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PubMed1984

The epidemiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the perineal region of sheep: abattoir and flock studies.

The roles of age, tail length and the Mules operation in the epidemiology of squamous cell carcinoma in ewes were studied. The prevalence of the disease in adult sheep slaughtered at 2 abattoirs was 0.08%. No cases occurred in lambs. Of all adult sheep condemnations before slaughter, 38.5% were due to squamous cell carcinoma. Of these sheep, 73.3% had a single lesion of the vulva (62.9%), tail (6.6%), or anus (3.8%), while 26.7% had lesions at more than one site. The number of lesions was significantly greater (p less than 0.01) in sheep with a radical Mules operation than in those with a modified Mules operation or not mulesed. Tails were significantly shorter (p less than 0.01) in affected than unaffected sheep. Small keratinised outgrowths on the skin of the tail and perineum were considered on histological grounds to be precursors of squamous cell carcinomas. On one affected farm 4% of ewes were culled in one year for gross lesions of squamous cell carcinomas. A further 3.5% of sheep with gross lesions and 25.3% with precursor lesions remained in the flock, undetected by the farmer. Gross lesions were not observed in ewes under 3 years of age, whereas precursors occurred in all age groups, including one-year-old ewes. The prevalence of lesions increased with age, from 0.43% in 5-year-old ewes to 5.14% in 6-year-old and 41% in 7-year-old ewes. Discriminant analysis indicated that age of ewe, tail length and the width of the healed Mules operation were important determinants of squamous cell carcinoma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1985

A survey of fascioliasis in beef cattle killed at abattoirs in southern Queensland.

The overall prevalence of fascioliasis in beef cattle found in an abattoir survey completed in May 1983 in southern Queensland, was 1.1%. Prevalence was 36% in the Stanthorpe Shire, varied from greater than 1 to 10% in 12 shires and was 1% or less in 24 shires. Fascioliasis was not recorded from the other 46 shires in the area of the survey. Prevalence was less than 1% in female cattle of all ages. In males, prevalence increased with age from 0.6% in 17-month-old cattle to 4.7% in 4-year-old cattle. The differences in sex-specific prevalences may be due to differences in susceptibility to the parasite between sexes, differences in susceptibility to the parasite between sexes, differences in management between sexes, or artefacts associated with sampling for a disease of very low prevalence. The presence of the exotic snail species, Lymnaea columella and L. viridis was confirmed in southern Queensland in 1977. These snails are suitable intermediate hosts for Fasciola hepatica and may widen the endemic area for liver fluke because of their more aquatic character and greater tolerance to high temperatures than L. tomentosa, the traditional snail host in Queensland. We suggest that introduced snails have not yet had a substantial impact on the importance of fascioliasis to the beef industry of southern Queensland. The survey provides baseline data for the future monitoring of this potentially important parasitic disease.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1977

The incidence of ovarian activity, pregnancy and bovine genital abnormalities shown by an abattoir survey.

All female genital tracts removed during the slaughtering process in a West Country abattoir were collected on two days a week from February 1974 to May 1974 inclusive and thereafter collections were made on one day each week from June 1974 until September 1975 inclusive. A total of 8071 tracts was examined; 1885 (23-36 per cent) of these were pregnant. The stage of pregnancy and the number and location of the fetuses is recorded. Cyclic activity in the non-pregnant tracts was assessed by the presence of a current corpus luteum on one or both ovaries and the number and location of these are reported. Any macroscopic abnormalities of ovaries, Fallopian tubes and uteri were recorded, 804 (9-96 per cent) of the tracts were affected. The most commonly encountered abnormality was cystic ovaries and 307 (3-80 per cent) of the genitalia showed this condition.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1980

An abattoir study of bovine neoplasms with particular reference to ocular squamous cell carcinoma in Canada.

