis of the interaction of the limbic and motor systems in the striopallidum.

The results regarding the topical organization of the projections from the nuclei of the amygdaloid body, the ventral tegmental area, and the substantia nigra in the striopallidum were generalized and compared in a study carried out on 125 cats, using the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase and fluorochromes. Limbic and motor areas were identified in the basal ganglia with a predominance of projections, respectively, from the subcortical structures belonging to the limbic system, or from formations relating to a greater degree to motoric activity. In addition to this, the overlapping of terminals of the fields of the initial neurons of these and other structures was established in substantial areas of the striopallidum. The data obtained regarding the organization of projections of functionally varied subcortical formations to the striopallidum suggest that it may be regarded as the structural basis of the functional heterogeneity of the basal ganglia and of the interaction of the motor and limbic systems in them.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Structural basis for the functional specialization of the pallidal complex of the cat brain.

Experiments carried out on 30 cats using retrograde axonal transport of markers (horseradish peroxidase and luminophores) were used to study the organization of the afferent projection system of the pallidal complex (the globus pallidum, the entopeduncular nucleus, the ventral pallidum) formed by fibers from functionally different cortical and subcortical structures (the ventral tegmental area, the substantia nigra, the amygdaloid body). The distribution of afferent projection fibers in this complex of nuclei led to identification of the following zones: a "limbic" zone, corresponding to the ventral pallidum, and a "motor" zone, corresponding to the caudal part of the globus pallidum. On the one hand, the features of the afferent organization as demonstrated here can be regarded as a structural basis for the functional heterogeneity of the pallidal complex; on the other, significant regions within these structures (the rostral part of the globus pallidum and the entopeduncular nucleus) were found to receive projection fibers from functionally different structures, suggesting the existence of convergence and integration processes in these regions.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Biogenic amine content in the brains of rats with different levels of resistance to emotional stress.

The levels of biogenic amines and of a number of the products of their metabolism were studied in the hypothalamic nuclei in Wistar and August rats, which have different levels of resistance to emotional stress; levels were also studied in structures functionally and anatomically associated with the hypothalamic nuclei, i.e., the reticular formation of the midbrain, the amygdaloid body, the septum, the locus ceruleus, the dorsal cervical nucleus, and the ventral region of the tegmentum. The genotype was found to determine the level of metabolism of biogenic amines in structures of the central nervous system in conditions of emotional stress. In August rats, the activities of the dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems, which are stress-limiting, decreased to a greater extent during 24-hour immobilization stress. Adrenaline levels in structures of the central nervous system in August rats were higher during stress. Changes in the contents of biogenic amines in the paraventricular and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus in Wistar and August rats could affect the preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Spatial organization of amygdaloid, nigral, and tegmental projections in the dog neostriatum.

Axonal transport of retrograde markers was used to study the distribution of projections from functionally diverse subcortical structures (the substantia nigra, the ventral tegmental area, and the amygdaloid body) in the caudate nucleus and putamen of the dog. Striatal structures were found to contain regions receiving projections from limbic structures or formations involved largely in motor acts. These structures also contained regions with concordant terminal fields from neurons of these and other functional structures. These results provide a morphological basis for interactions of information currents of different functional significance in the striatum, as well as providing a foundation for their functional heterogeneity. These allow a deeper understanding of their roles in the systems organization of behavior and integrative brain activity.

Amygdala↗
PubMed2001

Arterial supply of the temporo-medial region of the brain: significance for preoperative vascular occlusion testing.

The mesiobasal limbic system is of particular significance in the surgical treatment of temporo-medial tumors and epilepsy. It consists of the uncus, amygdaloid body, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, subiculum, fasciolar gyrus and the parahippocampal gyrus. Knowledge of the vascular microanatomy is a key to the surgical treatment of pathologies in the region. The anterior choroidal artery was selectively injected in fresh brain specimens: 50 specimens with a gelatinous ink mixture to demonstrate vascular territories in stereotactic brain slices, and 50 with a Biodur resin to obtain casts for microanatomical evaluation. The cast technique was also applied to 35 specimens injected into the posterior cerebral artery. The rostral third of the temporomedial region is mainly supplied by branches of the anterior choroidal artery. The occipital two thirds are supplied by hippocampal branches, the posteromedial choroidal artery and the inferior temporal branches of the posterior cerebral artery. Important vessel variations with significant implications for the preoperative Wada-test are presented.

