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PubMed1999

A comparison of fetal behaviour in breech and cephalic presentations at term.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate fetal behaviour in breech and cephalic fetuses at term, using a computerised fetal behaviour program. DESIGN: An observational study. SETTING: Pregnancy Assessment Centre, University Hospital, Nottingham. SAMPLE: Twenty-six breech and 58 cephalic fetuses between 36 and 41 weeks. METHODS: Behaviour (fetal heart rate and activity) was recorded with the use of Doppler ultrasound. The duration of recording was 60 minutes or more in all but four recordings (minimum 49 minutes). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Behavioural criteria studied were 1. the relative percentage time spent in low and high variation fetal heart rate patterns; 2. the duration and recurrence of fetal activity; 3. the number of accelerations in low and high fetal heart rate variation; and 4. the number of fetal behavioural state transitions. RESULTS: Breech fetuses differed from the cephalic group in that they were lighter than the cephalic fetuses (median 3105 g vs 3400 g; P < 0.01) and were born to older mothers (median maternal age 30 years vs 28 years; P < 0.01). No significant differences were found in rates of movement, numbers of accelerations and time exhibiting low and high fetal heart rate variation. However, breech fetuses exhibited significantly more state transitions (median 5.2/h vs 3.69/h; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that breech fetuses are neurologically different from their cephalic counterparts in otherwise healthy pregnancies, and that subtle behavioural differences can be demonstrated in utero using this computerised method.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed2001

A comparison of fetal behaviour in term fetuses exposed to anticonvulsant medication with unexposed controls.

OBJECTIVE: To compare behaviour in term fetuses exposed to anticonvulsants with unexposed controls. DESIGN: An observational study. SETTING: Pregnancy Assessment Centre, University Hospital, Nottingham, UK. SAMPLE: Seventeen fetuses whose mothers were taking anticonvulsants and 94 fetuses whose mothers were on no medication between 28 and 41 weeks. METHODS: Behaviour (fetal heart rate and activity) was recorded with the use of Doppler ultrasound. The duration of recording was 60 minutes or more in all but four recordings (minimum 49 minutes). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Behavioural criteria studied were: 1. the relative percentage time spent in low and high variation fetal heart rate patterns; 2. the duration and recurrence of fetal activity; 3. the number of accelerations in low and high fetal heart rate variation; and 4. the number of fetal behavioural state transitions. RESULTS: The two groups were comparable in terms of maternal age, parity. birthweight, Apgar scores and absence of neonatal problems. There was less fetal activity in the anticonvulsant group, but this was only statistically significant at 33-36 weeks in fetal heart rate pattern B (equivalent to state 2F). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that fetuses exposed to anticonvulsant medication exhibited a trend of being less active. There were no other significant differences in behaviour. The data do not support the hypothesis of substantial differences in behaviour in fetuses exposed to anticonvulsants.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Specific brain protein changes correlated with behaviourally effective brain transplants.

The objective of this study was to identify cellular proteins that are associated with foetal brain transplants effective in reinstating memory function in adult rats with brain lesions. Quantitative memory deficits can be created in rats by lesioning the cholinergic projection system, using ibotenic acid. Previous work suggested that injection of cell suspensions prepared from presumptive cholinergic cells of foetal basal forebrain into adult brain, after such lesions, are most effective in restoring cognitive function. It was not clear, however, whether it was the cholinergic nature of the transplants that was critical for their success or whether other factors were involved. In this study, the proteins present in transplanted tissues and control brains were analysed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to identify markers for the cells that were specifically correlated with restoration of cognitive function. On each gel, the relative optical densities of the same 33 selected proteins were measured on an interactive computerised image analyser. The amount of each protein was compared between treatment groups and correlated with four behavioural measurements. Seven of the proteins analysed had levels of expression that were either related to transplantation or correlated with behavioural performance. The proteins of interest were divided into the following three groups: (1) transplant-related proteins, (2) cholinergic transplant-specific proteins, and (3) behaviour-related proteins. Notable among the proteins of interest was one of the cholinergic transplant-specific proteins that was positively correlated with three of the four behavioural measurements and was also the only protein among those analysed that was significantly correlated with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) levels. This has been identified, by immunoblotting, as glial fibrillary acidic protein, an astrocytic cell marker. These results suggest, therefore, that at least two cell types, astrocytes and ChAT(+)-staining cells, play an important role in the successful recovery of cognitive function. This study also identified possible protein markers for cognitive performance. The level of expression of two of the proteins analysed was not affected by lesioning or transplantation, but was significantly correlated with behaviour. One of these proteins, whose amounts correlated negatively with behavioural measurements, has been identified as neurone-specific enolase, a brain-specific neuronal cell marker.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Differential monoaminergic, neuroendocrine and behavioural responses after central administration of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 1 and type 2 agonists.