An abattoir survey of bovine neoplasms in Alberta, Canada was carried out during 1976/77. A general incidence of 2.8 neoplastic cases per 1000 cattle slaughtered was established. Ocular squamous cell carcinoma (cancer eye) was the most common tumour encountered during this period. A second survey confined to cancer eye lesions revealed an incidence in slaughtered cattle 0 . 92 per cent. Fifty regional parotid lymph nodes draining invasive types of ocular squamous cell carcinomas were examined macroscopically and microscopically for evidence of tumour spread. In 8 per cent, the gross and microscopic examinations did not correlate.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1983

Abattoir survey of bovine kidney disease.

A survey of the prevalence and type of renal disease was carried out at a Dublin abattoir in 1979-80. Of 4166 cattle surveyed, 173 (4.2 per cent) had kidneys rejected for gross abnormalities. The rejection rate was 7.7, 1.7, 2.2 and 28 per cent for cows, bullocks, heifers and bulls, respectively. The most common reason for rejection was focal interstitial nephritis (60.1 per cent of rejected kidneys). Other lesions included cysts (26.0 per cent), pigmentation (6.4 per cent), pyelonephritis (3.5 per cent), amyloidosis (2.9 per cent), glomerulonephritis (0.6 per cent), renal atrophy (0.6 per cent) and agonal haemorrhage.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1994

Incidence of Anoplocephala perfoliata in horses examined at an Irish abattoir.

The intestinal tracts of 363 horses were examined after slaughter at a horse abattoir. The presence or absence of Anoplocephala perfoliata and the sites of attachment were recorded. A total of 51 per cent of the horses had A perfoliata attached to the mucosa of the ileocaecal junction and/or to the caecal mucosa; 5 per cent of the horses had A perfoliata attached only to the mucosa of the ileocaecal junction, 24 per cent had A perfoliata attached only to the caecal mucosa and 22 per cent of the horses had A perfoliata attached at both sites. The degree of infestation did not appear to be influenced by the season or by the age, breed or source of origin of the horses. The lesions at the sites of attachment included congestion, oedema, ulceration, diphtheresis, mucosal thickening, eosinophil infiltration and fibroplasia. The severity of the lesions was exacerbated by increasing numbers of worms.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1998

Abattoir survey of sheep and goats in The Gambia.

An abattoir survey of sheep and goats was carried out in The Gambia for one year. A total of 1248 goats and 438 sheep, predominantly young females, were slaughtered and sampled. Sixty per cent of the females of both species were pregnant. There were no significant differences between the dressing percentages of different breeds and age groups. Sex and stage of pregnancy had a significant influence on carcase yields in both species. In goats the highest carcase yields were obtained during the early dry season. Most of the animals were clinically healthy and there were few pathological findings postmortem. In both species, there was a seasonal fluctuation of packed cell volume (PCV), with a minimum during the rains, and although the prevalence of trypanosomiasis was low it reduced the PCV. Faecal egg counts of Trichostrongylidae were highest during the rainy season and goats had higher faecal egg and coccidial oocyst counts than sheep. In sheep, a breed difference was observed for PCV and an age difference for egg excretion. The peak or higher rates of egg excretion occurred during the rains in both species. The immune status against peste des petits ruminants was significantly lower in goats (39 per cent) than in sheep (49.5 per cent). Antibodies against bluetongue virus were found in 62.6 per cent of goats and 55.8 per cent of sheep.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1999

Abattoir survey of acquired reproductive abnormalities in ewes.

