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PubMed2005

Racial differences in syndromal and subsyndromal depression in an older urban population.

OBJECTIVE: The authors explored racial differences in the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among older persons. METHODS: Using 1990 census data for Brooklyn, New York, the authors attempted to interview all cognitively intact persons age 55 years and older in randomly selected block groups. The sample was weighted by ethnicity and gender. The authors adapted George's Social Antecedent Model of Depression to allow examination of 20 independent variables and the nominal dependent variable consisting of three levels of depression. The data were analyzed with SUDAAN. RESULTS: Syndromal depression was found among 8 percent of blacks and 10 percent of whites. Subsyndromal depression was found among 13 percent of blacks and 28 percent of whites. No racial differences were found in rates of syndromal depression, but significant racial differences were found in rates of subsyndromal depression and of any type of depression. Nonlinear effects on both types of depression were found, and higher levels of stress had a greater impact on whites than on blacks. The racial difference in subsyndromal depression was explained by its lower prevalence among French-speaking African Caribbeans. Many racial differences were found in the variables associated with syndromal and subsyndromal depression. CONCLUSIONS: Race had an independent effect on the rate of subsyndromal depression and an interactive effect with stress on the rate of both syndromal and subsyndromal depression. For each racial group, different elements may play a role in the etiology, maintenance, and relief of depression. The findings underscore the importance of recognizing within-group and between-group racial differences in depression.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Identification of coronaviruses by the use of indirect protein A-gold immunoelectron microscopy.

Concentration by airfuge and protein A-colloidal gold immunoelectron microscopy (PAG-IEM) offered a rapid and sensitive method for detection and identification of coronaviruses from various species. The method was applied to partially purified tissue culture-adapted or egg-adapted mammalian and avian coronaviruses and to clarified fecal samples from diarrheic calves and turkey poults for detection of enteric coronaviruses. Aggregates of virus coated with specific antibody were seen in virus samples mixed with homologous antiserum but not in control samples containing preexposure serum. At least a 10-50-fold enhancement of the sensitivity of direct EM for virus detection was obtained using protein A-colloidal gold complex as an electron-dense marker. The PAG-IEM method demonstrated low nonspecific background labeling and permitted detection of soluble and particle-associated antigen. Reciprocal cross-reactivity was detected among the subgroup of mammalian hemagglutinating coronaviruses, and antisera to 4 members of other subgroups only recognized their homologous virus.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Psychosocial adjustment of patients on home hemodialysis and their dialysis partners.

When hemodialysis (HD) became practical as an intervention for patients with end-stage renal disease, most were on home HD. The numbers of patients requiring dialysis are increasing as the resources for them are decreasing. Simultaneously, there is a move toward home health care. This study investigated the psychosocial reactions of patients on home HD and their dialysis partners, how decisions were made to choose home HD, and the patients' perception of HD stressors. The participants were 14 patients on home HD and their dialysis partners; 7 were husband-wife pairs, 2 mother-daughter pairs, 1 sister pair, and 1 friend pair. Instruments included the Clinical Anxiety Scale, the Generalized Contentment Scale, the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale Self-Report, the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Scale, and the Hemodialysis Stressor Scale. Interview data and the psychosocial adjustment levels of patients and partners support the effectiveness of HHD. Further research with a larger sample is needed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

The effects of strength training in patients with selected neuromuscular disorders.

Five subjects with spinal muscular atrophy, limb-girdle or facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, were studied. Measurements pre- and post-training included: maximum isometric, dynamic and isokinetic strength, in single-arm curl and double-leg press exercises; contractile properties of the elbow flexors; computerized tomography of the upper arms and thighs; muscle biopsies from the biceps brachii muscle of each arm in three subjects. Dynamic weight training was performed 3 times per week for 9 wk; exercises comprised unilateral arm curls (the contralateral arm acted as a control), and bilateral leg press. Strength increases in the trained arm were between 19 and 34%, and from -14 to +25% in the control arm; leg strength increased from 11 to 50%. Moreover, the pretraining maximum load could be lifted from 3 to 48 times in the trained limbs, and from 1 to 13 times in an untrained limb before fatigue. Contractile properties of the elbow flexors were unchanged with training, but pre-intervention, three subjects demonstrated incomplete motor unit activation. Most of the gains in strength were apparently due to a neural adaptation, rather than muscle hypertrophy. The tomograms and biopsy samples were inadequate to determine muscle, or muscle fiber areas with confidence; they did indicate however, no additional overt muscle structural damage. Strength training may be a potentially useful therapeutic option in the management of selected neuromuscular disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of monocyte transendothelial migration by confocal microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction.