Anterior Cerebral Artery↗
PubMed1997

Pure akinesia manifested neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a clinical variant of progressive supranuclear palsy.

An autopsy case of pure akinesia (PA) is reported. The patient manifested L-dopa-unresponsive akinesia without accompanying rigidity, tremor, eye movement disorder or dementia from the age of 58 years. Brain magnetic resonance T2-weighted imaging at the age of 63 showed high intensity areas in the subthalamic regions, but brain atrophy was not observed. She received amantadine-HCl and L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine (L-DOPS) for 5 years. At the age of 66, she died of the severe illness accompanied by consciousness disturbances, hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, abnormal blood pressure and elevated serum enzymes which were derived from the muscle. We considered her condition to be neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). Pathologically the brain revealed degeneration in the subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus and substantia nigra. Neurofibrillary tangles were detected in the temporal cortex, hippocampus, amygdaloid body and spinal cord, as well as in the basal ganglia, thalamus and brain stem. These findings were consistent with that of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP); the change in the ventral pons was insignificant, suggesting that PA may have minimum involvement in the ventral pons. The skeletal muscle showed scattered necrosis that was compatible with NMS. As far as we know, this is the first report of NMS accompanied with PA.

Brain↗
PubMed2005

The paleoamygdala: cytoarchitectonics, organization, and the cytological characteristics of its neurons.

The aim of the present work was to compare the cytoarchitectonics, neuronal organization, and cytological characteristics of the dorsomedial, posterior medial, and posterior cortical nuclei of the amygdaloid body (AB) of the rat brain. Series of frontal brain sections stained with cresyl violet and silver nitrate impregnation by the Golgi method were studied. The results showed that rearrangements of the nuclear principle of organization of the gray matter of the nervous system into the screened organization occur within the territory of this complex of nuclei; it consists of a sparsely branched neuron system and contains neuroendocrine cells. It is concluded that this complex of nuclei is unique in terms of its structural organization and the mechanism of development of this part of the AB, which forms in the earliest stages of AB development; it is termed the "paleoamygdala."

Amygdala↗
PubMed1984

Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin immunohistochemistry. A comparison between autoradiographic and lectin tracing of neuronal efferents.

The autoradiographic pattern of anterograde labeling as a result from injections with tritiated amino acids is compared to the labeling of efferents with Phaseolus vulgaris leuco-agglutinin after lectin injections in the same nucleus visualized by immunohistochemical methods. This comparison is made for efferents from the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus to the amygdaloid body.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1985

Effects of small amygdaloid lesions on pancreatic exocrine secretion.

To investigate the role of the amygdala in central regulation of pancreatic exocrine secretion, the effects of electrolytic lesions on pancreatic secretion were studied in rats. Small bilateral electrolytic lesions in amygdaloid body restricted to basolateral, medial and central nuclei were produced. Eight days after the lesions, bile-pancreatic juice was collected following anesthetization with urethane and chloralose. Basal secretion and secretion stimulated by exogenous pancreozymin and secretin were evaluated in terms of amylase output. In the group with basolateral nucleus lesions, both basal and stimulated secretion were significantly increased. After medial nucleus lesions, mean body weight was reduced to 59% of initial, and basal and stimulated secretion were significantly lower than in the control group and also significantly lower than in an unoperated group, whose mean body weight was reduced to the same level as that of the medially lesioned group by restricting daily food intake. After lesions of the central nucleus, basal secretion was significantly increased, while stimulated secretion was not affected. These results indicated that the amygdala is involved in regulating pancreatic exocrine secretion and that its various nuclei exert different effects.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1992

Colocalization of peptide- and tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivities with Fos-immunoreactive neurons in rat central amygdaloid nucleus after immobilization stress.