Abnormalities of the reproductive tract of female sheep were studied by examining 9970 reproductive tracts from cull ewes and 23,536 tracts from nulliparous sheep (prime lambs) over a period of 12 months in abattoirs in south-west England. Overall, 3.37 per cent of the tracts were pregnant (8.11 per cent of cull ewes, and 1.36 per cent of nulliparous sheep), with a peak incidence between September and December. A total of 655 ewes (6.57 per cent) and 459 nulliparous sheep (1.95 per cent) had acquired abnormalities of the reproductive tract. Within these totals, abnormalities of the ovaries accounted for 3.51 per cent (for the ewes) and 10.68 per cent (for the nulliparous sheep) of all the abnormalities, and abnormalities of the ovarian bursa and uterine tube accounted for 42.1 per cent (for the ewes) and 5.23 per cent (for the nulliparous sheep). In addition, uterine lesions (hydrometra and metritis) accounted for 9.92 per cent (for the ewes) and 13.51 per cent (for the nulliparous sheep); lesions of the cervix and vagina (total of 1.44 per cent) and Cysticercus tenuicollis cysts associated with the reproductive tract (total of 3.05 per cent) were less common. Among the ewes the most common ovarian lesions were ovulation tags, and follicular cysts were the most common in nulliparous animals. Lesions such as bursitis, parametritis and abscesses of the reproductive tract were much more common in cull ewes than in nulliparous sheep, probably having arisen from peripartum infections. Hydrosalpinx and hydrometra, in which the intraluminal fluid was clear, were present at relatively high incidence in nulliparous animals, but not in cull ewes. The proportion of tracts containing macerated fetal remnants (2.14 per cent of all abnormalities in cull ewes) was lower than expected. It was considered that the functional significance of many of the lesions, such as ovulation tags and C tenuicollis cysts, was likely to be low, although in some cases of the latter calcification of the cyst had occluded the uterine tubes. Other lesions, notably hydrosalpinx, bursitis and metritis were likely to have made the affected animals sterile. The acquired abnormalities were therefore more significant in terms of individual animal infertility than as a major cause of infertility in flocks.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1999

Two-year study of bovine hepatic abscessation in 10 abattoirs in County Cork, Ireland.

The livers from 6337, 12- to 16-month-old heifers slaughtered in 10 domestic abattoirs over a period of two years were examined; 368 (5.8 per cent) had gross lesions, of which 120 (1.9 per cent) had abscesses, 74 (1.17 per cent) had only scarring, and 44 (0.7 per cent) had telangiectasis (so-called 'sawdust' liver). Of the 120 livers in which abscesses were detected, 53 (44 per cent) had a single large abscess (>4 cm diameter), 44 (36.6 per cent) had a single small abscess (<4 cm), and 23 (19 per cent) had more than two abscesses; in 20 of them (16.6 per cent) the abscesses were resolving, and in 10 (8.3 per cent) the abscesses were ruptured. Forty-three (35.8 per cent) of the livers with abscesses had adhesions to the diaphragm and diaphragmatic lung lobes, three (2.5 per cent) had adhesions to other abdominal organs, 12 (10 per cent) also had scarring and two (1.7 per cent) also had lesions due to liver fluke. There was no significant association between the liver fluke lesions and the abscesses. In 46 (38.3 per cent) of the livers the abscesses were located in the mid-dorsal diaphragmatic or dorsocranial area of the liver; 28 (23.3 per cent) were adjacent to the posterior vena cava and could as a result have caused thromboembolic disease. Clinical signs attributable to the abscesses were observed in only one animal.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2000

Scrapie surveillance in Great Britain: results of an abattoir survey, 1997/98.

A randomised sample of 2,809 apparently healthy sheep, 55 per cent of them less than 15 months of age, which were slaughtered for human consumption at abattoirs in Great Britain in 1997/98, was taken to establish the prevalence of scrapie infection. The medulla oblongata of each sheep was examined histopathologically at the level of the obex, and fresh brain tissue was examined for scrapie-associated fibrils (SAF) to establish whether there was evidence of scrapie. In addition, histological sections of the medulla from 500 of the sheep were immunostained with an antiserum to PrP, and the same technique was also applied to any animal found positive or inconclusive by the histological or SAF examinations. Any sheep which was positive by any of these diagnostic methods was also examined by Western immunoblotting, for the detection of the disease-specific protein PrP(Sc). A total of 2,798 sheep (99.6 per cent) were negative by all the methods applied. Ten animals were SAF-positive but negative by all the other methods, and in one animal there was immunohistochemical staining which could not be interpreted unequivocally as disease-specific. A mathematical model was used to estimate the prevalence of scrapie infection in the national slaughtered sheep population which would be consistent with these results. By this model, the absence of unequivocally substantiated cases of scrapie in the sample was consistent with a prevalence of infection in the slaughter population of up to 11 per cent.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2001

Abattoir survey of dental defects in cull cows.