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mediates various aspects of the stress response. To differentiate between the roles of CRF(1) and CRF(2) receptor subtypes in monoaminergic neurotransmission, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity and behaviour we compared the effects of CRF and urocortin 1 with those of the selective CRF(2) receptor ligands urocortin 2 and urocortin 3. In vivo microdialysis in the rat hippocampus was used to assess free corticosterone, extracellular levels of serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA), and their metabolites 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), respectively. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of CRF and urocortin 1, 2 and 3 (1.0 microg) increased hippocampal levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA. CRF and urocortin 1 increased NA and MHPG, whereas urocortin 2 and urocortin 3 elevated MHPG, but not NA levels. CRF and the urocortins induced an immediate increase in behavioural activity. CRF and urocortin 1 mainly caused grooming and exploratory behaviour. In contrast, urocortin 2 and urocortin 3 both induced exploratory behaviour, but not grooming, and increased time spent eating food pellets. All urocortins, but not CRF, suppressed food intake 4-6 h after injection. Hippocampal free corticosterone levels were elevated by CRF, urocortin 1 and 3, but not by urocortin 2. The time courses of the CRF- and urocortin 1-induced responses were significantly prolonged as compared to those of the CRF(2) receptor ligands. The stimulatory changes evoked by CRF and urocortin 1 were present up to 4-6 h after injection, whereas the effects of urocortin 2 and urocortin 3 returned to baseline within 2.5 h after injection. Pre-treatment with the selective antagonist antisauvagine-30 (5.0 microg, i.c.v.) confirmed that the effects of urocortin 3 were CRF(2) receptor-mediated. The differential time course of the monoaminergic, neuroendocrine and behavioural effects of CRF and urocortin 1, as compared to urocortin 2 and urocortin 3, and the specific behavioural pattern induced by the CRF(2) receptor ligands, suggest a distinct role for CRF(2) receptors in the stress response.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Behavioural responses to the selective D1-dopamine receptor agonist R-SK&F 38393 and the selective D2-agonist RU 24213 in young compared with aged rats.

1. In aged male Sprague-Dawley rats (22 months) with a selective loss of D2- but not of D1-dopamine receptors, stereotyped behaviour induced by 0.5 mg kg-1 apomorphine was increased and prolonged in comparison with young (4 month) counterparts. This suggested a pharmacokinetic effect rather than a pharmacodynamic change. 2. The syndrome of non-stereotyped behavioural responses to the selective D1-agonist R-SK&F 38393, 1.25-20.0 mg kg-1, was unchanged in aged vs young animals, but the topography of individual behaviours constituting this overall syndrome was altered with aging. 3. Neither the overall syndrome of low intensity stereotyped behaviour nor the topography of individual behaviours induced by the selective D2-agonist RU 24213, 1.25-20.0 mg kg-1, were altered in aged vs young animals. 4. Loss of D2- but not D1-receptors with aging was therefore found to be associated with no change in responsivity to a D2-receptor agonist. The decreased intense grooming and increased vacuous chewing responses to the D1-agonist with aging parallel the previously demonstrated effects of selective D2-antagonists on these D1-stimulated behaviours. 5. It is suggested that age-related decline in D2-receptor activity may have greater functional consequences in relation to D1-:D2-interactions than in simply influencing responsivity to a D2-agonist. Such interactive effects should be taken into account when considering the pathophysiology and treatment of age-related extrapyramidal movement disorders.