A novel method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of monocyte transendothelial migration is described. By labeling monocytes and endothelial cells with different fluorophores, and utilizing confocal microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction, transmigrating monocytes were resolved and quantified within a subendothelial collagen gel. Comparison of monocyte migration across endothelial monolayers derived from human brain microvessels versus umbilical veins revealed diapedesis across brain endothelium to be significantly delayed. Inclusion of astrocytes within the subendothelial collagen gel resulted in the formation of an array of astrocytic processes that simulated the glia limitans surrounding brain microvessels in situ, thus yielding a more physiologic paradigm of the blood-brain barrier. By virtue of its unique capacity to provide information on the total number of migrating cells, this analytic approach overcomes significant caveats associated with sampling only aspects of the migration process. The potential adaptability of this method to computer-assisted analysis further enhances its prospective use in high-throughput screening.

Astrocytes↗
PubMed2003

A nonuniform sampling approach for fast ultrasonic flow imaging.

Conventional Pulsed Wave Doppler (PWD) systems acquire an ensemble of N echoes per beam line at a constant pulse repetition frequency fprf, so that the pulse repetition interval equals Tpri = 1/fpn. The total time span determines the velocity resolution, and Tpri the unambiguous velocity range. The ensemble size N is by approximation inversely proportional to the frame rate, assuming that the system performs interleaving. For a given frame rate, a tradeoff can only be made between velocity resolution and velocity range. We propose an approach that allows increasing velocity resolution or range while keeping the frame rate constant. The approach is based on nonuniform sampling, i.e. sampling with varying sampling intervals. Thus, for a given ensemble size N a larger total time span, which would increase velocity resolution, or a shorter minimal Tpn, which would increase the velocity range, may be chosen. The conventional Doppler signal processing techniques are not compatible with nonuniform sampling. We, therefore, developed a velocity estimation algorithm for arbitrary sampling that is based on cross correlation. Furthermore, an adaptive wall filter was implemented that differentiates between tissue motion and blood flow. The new approach was successfully tested with in vitro and in vivo data.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1999

Personality change in adulthood: loci of change and the role of interpersonal process.

This study examined personality change in two domains--dispositional tendencies (emotion traits) and characteristic adaptations (views of self) over eight years in a sample of older adults (M = 63.4). Stability coefficients for anxiety, depression, interest, anger, anger-in, anger-out, and aggression ranged from .47 to .75; only anger-out showed significant change over the eight years. On the other hand, respondents reported moderate changes in perspectives, goals, personality, feelings, and ways of relating and the ratings of outside informants were significantly correlated with self-reports of change for all but goals. Personality change was associated with positive and negative interpersonal life events of an intimate nature such as marriage, divorce, and death of loved ones that took place over the past eight years, and was not associated with other high and low points in lives involving careers, changes in residence, and more distant social relationships.

Emotions↗
PubMed2000

Taxometric analysis with dichotomous indicators: the modified MAXCOV procedure and a case-removal consistency test.

Previous Monte Carlo simulations and empirical trials have demonstrated the power with which taxometric procedures distinguish between taxonic (categorical) and dimensional (continuous) latent structures. However, questions have been raised about results obtained using procedures modified to accommodate dichotomous indicators. The present investigation shows that the most widely used taxometric procedure (MAXCOV) can distinguish between latent structures when adapted for use with dichotomous indicators, although particularly large samples and substantially valid indicators are required. This study also illustrates the value of including a case removal consistency test as one component of a taxometric investigation.

Humans↗
PubMed1981

Use and benefit of postaural aid in sensory hearing loss.

A sample of postaural hearing aid users was followed through adaptation to use of an aid over an 18-month period subsequent to issue. Minor assistance and advice was given but no intensive hearing therapy or other instruction. A miniature timing device was installed in an aid substituted for a few days to provide a check on self-reported extent of use. On both objective and self-report measures, postaural aids receive substantially greater use than the body-worn aids in comparable previous investigations, about half the aids being used over 4 hours per day. Word-identification of free-field listening in aided and unaided conditions showed advantages of 10% or more in only 45% of those tested, yet questionnaire responses suggested reliable subjective benefits in specific listening situations. The results justify taking not only measures of speech identification improvement but also questionnaire measures and measures of time of use in field trials when evaluating overall effectiveness of aid provision.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

A survey of New Zealanders with tinnitus.