The central amygdaloid nucleus (ACe) is part of the amygdaloid body, and it has been shown to participate in several stress related reactions. The ACe is densely innervated by tyrosine hydroxylase- (TH), corticotropin releasing factor- (CRF), calcitonin gene-related peptide- (CGRP), neurotensin- (NT), somatostatin- (SOM), enkephalin- (ENK), substance P- (SP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- (VIP) and cholecystokinin- (CCK) immunoreactive (IR) nerve terminals. In addition, the ACe contains numerous CRF-, NT-, SOM-, ENK- and SP-IR perikarya. In previous studies it has been shown that stress stimulates the expression of the immediate early gene c-fos in the ACe. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the colocalization of the Fos-IR neurons with the peptide- and TH-IR structures using an immunocytochemical double staining technique. In intact animals the ACe contained only a few Fos-IR neurons. After immobilization stress about 100 Fos-IR neurons were seen per section. They were mainly located in the area, which was enriched by peptide- and TH-IR nerve terminals. The close contacts observed between the Fos-IR neurons and the peptide- and TH-IR nerve endings suggest that the Fos-IR neurons were innervated by these nerve terminals. Furthermore, several NT-, ENK-, SOM- and CRF-IR neurons were observed and the vast majority of these cells exhibited Fos-like immunoreactivity. These results suggest that stress enhances the synaptic activity of the ACe, which stimulates the expression of c-fos. Subsequently, Fos may regulate the expression of the NT, ENK, SOM and CRF genes and thus affect the peptidergic efferents from the ACe.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1989

Regional distribution of neuropeptide Y mRNA in postmortem human brain.

The distribution of messenger RNA encoding neuropeptide Y (NPY) was studied in 11 different postmortem human brain regions using in situ hybridization histochemistry, and RNA blot analysis. In situ hybridization data revealed that the highest numerical density of labeled cells corresponded to neurons in accumbens area, caudate nucleus, putamen, and substantia innominata. Significantly fewer NPY mRNA-containing neurons were found in frontal and parietal cortex, amygdaloid body and dentate gyrus. No NPY mRNA-containing cells were found in substantia nigra. NPY mRNA-positive neurons from all regions studied showed relatively similar labeling, as revealed by computerized image analysis. Blot analysis showed an approximately 0.8 kb NPY mRNA in all brain regions studied, except in substantia nigra and cerebellum. Densitometric scanning of the autoradiograms revealed levels of NPY mRNA in the following order: putamen greater than caudate nucleus greater than frontal cortex (Brodmann areas 4 and 6) greater than temporal cortex (Brodmann area 38) greater than parietal cortex (Brodmann areas 5 and 7) greater than frontal cortex (Brodmann area 11). Hence, although NPY mRNA is widely distributed in neurons of the human brain large regional variation exists, with the highest expression in accumbens area and parts of the basal ganglia.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

The pattern of cortical projections from the intermediate parts of the magnocellular nucleus basalis in the rat demonstrated by tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin.

The pattern and distribution of the cortical projections from intermediate parts of the cholinergic basal magnocellular nucleus were studied by anterogradely transported Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin. This immunocytochemical tracing technique reveals the detailed morphology and distribution of efferents from this intermediate area in the nucleus basalis to the various areas and layers of cortex and amygdala. Major projections with a relatively high density of terminal boutons were found in layers I, II and VI of the frontal cortex, in layers V and VI of parietal and temporal areas, in the entire perirhinal and entorhinal cortices, and in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdaloid body. From the nucleus basalis area studied, few if any projections could be demonstrated to cingulate and occipital cortical regions.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1987

Neurotensin in the human brain.