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
PubMed1990

Caffeine-induced behavioural stimulation is dose- and concentration-dependent.

1. The relationship between plasma and brain caffeine and metabolite concentrations and behavioural stimulation was investigated over a 4 h time course. 2. CD-1 mice receiving single intraperitoneal doses of caffeine-sodium benzoate solution (caffeine doses: 0, 20, and 40 mg kg-1) were evaluated in an activity monitor, and their plasma and brain caffeine and metabolite concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.). 3. Kinetic variables for caffeine at low and high caffeine doses were: volume of distribution (Vd), 1.16 and 0.88 l kg-1; plasma elimination half-life (t1/2), 1.25 and 1.62 h; brain t1/2, 0.93 and 1.30 h; clearance, 0.64 and 0.38 l h-1 kg-1, respectively, with Vd and brain t1/2 differing significantly between the two caffeine doses. 4. Low-dose caffeine stimulated vertical behaviours significantly more than high-dose, during the first 150 min post-dosage; both doses stimulated vertical behaviours significantly more than vehicle treatment. 5. Low-dose and high-dose caffeine stimulated horizontal and stereotypic behaviours equivalently, during the first 150 min post-dosage; both doses stimulated these behaviours significantly more than vehicle. 6. Only later, 150 min post-dosage, did high-dose caffeine stimulate all behaviours significantly more than both low-dose and vehicle treatment; this occurred when caffeine concentrations had fallen to approximately 10 micrograms g-1 in the high-dose group. 7. The maximal stimulant effects of caffeine occurred in an intermediate concentration range, between 10-20 micrograms g-1, while lower and higher concentrations produced either no additional stimulation or decrements in activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The effect of morphine on formalin-evoked behaviour and spinal release of excitatory amino acids and prostaglandin E2 using microdialysis in conscious rats.

1. In the present study, the object was to examine the effects of morphine on spinal release in vivo of excitatory amino acids (EAA), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and a marker for nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, citrulline (Cit), evoked by a protracted noxious stimulus produced by the injection of formalin into the paw. Spinal release was monitored in conscious rats using a microdialysis probe implanted into the subarachnoid space with the active site placed at the level of the lumbar enlargement. In split dialysate samples. EAAs were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) and PGE2 was determined by radioimmunoassay. 2. Resting concentrations in nmol ml-1 for the amino acids (mean +/- s.e.mean, n = 21) were: 4.8 +/- 0.4 for glutamate (Glu), 0.8 +/- 0.1 for aspartate (Asp), 8.8 +/- 0.8 for taurine (Tau), 24 +/- 3 for glycine (Gly), 19 +/- 3 for serine (Ser), 5.2 +/- 0.8 for asparagine (Asn), 64 +/- 4 for glutamine (Gln) and 5.2 +/- 0.4 for Cit. Mean basal release for PGE2 was 12 +/- 1 pmol ml-1. 3. Subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of 5% formalin evoked a biphasic flinching behaviour (phase 1: 0-9 min and phase 2: 10-60 min) of the injected paw. Corresponding to phase 1 behaviour, there was a significant increase (50-100%) in spinal levels of Glu, Asp, Tau, Gly, Cit and PGE2, but not Ser, Asn and Gln. A significant (P < 0.01) second phase increase in release was observed only for Cit and PGE2. However, Glu and Asp levels were increased by approximately 45%. 4. Injection of morphine sulphate (3 mg kg-1, s.c.) had no effect on resting release, but produced a significant suppression of the formalin-evoked behaviour and release of Glu, Asp, Tau, Gly, Cit and PGE2. The effect of morphine was reversed by pretreatment with 1 mg kg-1 naloxone. Naloxone by itself did not change the release or behaviour of the formalin test.5. This study demonstrates that both spinal EAA and PGE2 release patterns correlate with behavioural nociceptive responses in the formalin test and that morphine suppresses the formalin-evoked behaviours and spinal release. The reversal by naloxone of the morphine effect indicates mediation via an opioid receptor.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The long-term effects of vasectomy on sexual behaviour.