The teeth in the severed heads of 501 cull cows, all over 30 months of age, were examined at an abattoir in the north of England in 1997/98; 80 per cent of them were Friesians or Holsteins. Seventy-three animals (14.6 per cent) had one or more missing incisors, most of which were acquired losses. Rotation and overlapping of rostral teeth were also common, as was attrition. Congenitally absent first lower premolars, other missing teeth, large and often multiple interdental spaces, and a few cases of macrodontia, cavitation, multiple defects and fractures were observed in the cheek tooth arcades. There were some unusual patterns of premolar and molar attrition, often attributable to malocclusion, one result of which was the formation of a hook at the posterior extremity of the third maxillary molar.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1975

Atrophic rhinitis of pigs: abattoir studies.

The snouts of 2701 pork, bacon and heavy pigs killed at five abattoirs in England and Scotland during March to July 1974 were examined for evidence of atrophic rhinitis. Lesions were graded 1 to 5 according to severity. Suspicious lesions were present in 75-7 per cent of the sample. There was obvious atrophy of the turbinates in 44-7 per cent (grade 2 to 5) and severe atrophy in 17-5 per cent (grades 3 to 5). Foreign bodies were found in or between the posterior cheek teeth of 5-3 per cent of the sample. There was frequently an associated gingivitis. Other lesions seen included black discolouration of the teeth, severe tooth wear and osteoarthrosis of the temporomandibular joint. It was concluded that the incidence of atrophic rhinitis could have increased markedly since the last survey of the United Kingdom was undertaken in 1956/57 and some form of disease-monitoring service was urgently needed.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence and epidemiology of Salmonella spp. in small pig abattoirs of Hanoi, Vietnam.

The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in pigs was evaluated in a survey of small abattoirs in Hanoi, Vietnam. Cecal contents, carcass swabs, and tank water samples were collected for bacterial isolation in various media. Prevalence rates exceeded 50% in pig samples and 62% in water samples. This increased prevalence indicates the need for risk assessment evaluations along the entire production chain.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2006

PCR-based discrimination of Toxoplasma gondii from pigs at an abattoir in Okinawa, Japan.

To determine the prevalence of the 3 primary clonal lineages of Toxoplasma gondii (strain types I, II, and III) in pigs in Okinawa Prefecture, we analyzed lymph node samples that had been collected at an abattoir by PCR analysis using primers specific for the Toxoplasma gondii SAG2 locus. This study revealed the presence of this parasite in 57 out of 101 samples examined. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in PCR-amplified SAG2 products was used to group strains into one of the three genotypes of T. gondii. Genotypes I and II were equally predominant, accounting for 22 (44.9%) and 23 (46.9%) of 49 SAG2-positive samples, respectively, while the type III strain was found in only 4 (8.2%) of the 49 samples. The other 8 samples were indistinguishable by PCR-RFLP analysis. Polymorphisms for the 3 genotypes were confirmed at the sequence level for several samples using the sequences from the RH strain, the Beverley strain, and the C56 strain as references. On the other hand, the dihydropteroate synthase gene, which is responsible for sulfonamide resistance, was amplified in 40 of 54 SAG2-positive samples by PCR with the specific primers, and further RFLP and sequence analysis revealed that none of them carried the drug-resistant form of the dhps gene. This is the first report of genotyping of T. gondii distributed in Japan.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2006

Mycobacterium bovis identification by a molecular method from post-mortem inspected cattle obtained in abattoirs of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.

The presence of Mycobacterium bovis in bovine carcasses with lesions suggestive of tuberculosis was evaluated. Seventy-two carcass samples were selected during slaughter inspection procedures in abattoirs in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Seventeen (23.6%) of samples showed colonies suggestive of mycobacteria that were confirmed to be acid-fast bacilli by Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers specific for M. bovis identified M. bovis in 13 (76.5%) isolates. The PCR-restriction enzyme pattern analysis using gene encoding for the 65-kDa protein and two restriction enzymes identified the remaining four isolates that were represented by two M. tuberculosis complex and two nontuberculous mycobacteria. The results are indicative of infection of slaughter cattle by M. bovis and other mycobacteria in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2004

A study of nasal and visceral schistosomosis in cattle slaughtered at an abattoir in Bangalore, South India.