A sample of 338 New Zealanders regularly experiencing tinnitus completed questionnaires posted to associations for people with tinnitus or hearing impairment. Nearly half the sample was sometimes depressed by tinnitus; those reporting depression and those reporting more severe problems as a consequence of their tinnitus saw more health-care professionals and used more coping strategies. Most respondents did not remember exactly when they first noticed their tinnitus; those that did reported a range of events that might have precipitated it. Respondents who sought medical help generally rated professionals as sympathetic, but few had been offered effective treatment. Comparison of the tinnitus sample with a sample of university students and staff indicated that though the respondents of the university sample often had some experience of tinnitus they reported sensations rather different from those of the tinnitus sample.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

A method for counting active sites of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.

A method has been developed for counting active sites of cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase. Known concentrations of a synthetic peptide similar to a fragment of the endogenous inhibitor of the kinase were included in otherwise routine assay mixes containing several different volumes of enzyme stock solution. The concentration of active sites of the catalytic subunit of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in the stock solution was then determined by fitting observed velocities to an equation that accounts for the presence of a tight-binding inhibitor. The method yielded estimates of catalytic subunit concentration comparable with those derived from more traditional measures of catalytic subunit concentration. Both purified and heterogeneous samples were assayed, since active-sites counting assumes only a mutually specific, high-affinity interaction between enzyme and inhibitor and does not require that samples be pure. In principle, the method can be adapted to other protein kinases for which a specific, tight-binding, reversible inhibitor is available.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Effect of amount and ruminal degradability of soybean meal protein on performance of lactating dairy cows.

Twenty-eight Holstein cows (4 with ruminal cannulas) were blocked by days in milk into 7 groups and then randomly assigned to 1 of 7 balanced 4 x 4 Latin square diet sequences. The diets contained [dry matter (DM) basis] 20% alfalfa silage, 35% corn silage, and 45% concentrate mainly from high-moisture corn and soybean meal. Diets differed in crude protein (CP) content and source of protein supplement: diet A) 15.6% CP, 3.7% solvent-extracted soybean meal (SSBM), 4.5% expeller soybean meal (ESBM); diet B) 16.6% CP, 9.6% SSBM, 0% ESBM; diet C) 16.6% CP, 4.6% SSBM, 5.9% ESBM; and diet D) 17.6% CP, 11.7% SSBM, 0% ESBM. Each experimental period consisted of 14 d for adaptation plus 14 d for collection of production data. Sampling of ruminal digesta and spot sampling of blood, feces, and urine was done on d 26 and 27 of each period. Planned contrasts compared included diet A vs. diet B, diet B vs. diet C, and diet B vs. diet D. There were no effects of diet on most of the production traits measured. However, milk yield tended to be higher for diet B vs. A. Trends were also detected for higher DM intake and weight gain and lower milk yield/DM intake in cows fed diet D vs. diet B. Milk lactose content was higher on diets A and C than on B. Ruminal NH3 was higher on diet D vs. B, but other ruminal metabolites, apparent nutrient digestibility, and estimated bacterial CP synthesis did not differ across diets. Blood and milk urea-N were higher on diets C and D than on B; milk urea-N was higher on diet B than on A. Increasing dietary CP from 16.6% (diet B) to 17.6% (diet D) increased urinary N excretion by 54 g/d and reduced apparent N efficiency (milk N/N intake) by 2.5 percentage units, without altering yield. Under the conditions of this trial, milk production was not improved by feeding rumen-undegraded protein from ESBM or greater amounts of rumen-degraded protein from SSBM. Feeding more than 16.6% CP depressed N efficiency.

Allantoin↗
PubMed2003

PsyScript: a Macintosh application for scripting experiments.

PsyScript is a scriptable application allowing users to describe experiments in Apple's compiled high-level object-oriented AppleScript language, while still supporting millisecond or better within-trial event timing (delays can be in milliseconds or refresh-based, and PsyScript can wait on external I/O, such as eye movement fixations). Because AppleScript is object oriented and system-wide, PsyScript experiments support complex branching, code reuse, and integration with other applications. Included AppleScript-based libraries support file handling and stimulus randomization and sampling, as well as more specialized tasks, such as adaptive testing. Advanced features include support for the BBox serial port button box, as well as a low-cost USB-based digital I/O card for millisecond timing, recording of any number and types of responses within a trial, novel responses, such as graphics tablet drawing, and use of the Macintosh sound facilities to provide an accurate voice key, saving voice responses to disk, scriptable image creation, support for flicker-free animation, and gaze-dependent masking. The application is open source, allowing researchers to enhance the feature set and verify internal functions. Both the application and the source are available for free download at www.maccs.mq.edu.au/-tim/psyscript/.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of two root canal preparation and obturation methods: the Mc Spadden method and the use of ProFile-Thermafil].

