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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Does the frame affect the picture? A study into how attitudes to screening for cancer are affected by the way benefits are expressed.

OBJECTIVE: To find out how presenting information about the benefits of screening for cancer in different ways affects an individual's decision to accept or reject screening. METHODS: A telephone survey of the Wellington region, New Zealand was carried out. RESULTS: A response rate of 75.6% was obtained. Respondents were most likely to accept screening when the benefits of screening were presented as a relative risk reduction. They were most likely to reject screening when the benefits were presented as numbers needed to screen to save on life. CONCLUSIONS: An individual's decision about screening for cancer is affected by the way the benefits are framed. Health professionals must choose between framing the benefits of screening in the most positive light, to enhance participation rates, and presenting information in such a way as to reduce framing effects--for example, by expressing the benefits in a variety of forms. Clearly there may be a tension between these approaches; the former is arguably manipulation, and the latter may enhance informed choice, but may also reduce participation rates in screening programmes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Right frontal hypergyria differentiation in affected and unaffected siblings from families multiply affected with schizophrenia: a morphometric mri study.

OBJECTIVE: The authors used magnetic resonance imaging to corroborate the postmortem finding of right frontal hypergyria associated with schizophrenia. METHOD: Twelve affected-unaffected sibling pairs from families multiply affected with schizophrenia were studied. Bilateral measurement of the gyrification index, the ratio of the inner and outer surface contours, was performed on three different slices of the prefrontal region. RESULTS: The mean gyrification index on the right side was significantly higher in siblings with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder than in the unaffected siblings. CONCLUSIONS: In this family cohort study, the postmortem finding of right-sided hypergyria in subjects with schizophrenia was replicated in vivo with magnetic resonance imaging. This observation provides further support for a neurodevelopmental mechanism in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Does income affect fertility or does fertility affect income?

"This paper tests for the dynamic causal connection between real income per capita and the birth rate for a subset of developing countries. These countries are Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, and Uruguay. Our empirical findings show that, for the historical period under review, in several countries real income per capita affected the birth rate. Virtually no evidence is found to support the hypothesis that the birth rate affected real income per capita."

Americas↗
PubMed1990

Affect, affective disorder and schizophrenia. A neuropsychological investigation of right hemisphere function.

Performance on a happy-sad chimeric face test was used to examine the role of right hemisphere activation in positive and negative affect, both normal and abnormal, as well as in schizophrenia. This test is known to elicit a left-sided perceptual bias in right-handed normal subjects. Happy and sad mood in normals did not influence the perceptual bias. Depression and mania were associated with reduced and increased biases respectively, while schizophrenics showed no bias to either side. Possible explanations are right hemisphere hyperfunction in mania, moderate relative hypofunction in depression, and severe relative hypofunction in schizophrenia. The marked difference between mania and schizophrenia supports distinct pathophysiologies underlying the two conditions.

Affect↗
PubMed2001

Philosophy behind science. Confirming affectivity, the dawn of human life: the pre-, peri- and postnatal affective-confirming. Haptonomic accompaniment of parents and their child.

This article gives a short introduction to the science of Haptonomy and more specially to the application of its specific phenomenality of psychotactile affective contact and interaction during prenatal and postnatal life and during childbirth. The neurophysiological implications and the influence of this approach on the pain threshold are briefly mentioned, as well as psychological influences on the postnatal development of the child. Finally, there is a critical commentary on the use of the ultra-sound scan.

Affect↗
PubMed1989

[Clinical features of mixed affective states and their place in the dynamics of endogenous affective and schizoaffective psychoses].

Clinico-pathopsychological and catamnestic investigation was performed in 82 patients with manic-depressive psychosis featuring the mixed affective states. The typology of these states was developed. Their appearance in both nosological forms was a malign prognostic sign indicating the disease exacerbation with its progredience enhanced and the disadaptation increased in terms of social activities and labor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Neuroendocrine studies in affective disorders. Part 1. Plasma prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in affective disorders: effect of ECT.

The plasma prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone, which is thought to be mediated by central 5-HT mechanisms, has been studied in patients with affective disorders. There was no difference between depressive patients (taken as a whole), bipolar patients undergoing a manic phase and controls in the prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone. When the depressive patients were divided on a genetic basis into familial pure and sporadic depressive disease it was found that the sporadic patients had an enhanced response. The results do not provide any strong evidence to suggest that central 5-HT mechanisms as measured by the prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone are abnormal in depressed patients or bipolar patients undergoing a manic phase. Patients after ECT had an increased prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone which may indicate increased sensitivity of central 5-HT receptors following this treatment.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1980

Neuroendocrine studies in affective disorders. Part 2. Plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in affective disorders: effect of ECT.

The plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in controls and patients with affective disorders has been studied. The results of the investigation do not suggest any abnormality of this response in monopolar or unipolar depressed patients or bipolar patients undergoing a manic phase of their illness. No significant difference in this response could be detected between 'sporadic depressive disease' patients and 'familial pure depressive disease' patients, and age- and sex-matched controls. The neuroendocrine response was essentially unchanged after treatment by ECT.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Ongoing use of an affective rating scale in the treatment of a mentally retarded individual with a rapid-cycling bipolar affective disorder.

Empirically tracking cyclic variations in the behavior of mentally retarded individuals with bipolar affective disorders is difficult because disturbances in mood are difficult to operationally define and quantify. The following report presents a case study in which a moderately retarded man's mood and energy were rated by direct care staff who completed a mood rating scale two times each day. The resulting weekly summaries of the data were plotted on a graph which indicated the cyclic fluctuations in symptom areas related to his bipolar disorder. This information was of great value in assessing therapeutic interventions and in designing habilitative activities congruent with shifts in the behavioral patterns.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Leukocyte CD40L deficiency affects the CD25(+) CD4 T cell population but does not affect atherosclerosis.

Inhibition of CD40-CD40L interactions results in a reduction of innate regulatory T cells (Tregs) in CD40(-/-) mice and induces a stable plaque phenotype in atherosclerosis-prone mouse strains. Here we investigated the effects of leukocyte CD40L on the Treg population and on atherosclerosis. LDLR(-/-) mice were reconstituted with wild-type or CD40L(-/-) bone marrow (BM). These BM chimeras were analysed by flow cytometry for the presence of innate Tregs (CD45RB(low) CD25(+) CD4) in lymphoid organs and peripheral blood. As in CD40(-/-) mice, the CD45RB(high):CD45RB(low) CD4 T cell ratio significantly increased and the CD25(+) CD4(+) subpopulation significantly decreased in LDLR(-/-) mice receiving CD40L(-/-) BM compared to LDLR(-/-) mice receiving wild-type BM. However, atherosclerotic plaque progression and plaque phenotype did not change in LDLR(-/-) mice reconstituted with CD40L(-/-) BM. In conclusion, the present study shows that CD40-CD40L interactions on leukocytes are essential for the size of the CD45RB(low) CD25(+) CD4 Treg subpopulation. Nevertheless, CD40L deficiency on hemopoietic cells did not affect atherosclerosis, implying that CD40L expressing leukocytes alone are not responsible for the stable plaque phenotype observed after total CD40L blockade.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Lidocaine inactivation of the ventral pallidum affects responding for brain stimulation reward more than it affects the stimulation's reward value.

The ventral pallidum (VP) supports self-stimulation and has anatomical connections that suggest it could be linked to medial forebrain bundle (MFB) self-stimulation. Dorsal VP appears to be more related to dorsal striatopallidum and thus to cognitive control of movement, while ventral VP appears to be more related to linking motivation to action. In this study we challenged MFB self-stimulation by temporarily inactivating dorsal and ventral VP. We assessed changes in performance capacity and stimulation reward value using the rate-frequency curve shift paradigm. VP inactivation, especially in the ventral aspect of the VP ipsilateral to the stimulation site, was more likely to substantially impair maximum response rate than to affect the frequency required to maintain half-maximal responding. These effects were transient, typically disappearing within 20 min following inactivation. Contralateral inactivation was relatively ineffective and bilateral inactivation was surprisingly less effective than ipsilateral inactivation alone, although bilaterally symmetric injection sites were largely confined to the dorsal VP. The fact that inactivation-induced changes in maximum response rate were more prominent than changes in the frequency required to maintain half-maximal responding suggests a role for the ventral VP in linking reward to responding rather than detecting or computing reward value.

Anesthetics, Local↗
PubMed2005

Chronic corticosterone manipulations in mice affect brain cell proliferation rates, but only partly affect BDNF protein levels.