The localization of neurotensin-immunoreactive sites in the adult human brain was investigated by the indirect immunoperoxidase method of Sternberger [Sternberger (1979) Immunocytochemistry. Wiley, New York]. Our results demonstrate a widespread, albeit uneven occurrence of neurotensin-immunoreactive cells and processes throughout the central nervous system. Immunoreactive cells are prominent in the medial hypothalamus and in various regions of the limbic system, including the amygdaloid body, septal area, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and piriform cortex. A few cells were also found in the dorsal synencephalon, superior colliculus, periaqueductal grey and spinal trigeminal nucleus. The distribution of immunoreactive fibres corresponds well with that reported for rodents. Areas with the highest concentration of neurotensin-immunoreactive processes included all the areas where immunoreactive neurons were found and, in addition, periventricular thalamic nuclei, the sublenticular region, lateral parts of the brainstem reticular formation and the vagus-solitarius complex. Comparison mapping studies of melanin-containing neurons on sections treated with neurotensin antiserum revealed an anatomical relation between almost all the catecholaminergic cell clusters with peptide-containing fibres.

Brain↗
PubMed1990

The distribution and cellular localization of the serotonin 1C receptor mRNA in the rodent brain examined by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Comparison with receptor binding distribution.

The regional distribution and cellular localization of mRNA coding for the serotonin 1C receptor were investigated in tissue sections of mouse and rat brain by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Several 32P-labelled riboprobes derived from mouse genomic clones were used. The serotonin 1C receptor binding sites were visualized autoradiographically and quantified using [3H]mesulergine as ligand, in the presence of spiperone to block serotonin 1C receptors. Strong hybridization signal was observed in the choroid plexus of all brain ventricles. High levels of hybridization were also seen in the anterior olfactory nucleus, pyriform cortex, amygdala, some thalamic nuclei, especially the lateral habenula, the CA3 area of the hippocampal formation, the cingulate cortex, some components of the basal ganglia and associated areas, particularly the nucleus subthalamicus and the substantia nigra. The midbrain and brainstem showed moderate levels of hybridization. The distribution of the serotonin 1C receptor mRNA corresponded well to that of the serotonin 1C receptors. The highest levels of serotonin 1C receptor binding were observed in the choroid plexus. In addition, significant levels of the serotonin 1C receptor binding were seen in the anterior olfactory nucleus, pyriform cortex, nucleus accumbens, ventral aspects of the striatum, paratenial and paracentral thalamic nuclei, amygdaloid body and substantia nigra pars reticulata. The cingulate and retrosplenial cortices as well as the caudal aspects of the hippocampus (CA3) were also labelled. Binding in brainstem and medulla was low and homogeneously distributed. No significant binding was seen in the habenular and subthalamic nuclei. Similar findings were obtained in rat brain. These results demonstrate that, in addition to their enrichment in the choroid plexus, the serotonin 1C receptor mRNA and binding sites are heterogeneously distributed in the rodent brain and thus could be involved in the regulation of many different brain functions. The combination of in situ hybridization histochemistry with receptor autoradiography opens the possibility of examining the regulation of the serotonin 1C receptor synthesis after pharmacological or physiological alterations.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Mosaic distribution of phosphate-activated glutaminase-like immunoreactivity in the rat striatum.