The authors studied the incidence of nasal and visceral schistosomosis in 300 male cattle that were slaughtered in 2001 at the Karnataka Meat and Poultry Marketing Corporation Limited abattoir in Bangalore, South India. The nasal and intestinal scrapings and their contents were screened for eggs and the nasal and visceral cuttings were examined for worms. Eggs of Schistosoma nasale and S. spindale were observed in 197 and 151 samples and worms in 218 and 204 carcasses respectively. A mild infection of S. nasale was observed in 129 animals and a mild infection of S. spindale in 124 animals, a moderate infection of S. nasale was found in 77 animals and a moderate infection of S. spindale in six animals. Twelve animals were heavily infected with S. nasale and 14 cattle were heavily infected with S. spindale. Mixed infections of both species occurred in 163 animals. The level of infection was determined by the eggs per gram method and was found to be in the range of 1 to 310 eggs per gram for S. nasale and 1 to 201 for S. spindale, this was a higher result than the eggs per cubic centimetre method, which indicated lower egg counts. Worms were recovered from 218 nasal and 204 visceral cuttings. It was concluded that the incidence of nasal and visceral schistosomosis in cattle in this region is under-diagnosed and the carrier status of these animals in the subclinical state is potentially high.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2004

A retrospective study of the prevalence and seasonal variation of Fasciola gigantica in cattle slaughtered in the major abattoirs of Zimbabwe between 1990 and 1999.

A retrospective study covering a period of 10 years (1990--1999) was conducted using post mortem meat inspection records of the Veterinary Department Information Management Unit at Harare to determine the prevalence and seasonal variation of bovine fasciolosis in Zimbabwe. Records of monthly and annual returns from five major abattoirs were examined in regard to total cattle slaughtered and the corresponding number of livers condemned due to Fasciola gigantica infection. Prevalence of fasciolosis was calculated as the number of cattle found to be infected with F gigantica, expressed as a percentage of the number of cattle slaughtered. Seasonal variations in the prevalence were examined by pooling respective monthly condemnation data over a 10-year (1990--1999) period. A total of 2,474,232 cattle were slaughtered during this period and 917,565 (37.1%) of these cattle were infected with F. gigantica. The pattern of distribution of F. gigantica was significantly higher in cattle originating from catchment areas of high rainfall than in those of relatively low rainfall, and in those slaughtered during the wet season than those slaughtered during the dry season (P< 0.05). Based on the study findings a control programme for the disease in Zimbabwe is suggested.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1998

An efficient sampling technique used to detect four foodborne pathogens on pork and beef carcasses in nine Belgian abattoirs.

The method presented in this paper should prove useful in assessing the effectiveness of HACCP plans developed in slaughterhouses. Samples were collected by swabbing well-defined areas of pork and beef carcasses with sterile gauze. Between 160 and 420 half-carcasses were swabbed in each of nine pork or beef slaughterhouses. Swabs from five carcasses were placed in the same sterile Stomacher bag, constituting a single composite sample. Standard or validated analytical methods were used to isolate and characterize four foodborne pathogens. Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter spp., and verocytotoxin-producing E. coli were detected, respectively, in 27, 2, 2, and 14% of the pork samples and 0, 22, 10, and 5% of the beef samples. Of the 10 samples positive for E. coli O157, only one yielded an isolate confirmed to be enterohemorrhagic. Since Salmonella spp. appear as the main contaminant port (27%) and L. monocytogenes as the main containment of beef (22%), any slaughterhouse sampling plan should include testing for the former in the case of pork carcasses and for the latter in the case of beef carcasses. One should also test regularly for the presence of E. coli O157 and Campylobacter spp. in pork and beef abattoirs. The method presented here is an easy way to assess the contamination rate of carcasses at the end of the slaughtering process.

Abattoirs↗