We investigated whether the effects of corticosterone (CORT) on brain cell proliferation are mediated via its detrimental effect on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Using a [3H]thymidine tracer study, it was demonstrated that the cell proliferation rate in the neurogenic hippocampus and subventricular zone was increased in placebo-treated adrenalectomized (ADX) mice with low plasma corticosterone levels when compared with chronically CORT-treated ADX animals (25mg or 100mg sustained-release pellet). The cell proliferation rate of SHAM animals was in between the ADX-placebo group and ADX CORT-treated groups. BDNF protein contents in the hippocampus and subventricular zone were not different between the SHAM group and ADX-placebo group, although BDNF contents were decreased in the chronically CORT-treated ADX animals. Thus, other factors besides BDNF are involved in mediating CORT-induced changes in cell proliferation. Further, CORT manipulations did not affect caspase-3-like activity in any of the brain regions investigated, suggesting that caspase-3 is not involved in possible CORT-induced cellular losses.

Adrenalectomy↗
PubMed2002

Intravenously administered oxotremorine and atropine, in doses known to affect pain threshold, affect the intraspinal release of acetylcholine in rats.

Both systemically and intrathecally administered cholinergic agonists produce antinociception while cholinergic antagonists decrease pain threshold. The mechanism and the site of action of these substances are not known. In the present study it was hypothesized that systemically administered muscarinic agonists and antagonists modify nociceptive threshold by affecting intraspinal release of acetylcholine (ACh). Catheters were inserted into the femoral vein in rats maintained on isoflurane anaesthesia for administration of oxotremorine (10-300 microg/kg) and atropine (0.1, 10, 5000 microg/kg). Spinal microdialysis probes were placed intraspinally at approximately the C2-C5 spinal level for sampling of acetylcholine and dialysis delivery of atropine (0.1, 1, 10 nM). Additionally, the tail-flick behaviour was tested on conscious rats injected intraperitoneally with saline, atropine (10, 100 and 5000 microg/kg), or subcutaneously with oxotremorine (30, 100, 300 microg/kg). Subcutaneous administration of oxotremorine (30, 100, 300 microg/kg) significantly increased the tail-flick latency. These doses of oxotremorine dose-dependently increased the intraspinal release of acetylcholine. Intravenously administered atropine, in a dose that produced hyperalgesia (5000 microg/kg) in the tail-flick test, significantly decreased the intraspinal release of acetylcholine. Our results suggest an association between pain threshold and acetylcholine release in spinal cord. It is also suggested that an approximately 30% increase in basal ACh release produces antinociception and that a 30% decrease in basal release produces hyperalgesia.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1992

Acid-base management during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass does not affect cerebral metabolism but does affect blood flow and neurological outcome.

In order to compare the effects of blood-gas management on cerebral blood flow, metabolism and neurological outcome after hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) we have studied 65 patients undergoing aorto-coronary bypass surgery allocated randomly to either a pH-stat (temperature-corrected blood-gas management) or an alpha-stat (temperature-uncorrected blood-gas management) group. All patients were examined neurologically on the day before and the 7th day after operation. In 20 patients of the pH-stat group and in 15 patients of the alpha-stat group we measured cerebral blood flow (CBF), using the argon washin technique, and also cerebral oxygen (CMRO2) and glucose (CMRg) uptake. Measurements were performed in awake patients, after induction of anaesthesia with fentanyl, midazolam and pancuronium under normothermic conditions, during CPB at a venous blood temperature of 26 degrees C and at the end of surgery. Compared with postinduction values, hypothermia was associated with an 18% reduction in CBF and decreases in CMRO2 and CMRg of 61% and 60%, respectively, in the alpha-stat group. In the pH-stat group, CMRO2 and CMRg decreased also, by 58% and 74%, respectively, whereas CBF increased by 191%, indicating uncoupling of flow and metabolism. As there were no statistically significant differences between the metabolic variables in both groups, we conclude that acid-base management did not affect cerebral metabolism, despite its influence on blood flow. After rewarming, CBF and cerebral metabolism normalized independently of acid-base management during hypothermia. Nevertheless, neurological dysfunction occurred more often in the pH-stat group (P = 0.036).

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1996

A Mendelian mutation affecting mating-type determination also affects developmental genomic rearrangements in Paramecium tetraurelia.