The dorsal and ventral striatum of mammals has been known to be organized in a mosaic manner, referred to as "patches" and "matrix" of the caudatoputamen. The present study was primarily attempted in order to reveal the relationship of glutamatergic neuronal components to the mosaic organization in the rat striatum by using a monoclonal antibody to phosphate-activated glutaminase, a major synthetic enzyme of transmitter glutamate. Antibodies against glutamate decarboxylase and choline acetyltransferase were also used as the markers for GABAergic and cholinergic neuronal components, respectively. Glutaminase immunoreactivity was seen in a number of large- and a few medium-sized neurons in the caudatoputamen, nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle. The large neurons with glutaminase immunoreactivity were observed in the neuropil of the caudatoputamen and nucleus accumbens; glutaminase immunoreactivity was particularly marked in the neuropil of island-like patchy areas although it was seen throughout the neuropil of the nuclei. In the caudatoputamen, island-like areas with marked glutaminase immunoreactivity exhibited less marked choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity than the surrounding background region, and were thus considered to correspond to the patches. The mosaic distribution of glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity in the caudatoputamen seemed identical with that of glutaminase immunoreactivity. However, in the nucleus accumbens, the mosaic pattern of neuropil labeling for glutaminase was neither consistent with that for glutamate decarboxylase nor that for choline acetyltransferase, suggesting the presence of non-GABAergic glutaminase-containing nerve terminals in the nucleus. In an attempt to clarify the origin of neuropil labeling for glutaminase in the striatum, lesions were made in the regions sending projection fibers to the caudatoputamen and nucleus accumbens. After placing lesions in the cerebral cortex, glutaminase immunoreactivity was decreased in neuropil of the caudatoputamen, but the mosaic pattern remained. Lesions which were placed in the intralaminar thalamic nuclei, amygdaloid body, globus pallidus or substantia nigra produced no substantial change in glutaminase immunoreactivity in the caudatoputamen and nucleus accumbens. After injection of kainic acid into the caudatoputamen or nucleus accumbens, glutaminase immunoreactivity in the neuropil of the affected regions was decreased to lose the mosaic pattern, indicating that neuronal components with glutaminase immunoreactivity in the neuropil of the patches were mainly of intrinsic origin. In summary, possible axon terminals containing glutaminase were observed with mosaic patterns in the caudatoputamen and nucleus accumbens, in which large cholinergic and medium-sized non-cholinergic neurons were immunoreactive for glutaminase. In the caudatoputamen, glutaminase immunoreactivity in neuropil was more marked in the patches than in the matrix.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1995

An immunohistochemical study of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV in the rat central nervous system: light and electron microscopic observations.

We observed the distribution pattern of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV in rat brain and spinal cord using an immunohistochemical method by light and electron microscopy. Particularly strong immunoreactivity was detected in the telencephalic structures such as the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, hippocampal formation, caudate-putamen, most nuclei of the dorsal thalamus and the granule cell layer of the cerebellum. Relatively weak staining was observed in the amygdaloid body, some neuron groups of the brainstem reticular formation, the inferior olivary nucleus and the posterior horn of the spinal cord. Immunohistochemical reactivity was not detected in the globus pallidus, substantia nigra, sensory and motor nuclei of the cranial nerves, or in the spinal cord anterior horn. Overall, the distribution of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV-like immunoreactivity broadly paralleled the sites of expression of signals for messenger RNA of this enzyme. At the subcellular level, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV-like immunoreactivity appeared exclusively in the nuclei of neurons in the various brain regions, and immunopositive reactivity, although less strong, was also observed in dendritic processes, as well as on the granular endoplasmic reticulum in neuronal somata in these areas. Axon terminals, however, did not show immunoreactivity. These studies demonstrate that Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV-like immunoreactivity is distributed widely in the central nervous system. The significance of the localization of this enzyme in nuclei is discussed in relation to gene expression.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Mapping of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the human forebrain.

By means of immunohistochemistry the distribution of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing neurons and fibres was determined in the human forebrain on the basis of frontal paraffin sections from six individuals of different biological age. NPY was located in abundance in telencephalic cortical and subcortical structures like the striatum, the amygdaloid body and the substantia innominata. Variations in the distribution of immunoreactivity were observed and correlated with distinct subdivisions and structural elements of the basal forebrain region identified by Weigert or Nissl-stained neighbouring sections. The diencephalon was characterized by a relative paucity of labeled cells which were mostly confined to the area of the Nc. infundibularis and the median eminence while fibers were widely distributed in high density in most hypothalamic subnuclei except for the supraoptic nucleus. A periventricular zone of high fibre immunoreactivity was observed in the thalamus. NPY distribution in the developing brain was characterized by the finding of numerous labeled perikarya in the subcortical white matter and by far higher densities of labeled cells in the striatum as compared to the adult brain.

Adult↗