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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1970

Action of bacterial growth on the sarcoplasmic and urea-soluble proteins from muscle. I. Effects of Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella enteritidis, Achromobacter liquefaciens, Streptococcus faecalis, and Kurthia zopfi.

Comparisons of the starch-gel patterns of uninoculated aseptic control samples from rabbit and pig muscle with similar samples inoculated and incubated with Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella enteritidis, Achromobacter liquefaciens, and Kurthia zopfii were made. Results indicated that C. perfringens caused extensive alteration in the proteins or enzymes, or both, of the sarcoplasmic fraction of porcine muscle, whereas S. enteritidis and S. faecalis caused complete breakdown of only myoglobin. Neither A. liquefaciens nor K. zopfii showed any measurable amount of proteolysis in the sarcoplasmic fraction from pig muscle. Although some of the bands in the starch-gel pattern of rabbit muscle decreased in size and intensity of staining, complete proteolysis of any protein fraction was absent for all test organisms. The disc-gel patterns of the 8 m urea-soluble proteins showed that C. perfringens caused extensive proteolysis in pig muscle and a lesser extent of proteolysis in rabbit muscle. None of the other organisms utilized in this study had any measurable effect upon the urea-soluble proteins. In addition, a simple procedure for aseptic isolation of muscle samples for studying meat spoilage is outlined. Results indicate that careful sanitation and cleanliness will give suitable samples for meat spoilage investigations.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMed1974

Taxonomic significance of phenethyl alcohol production by Achromobacter isolates from fishery sources.

The formation of phenethyl alcohol from L-phenylalanine and ethanol by achromobacter isolates of fishery origin was found to be taxonomically significant for such organisms. Phenylpyruvate, the direct oxidative deamination product of L-phenylalanine, was found to serve as an intermediate precursor to phenethyl alcohol formation. Among ten Acinetobacter isolates examined, none produced phenethyl alcohol. Among nine Moraxella isolates examined, one produced phenethyl alcohol.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1970

Dissimilation of Methionine by Achromobacter starkeyi.

Methionine was decomposed by some bacteria which were isolated from soil. The sulfur of the methionine was liberated as methanethiol, and part of this became oxidized to dimethyl disulfide. Detailed studies with one of these cultures, Achromobacter starkeyi, indicated that the first step in methionine decomposition was its oxidadative deamination to alpha-keto-gamma-methyl mercaptobutyrate by a constitutive amino acid oxidase. The following steps were carried out by inducible enzymes, the synthesis of which was inhibited by chloramphenicol. alpha-Keto-gamma-methyl mercaptobutyrate was split producing methanethiol and alpha-keto butyrate which was oxidized to propionate. The metabolism of propionate was similar to that described for animal tissues; the propionate was carboxylated to succinate via methyl malonyl coenzyme A, and the succinate was metabolized through the Krebs cycle.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Properties and electron transfer specificity of copper proteins from the denitrifier "Achromobacter cycloclastes".

A blue copper protein (Mr 12,000) was purified from cells of "Achromobacter cycloclastes" grown as a denitrifier. When reduced, the blue copper protein transferred electrons to the copper protein nitrite reductase purified from the same cells, whereas a variety of cytochromes from denitrifiers failed to do so. Inclusion of a protease inhibitor, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, in the buffers employed during preparation yielded purified blue copper protein with 18 more amino acid residues and two times more specific enzyme activity than other researchers have found.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMed1990

Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the beta-lytic protease gene from Achromobacter lyticus.

Two bacteriolytic enzymes secreted by Achromobacter lyticus M497-1 were purified and identified as being very similar (considering their amino acid composition and N-terminal sequence) to alpha- and beta-lytic proteases from Lysobacter enzymogenes. A 1.8-kb EcoRI fragment containing the structural gene for beta-lytic protease was cloned from A. lyticus chromosomal DNA. The protein sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence was identical to the known sequence of beta-lytic protease, except for six residues. The nucleotide sequence revealed that the mature enzyme is composed of 179 amino acid residues with an additional 195 amino acids at the amino-terminal end of the enzyme, which includes the signal peptide, thus indicating that the enzyme is synthesized as a precursor protein.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMed2001

NreB from Achromobacter xylosoxidans 31A Is a nickel-induced transporter conferring nickel resistance.