In Paramecium tetraurelia, mating type is determined during the differentiation of the somatic macronucleus from a zygotic nucleus genetically competent for both types, O and E. Determination of the developing macronucleus is controlled by the parental macronucleus through an unknown mechanism resulting in the maternal inheritance of mating types. The pleiotropic mutation mtFE affects macronuclear differentiation. Determination for E is constitutive in mutant homozygotes; a number of unrelated mutant characters are also acquired during development. We have examined the possibility that the mutation causes a defect in the developmental rearrangements of the germ-line genome. We show that the excision of an IES (internal eliminated sequence) interrupting the coding sequence of a surface antigen gene is impaired in the mutant, resulting in an alternative macronuclear version of the gene. Once established, the excision defect is indefinitely transmitted across sexual generations in the cytoplasmic lineage, even in a wild-type genetic context. Thus, the processes of mating-type determination and excision of this IES, in addition to their common sensitivity to the mtFE mutation, show a similar maternal inheritance of developmental alternatives in wild-type cells, suggesting a molecular model for mating-type determination.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Forever young: visual functions not affected or minimally affected by aging: a review.

Six visual functions, once developed to adult levels of performance, have been noted to exhibit little or no alteration with aging (also see Appendix, Note 1). Those selected for more substantial discussions in this article are: (a) the Stiles-Crawford effect of the first kind (SCE-I), also known as the "directional sensitivity of the retina"; (b) specific vernier acuity paradigms (including alignment of two lines one with the other, and two- and three-point vernier alignment tasks); and (c) color vision-related perceptual constancies. Each of these functions has rather different origins in the visual system. The SCE incorporates optical waveguide photoreceptor properties and has both physical and physiological origins; vernier acuity (one of the hyperacuities) is largely the result of neural data processing mechanisms; and the color vision-related effects have their origins in retinal neural processes. Descriptions of additional visual functions minimally affected by age are presented as well. This recent research raises many questions. How can these visual responses be so stable, when so many other visual responses show decrements with aging? What does it mean if anomalous responses within the more stable functions are encountered in individuals? Can these age-resistant functions be employed to help sustain other functions in aging individuals? Are such relatively invariant functions limited to the visual system? Because of the stability of the reported responses with aging, these same relationships can be used as test controls for other studies of aging, and as benchmarks to distinguish between "normal" aging and disease processes.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Dietary fat saturation affects glucose metabolism without affecting insulin receptor number and affinity in adipocytes from BHE rats.

The effects of dietary fat source on epididymal fat cell insulin receptor binding and affinity and on glucose transport and use by genetically diabetic rats were studied. Male BHE rats were fed 6% fat/64% sucrose diets. The fat consisted of 1% corn oil plus 5% beef tallow, menhaden oil or corn oil. Glucose tolerance was assessed at 100, 300 and 600 d of age. At 100 d of age the fat pads were excised, isolated adipocytes prepared and insulin receptor number, receptor affinity, 3-O-methyl glucose uptake and glucose use determined. Insulin receptor number and binding affinity were not affected by dietary fat type. The transport and subsequent use of glucose were greater in fat cells from rats fed beef tallow compared with those from rats fed corn oil or menhaden oil. All three groups exhibited a deterioration in glucose tolerance with age. Although we observed greater glucose transport, oxidation and conversion to fatty acids in beef tallow-fed rats, we saw no differences in these measurements between cells from corn or menhaden oil-fed rats. Thus, we conclude that the effects of these dietary lipids are attributable to effects of saturated fatty acids on intracellular events rather than on the insulin receptor per se, and that the type of unsaturated fatty acid [(n-3) vs. (n-6)] is of little importance to the regulation of glucose metabolism by isolated adipocytes.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Double knockouts of phospholipases Dzeta1 and Dzeta2 in Arabidopsis affect root elongation during phosphate-limited growth but do not affect root hair patterning.

Root elongation and root hair formation are important in nutrient absorption. We found that two Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) phospholipase Ds (PLDs), PLDzeta1 and PLDzeta2, were involved in root elongation during phosphate limitation. PLDzeta1 and PLDzeta2 are structurally different from the majority of plant PLDs by having phox and pleckstrin homology domains. Both PLDzetas were expressed more in roots than in other tissues. It was reported previously that inducible suppression or inducible overexpression of PLDzeta1 affected root hair patterning. However, gene knockouts of PLDzeta1, PLDzeta2, or the double knockout of PLDzeta1 and PLDzeta2 showed no effect on root hair formation. The expression of PLDzetas increased in response to phosphate limitation. The elongation of primary roots in PLDzeta1 and PLDzeta2 double knockout mutants was slower than that of wild type and single knockout mutants. The loss of PLDzeta2, but not PLDzeta1, led to a decreased accumulation of phosphatidic acid in roots under phosphate-limited conditions. These results indicate that PLDzeta1 and PLDzeta2 play a role in regulating root development in response to nutrient limitation.

Arabidopsis↗