Two hundred soldiers of the Sri Lanka Army who had undergone vasectomy at least 4 years earlier were interviewed by a pretested questionnaire to determine the incidence and nature of any changes in sexual behaviour after the operation. Fifty-six percent reported some change in their sexual behaviour after vasectomy. A decreased frequency of intercourse being reported by 15%, a decreased sexual desire by 19% and changes in sexual behaviour during intercourse by 33%. Seven percent reported that their wives had noticed an alteration in sexual behaviour after operation. In spite of these changes in sexual behaviour after vasectomy the majority of men (92%) reported satisfaction with the operation, which is an indication that changes in sexual behaviour cannot be attributed directly to vasectomy.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Aggressive behaviour in elderly psychiatric inpatients.

We describe the types of aggressive behaviour and determine their prevalence in a sample of hospitalized elderly psychiatric patients. Data were obtained by nurse ratings of aggressive behaviour using the recently developed Rating Scale for Aggressive Behaviour in the Elderly; 90 patients were rated over a 3-d period. Nearly half the sample were at least mildly aggressive; the frequencies of some specific types of aggressive behaviour were high. In contrast, the frequency of injuries and the use of restraints and medication for aggressive behaviour were low. Some correlates of the aggressive behaviour were also analysed.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

Locus of control as an indicator of risk for suicidal behaviour among adolescents.

Using a sample of high school students, this pilot study investigated the relationship between locus of control and a range of suicidal behaviours, the proportion of high school students in an Australian sample who report having engaged in such behaviours and the proportion of suicide attempters who received medical attention following an attempt. Two hundred male and 205 female students aged between 13 and 19 years (mean = 15, SD = 1), attending one randomly chosen metropolitan state high school, completed a questionnaire that included demographic details, the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children and questions concerning suicide. The findings indicated that a substantial proportion of individuals in the sample have suicidal ideation. A smaller proportion have engaged in a range of more serious and overt self-destructive and suicidal behaviours. Further, a majority of attempters in the sample had not received medical attention following their attempt. There was also a clear association between locus of control and suicidal behaviour, with the individuals who had engaged in suicidal behaviours characterized by a more external locus of control orientation. This study adds further weight of evidence to the suggestion that the locus of control construct is useful in identifying adolescents at risk of engaging in suicidal behaviour.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Non-verbal behaviour deficits in schizophrenia: an ethological study of drug-free patients.

The aims of this study were (i) to define the dimensions of non-verbal behaviour which distinguish between schizophrenic patients and control subjects and (ii) to examine the relationship between patients' non-verbal behaviour and clinical symptoms. The non-verbal behaviour of 28 drug-free patients with schizophrenia according to Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) and 25 control subjects was videotaped during interviews and scored according to an ethological scoring system. Patients' symptoms were rated on the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. As a group, schizophrenic patients showed a global restriction of non-verbal expressiveness, as indicated by their lower scores on prosocial behaviour, gesture and conflict. However, some patients had normal ethological profiles. Non-verbal behaviour was largely independent of negative and positive symptoms. Deficits in non-verbal behaviour may play a role in determining or aggravating dysfunctional patterns of relating in schizophrenia. Ethological analysis provides further support for the model that conceptualizes positive symptoms, negative symptoms and disorders of social relationships as three separate dimensions of the schizophrenic syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Childhood behavioural disorders in Ambo district, western Ethiopia. I. Prevalence estimates.

