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PubMed1983

Semantic generalization investigated using second-order conditioned visual afterimages.

A series of experiments is reported during which three subjects were initially classically conditioned to produce visual percepts to a sound only, second-order conditioned to transfer that response to an animal name, and finally taught a "foreign language". The results suggest that semantic generalization occurs whether the semantic relationships are formed either before or after the conditioned response is established.

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PubMedDate not supplied

[The use of afterimages in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease].

INTRODUCTION: For the first time visual after-images have been used in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). This is a simple, non-invasive system for analysis of visual pathway function, disorders of which it is hoped may be related to the patient's condition. OBJECTIVE: To obtain a method for early diagnosis which may also be used for follow-up and evaluation of the disease over a the course of time. We wished to ascertain whether patients with AD have alterations in the perception of visual after-images, and ascertain whether use of after-images is effective. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We used a portable perimeter for post-images in 20 patients with Alzheimer's disease and in 20 normal persons. The results of two different tests were analysed, measuring the time taken for the after-image to disappear from the visual field of those being examined and trying to detect whether there was a relationship between the state of the person and the results of the test. It was shown statistically that the time taken for the after-image to disappear was less in the patients than in healthy persons, and this rapid rate of disappearance is directly related to the severity of the disease. CONCLUSION: We consider that the use of after-images is simple, effective and useful for early diagnosis and confirmation of patients with EA and their follow-up.

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