There are two distinct nickel resistance loci on plasmid pTOM9 from Achromobacter xylosoxidans 31A, ncc and nre. Expression of the nreB gene was specifically induced by nickel and conferred nickel resistance on both A. xylosoxidans 31A and Escherichia coli. E. coli cells expressing nreB showed reduced accumulation of Ni(2+), suggesting that NreB mediated nickel efflux. The histidine-rich C-terminal region of NreB was not essential but contributed to maximal Ni(2+) resistance.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMed1983

Serological classification of Achromobacter xylosoxidans.

Adult rabbits were immunized with nine Achromobacter xylosoxidans strains by intravenous injection of Formalin-killed organisms. Antisera thus obtained were reciprocally titrated with the nine A. xylosoxidans strains, and seven sera were defined as serologically distinct. Three of nine antisera possessed one common antibody while also each having their own specific antibody. Ninety-five strains of A. xylosoxidans were examined for serotyping by a microtiter agglutination test with the nine antisera, and the strains were divided into seven serogroups. The distribution of the 95 strains among the serogroups was as follows: serogroup A, 15 strains; B, 17 strains; C, 43 strains; D, 2 strains; E, 4 strains; G, 8 strains; F, 2 strains. Four strains were not agglutinated with any of the antisera. Serogroups A, B, and F had the ability to reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas and to grow in heart infusion broth at 41 degrees C, although there were some exceptions. In contrast, most strains of serogroups C, D, and E could not produce nitrogen gas from nitrate, although they did produce nitrite. The strains of serogroup C could not grow at 41 degrees C, whereas those of serogroups D and E could. Thus, we concluded that serogroups A, B, and F referred to biotype IIIb described by Tatum, and serogroups C, D, and E referred to biotype IIIa. The serotyping of A. xylosoxidans may be useful for the analysis of nosocomial infections caused by these organisms.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1984

Nosocomial colonization and infection by Achromobacter xylosoxidans.

Achromobacter xylosoxidans, a bacterial species named in 1971, is often isolated from aqueous environments, but little has been reported about its pathogenicity in humans, its epidemiological pattern, and its susceptibility to antibiotics and antiseptics. We were faced with an epidemic caused by this microorganism for 18 months in an intensive care unit. Two patients had fatal infections and 37 others were colonized. The source was the deionized water of the hemodialysis system. The 46 isolates were identified by comparison with the reference strain A. xylosoxidans ATCC 27061. The characteristic cellular fatty acids of this species were demonstrated by gas-liquid chromatography. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of 27 antibiotics were determined. The isolates were susceptible to only two: moxalactam at 4 micrograms/ml and ceftazidime at 8 micrograms/ml. The minimal bactericidal concentrations of one disinfectant and three antiseptics were: sodium hypochloride, 109 micrograms/ml; chlorhexidine digluconate in ethanol solution, 15 to 125 micrograms/ml; polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine, 750 micrograms/ml; and iodine ethanol, 312 to 625 micrograms/ml.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMed1987

Diversity of plasmids in Achromobacter xylosoxidans isolates responsible for a seemingly common-source nosocomial outbreak.

Achromobacter xylosoxidans, an uncommon yet highly resistant opportunistic pathogen, was isolated from nine hospitalized patients during an 8-month period. It had been isolated from only seven patients with either nonfatal infection or colonization from 1981 to 1984. From June 1985 to January 1986, A. xylosoxidans was isolated 18 times from seven different sites (sputum, 7 times; urine, 4 times; blood, 3 times; and lung, pleural fluid, wound tissue, and tracheal aspirate, 1 time each). Four patients died, including the three with bacteremia. All but two patients had nosocomial infections and either were on the same ward or were cared for by the same staff members. Eleven A. xylosoxidans strains yielded eight distinct plasmids (8, 21, 23, 26, 38, 50, 51, and 64 megadaltons). Whole-cell peptide patterns of 10 of these strains were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Isolates from the same patient contained the same plasmids and had identical peptide patterns but differed from other strains in both parameters. Plasmids were absent from the two community-acquired isolates. Although nosocomial strains showed similar antibiotic resistance patterns (only moxalactam and ticarcillin-clavulanic acid were uniformly active) and cross-contamination was strongly suggested epidemiologically, results of plasmid and peptide analyses did not support the possibility of a single-strain outbreak.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Achromobacter xylosoxidans (Alcaligenes xylosoxidans subsp. xylosoxidans) bacteremia associated with a well-water source: case report and review of the literature.