The study was conducted between September 1994 and May 1995 in Ambo district, western Ethiopia. The prevalence of childhood behavioural disorder in children was found to be 17.7%. Behavioural disorder was found to be more common in boys than in girls. The prevalence increased with age. The most frequent symptoms reported were headache and nervousness. The least prevalent symptom was stealing things from home. As age increased, the risk of behavioural disorder increased. The increase in risk was statistically significant in the 15-year-old group when compared to the age group 5-7 years (adjusted Odds Ratio, OR = 1.89, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.08-2.85). Childhood mental disorder was statistically significantly associated with parental age and with parental marital status. Children whose parents were < or = 24 years old had a higher risk of having mental disorders (OR: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.30-3.16) compared to those children whose parents were in the 45+ age group. Children whose parents were categorized as unmarried, divorced, separated, or widowed had a higher risk of having behavioural disorders (OR: 2.22, 95% CI: 1.70-2.91) than children whose parents were married. There was a statistically significant association between parental psychoneurosis and children's behavioural disorders; children whose mothers had psychoneuroses were at a higher risk of having behavioural disorders as compared to those whose mothers had no psychoneurosis (OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.34-2.35).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Flossing behaviour in English adolescents.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between flossing behaviour and other health, cleanliness and social behaviours in adolescents. Data from a survey of 41142, 12-16-year-old children from 244 secondary schools throughout England were analysed to obtain information about flossing frequency, dental attendance and recalled advice about flossing, and some general cleanliness and social behaviours. Subjects completed a questionnaire, anonymously, in class during normal school hours. Flossing frequency was found to change with age, its use becoming less frequent from age 12 through age 16 years. There was a significant relationship between flossing frequency and the time since the last dental attendance, the more recent attenders flossing more frequently. 6% of subjects recalled receiving advice about flossing at their last dental attendance and higher proportions of those who used floss recalled such advice, compared with non-flossers. Flossing frequency was also found to correlate positively with frequencies of washing hands after visiting the lavatory and bathing, and having a current friend of the opposite gender. There was only a small association between smoking habit and flossing, and only in school years 8 and 10: subjects most committed to smoking used floss slightly more frequently than those who did not smoke. Factor analysis showed evidence of gender differences in perceptions of flossing. Males equated use of floss with health-related behaviours while females associated flossing more with cleanliness behaviours. This finding is consistent with gender differences in toothbrushing behaviour reported in previous studies. The present study provides further insights into the history of dental flossing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Atherosclerosis precursors in Finnish children and adolescents. XII. Smoking behaviour and its determinants in 12-18-year-old subjects.

The cross-sectional study of 1980 for atherosclerosis precursors in Finnish children and adolescents aimed at a wide coverage of the relevant relationships of the smoking behaviour to socioeconomic and psychosocial factors. The initiation and establishment of the smoking habits were primarily viewed as a function of the youngsters' main socializing agents: the peer group and the family. A subpopulation comprising 1,790 children and adolescents aged 12, 15 and 18 years of the total sample was included in the study on smoking behaviour. The information on smoking habits was collected in connection with the medical examination in a solitary room where the youngsters could respond undisturbed. Data on the children's families were obtained by means of a general questionnaire filled out by the parents. The prevalence of daily smoking was 1% in the 12-year-old, 10% in the 15-year-old, and 30% in the 18-year-old subjects. The best friend's behaviour was the best predictor of an adolescent's smoking behaviour, although the family had retained its role as an important model as regards the learning of smoking behaviour. Quitting school turned out to be a major event leading to an increased risk of becoming a habitual smoker. No clear associations between socioeconomic status of the family and daily smoking were found, except that farmers' children had generally lower rates of daily smoking than children from other socioeconomic groups. First contacts with tobacco formed part of a normal behaviour pattern at a certain age, and this experimentation was unrelated to a later regular habit.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Maternal behaviour in sheep and its neuroendocrine regulation.

Non-parturient sheep, hormonally primed and presented with newborn lambs are, at best, indifferent to them and if approached by the lamb may show violent rejection. However, non-gestant ewes primed with oestrogen and progesterone, but given vaginocervical stimulation, do show a rapid onset in maternal behaviour. This stimulation is ineffective in promoting maternal behaviour with epidural anaesthesia. Vaginocervical stimulation increases the release of oxytocin into cerebrospinal fluid and in-vivo microdialysis has revealed high levels of oxytocin release in limbic brain areas known to be important for maternal behaviour. Oxytocin, when given intraventricularly, produces the full complement of acceptance and suckling behaviour in non-gestant ewes. Although ineffective when given alone, opioids potentiate the release of oxytocin in the limbic brain and increase the intensity of maternal responding, while the opioid receptor blocker, naltrexone, prevents both maternal induction and oxytocin release. This neural basis for maternally motivated behaviour may be equally relevant to human behaviour, although the mechanisms available for addressing these peptidergic systems have clear differences.

Anesthesia, Epidural↗
PubMed2005

Role of physical activity and eating behaviour in weight control after treatment in severely obese children and adolescents.

AIM: To investigate the role of physical activity and eating behaviour in weight control 1.5 y after a weight-reduction programme in severely obese children. METHODS: Forty-seven children (13.4 +/- 2.1 y) were measured 1.5 y after the completion of a 10-mo residential treatment programme. Stature and body mass were measured; physical activity, fat and fibre intake, and self-efficacy in relation to physical activity and healthy eating behaviour were assessed using validated structured interviews. The total sample was divided into four subgroups according to unhealthy versus healthy physical activity and eating behaviour at follow-up. RESULTS: One-and-a-half years after treatment, subjects had regained 34 +/- 19% overweight, but were on average still 20 +/- 19% less overweight than before treatment (p < 0.001). The four subgroups did not differ in level of overweight at the beginning or end of treatment. At follow-up, there was a significant difference in overweight between the four subgroups (p < 0.05). The least healthy group (unhealthy physical activity and unhealthy eating behaviour) had a significantly higher level of overweight 1.5 y after treatment (183 +/- 36%) in comparison with the other groups (unhealthy physical activity and healthy eating: 150 +/- 21%; healthy physical activity and unhealthy eating: 156 +/- 14%; healthy physical activity and healthy eating: 138 +/- 16%) (p < 0.05), whilst the healthiest group showed the lowest level of overweight after treatment when compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Results suggest that both physical activity and nutritional habits play an important role in weight maintenance after initial weight loss in obese children and that one healthy behaviour can not compensate for another unhealthy behaviour.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Behavioural responses of calves to amputation dehorning with and without local anaesthesia.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the pain elicited by amputation dehorning and evaluate the effect of local anaesthesia by using changes in calf behaviour. METHODS: The behaviour of 6-month-old Friesian calves (n = 60), subjected to control handling, dehorned or dehorned after local anaesthesia treatment, was monitored in this study. The proportion of calves displaying particular behaviours was recorded using instantaneous scan sampling during the first 10 h and between 26 and 29 h after treatment. RESULTS: The three behaviours of tail flicking, head shaking and ear flicking displayed similar features with time according to treatment and appeared to occur in an inverse relation to rumination. Dehorned calves were highly restless for the first 6 h after treatment. A significantly greater proportion of them displayed tail flicking, head shaking and ear flicking than the control calves, which, by contrast, stood still and ruminated (P < 0.05). The behaviour of calves given local anaesthetic prior to dehorning was similar to that of the control calves for the first 2 h. Thereafter the proportion of calves displaying tail flicking, head shaking and ear flicking increased, rumination decreased, and the behaviour was similar to that of the dehorned calves. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that dehorning is a painful experience that lasts about 6 h and that local anaesthetic alleviates that pain during its period of action. It is recommended that local anaesthetic be administered when conducting amputation dehorning.

Anesthesia, Local↗
PubMed1992

Preventive health behaviours among parents of infants aged four months.

Six preventive health behaviours have been frequently identified as having the potential to reduce mortality and morbidity during infancy: breast-feeding until the age of six months; no solid food until after four months of age; immunisation against whooping cough, diphtheria, poliomyelitis and tetanus; the use of a baby capsule to restrain the infant when travelling in a motor vehicle; regular attendance at a health care provider for preventive health checks; and no maternal smoking. This study surveyed 191 primiparous women four months after the birth of their babies to explore the proportion of parents who perform the recommended preventive health behaviours and the association among the behaviours. Thirty-nine per cent of the women reported that they were no longer breast-feeding by the time their infant was four months old; 35 per cent had introduced solids before 16 weeks of age; 35 per cent did not always use a baby capsule when travelling with their baby in their car, 25 per cent did not regularly attend the early childhood health centres and 22 per cent smoked. Forty-eight per cent of the sample were performing four or fewer of the six preventive health behaviours and 21 per cent were performing three or fewer. The relationship between performing each preventive health behaviour and a range of demographic variables was investigated. A logistic regression indicated that performing three or fewer of the health behaviours was associated with lower levels of education, having public health insurance and being born in a country other than Australia.

Adult↗