A case of community-acquired Achromobacter xylosoxidans bacteremia in a patient with metastatic breast carcinoma is described. The patient's home drinking water was identified as the source of her bacteremia. The case represents the first in which a community-acquired infection due to this organism has been attributed to a documented water source.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Use of random amplified polymorphic DNA PCR to examine epidemiology of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Achromobacter (Alcaligenes) xylosoxidans from patients with cystic fibrosis.

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Achromobacter (Alcaligenes) xylosoxidans have been increasingly recognized as a cause of respiratory tract colonization in cystic fibrosis (CF). Although both organisms have been associated with progressive deterioration of pulmonary function, demonstration of causality is lacking. To examine the molecular epidemiology of S. maltophilia and A. xylosoxidans in CF, isolates from patients monitored for up to 2 years were fingerprinted using a PCR-based randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) method. Sixty-one of 69 CF centers screened had 183 S. maltophilia culture-positive patients, and 46 centers had 92 A. xylosoxidans-positive patients. At least one isolate from each patient was genotyped, and patients with > or =10 positive cultures (12 S. maltophilia cultures, 15 A. xylosoxidans cultures) had serial isolates genotyped. In addition, centers with multiple culture-positive patients were examined for evidence of shared clones. There were no instances of shared genotypes among different CF centers. Some patients demonstrated isolates with a single genotype throughout the observation period, and others had intervening or sequential genotypes. At the six centers with multiple S. maltophilia culture-positive patients and the seven centers with multiple A. xylosoxidans-positive patients, there were three and five instances of shared genotypes, respectively. The majority of shared isolates were from pairs who were siblings or otherwise epidemiologically linked. These findings suggest RAPD-PCR typing can distinguish unique CF isolates of S. maltophilia and A. xylosoxidans, person-to-person transmission may occur, there are not a small number of clones infecting CF airways, and patients with long-term colonization may either have a persistent organism or may acquire additional organisms over time.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMed2002

Ribosomal DNA-directed PCR for identification of Achromobacter (Alcaligenes) xylosoxidans recovered from sputum samples from cystic fibrosis patients.

The opportunistic human pathogen Achromobacter (Alcaligenes) xylosoxidans has been recovered with increasing frequency from respiratory tract culture of persons with cystic fibrosis (CF). However, confusion of this species with other closely related respiratory pathogens has limited studies to better elucidate its epidemiology, natural history, and pathogenic role in CF. Misidentification of A. xylosoxidans as Burkholderia cepacia complex is especially problematic and presents a challenge to effective infection control in CF. To address the problem of accurate identification of A. xylosoxidans, we developed a PCR assay based on a 16S ribosomal DNA sequence. In an analysis of 149 isolates that included 47 A. xylosoxidans and several related glucose-nonfermenting species recovered from CF sputum, the sensitivity and specificity of this PCR assay were determined to be 100 and 97%, respectively. The availability of this assay will enhance identification of A. xylosoxidans, thereby facilitating study of the pathogenic role of this species and improving infection control efforts in CF.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMed1978

Achromobacter xylosoxidans isolates in Hawaii.

Clinical and bacteriological features of nine cases in which Achromobacter xylosoxidans were isolated in Hawaii are described. Five cases were ear infections mixed with other gram-negative bacteria. Colonial morphology, xylose oxidation, peritrichous flagella staining, and antibiotic susceptibility pattern assisted in separating this bacterium from other nonfermentative, oxidase-positive, gram-negative rods.

Alcaligenes↗