BACKGROUND: In endodontic field different instruments and techniques have been suggested for the preparation and filling or radicular bent canals. The purpose of this study is to compare two different cleaning and canal filling methods: preparation and filling technique, according to Mc Spadden's method, instrument technique and the closing of the canal system according to ProFile-Thermafil method. METHODS: In this study ten molars divided into two groups of five elements each were used. The five molars of the first group were prepared according to the "crown-down" technique with nickel-titanium instruments by NT Engine Files Quantec 2000 series. The 18 canals found out in the five molars have been filled with Pac Mac and gutta-percha preheated. The five molars of the second group have 17 radicular canals which, firstly, have been cleaned with ProFile .04 and .06 taper fitted to a manipulator at 220 revolutions per minute and then filled by Thermafil n. 30 with plastic carrier. All ten molars were X-rayed first, during and after the treatment. All teeth were soaked into polymerised resin, dissected into three different points and observed through Optical Microscope. RESULTS: Both cleaning techniques succeed in being efficient in bent canals. The instruments made by Mc Spadden highlight a greater preservation of canal dentine than the ProFile. In samples of the first group there is an excellent adaptation of multiphase gutta-percha to the canal walls and a correct relationship between the filling material and the apical foramen. In filling with Thermafil the adaptation of gutta-percha inside the radicular canal shows outstanding differences in relation to sections taken into account. Actually, while in portion of the crown the filling can be considered satisfactory towards the canal walls, in apical sections there is a decrease in the quantity of gutta-percha step by step, while a contact of plastic carrier with dentine walls is highlighted. CONCLUSIONS: Wheter in the shaping or in the canal filling phase, the two methods are efficient and conservative towards dental structure at the same time. These methods, have an outstanding reduction in dental weakening and in times of the endodontic treatment performance.

Dental Instruments↗
PubMed2000

[Longitudinal research in aging populations: participation and the quality of data collected with questionnaires].

In this article methods are discussed which may keep participation in a longitudinal study among elderly persons high, for example adaptation of the interviews and proxy interviews. The LASA sample is described from the start in 1992 until now. The non-response is evaluated and we found that refusals are particularly important in the first part of the longitudinal traject. Also data quality is studied in relation to the aging of the respondents. Although there are theoretical reasons to expect that aging may impair data quality, no support for this hypothesis was found in the present study. Data quality was stable during a period of six years. But data quality seemed poorer for those respondents who dropped out from the study. Item non-response and duration of the interview were higher for drop-outs.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Hypothermia and the 5-HT syndrome induced by CGS 12066B independently of 5-HT(1B) receptor activation.

The effects of CGS 12066B (3-14mg/kg), a putative 5-HT(1B) agonist, on 5-HT behavioral syndrome, motor activity and body temperature, were investigated in rats. The animals were well adapted to the experimental conditions before testing, and data sampling started at the same hour for each rat. The highest dose of CGS 12066B clearly reduced body temperature and induced flat body posture and hindlimb abduction. No significant change was seen in motor activity. The CGS 12066B-induced changes were not antagonized by 5-HT(1B) receptor antagonists, or antagonists at other 5-HT receptor. In fact, the 5-HT(1A) antagonist NAN-190 and especially the non-selective 5-HT antagonist methiothepin, with definite 5-HT(1B) receptor blocking properties, both potentiated the decrease in body temperature. The findings suggest that the behavioral and body temperature effects of CGS 12066B are not easily explained by 5-HT(1B) receptor stimulation, but may be mediated by activation of non-serotonergic mechanisms. Similar conclusions in studies with other 5-HT(1B) agonists suggest a common problem with such drugs.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A gene mutation.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of factor V Leiden (FVL) and prothrombin gene (PG) 20210A mutations in patients who attended the outpatient clinic and do not have a family history of thrombosis. METHODS: We researched FVL and PG20210A mutations in 151 outpatients (92 males and 59 females) who attended the Pediatrics Polyclinic, Medical Faculty, Dicle University, Turkey between May 2002 and July 2002. Peripheral venous bloods (2 cc) with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid were used to isolate DNA by high pure polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Later, by using light-cycler FVL (Roche) and prothrombin mutation detection kit (Roche) and light-cycler equipment, FVL and PG20210A gene mutations were determined from the samples in the glass capillary tubes by PCR specific adaptation. For active protein C (APC) resistance, STA-STACLOT APC-R Detection Kit was used. Expected values were evaluated with STA equipment and using STA-STACLOT APC-R procedure. RESULTS: The prevalence of heterozygote mutations of FVL was 4.6% and PG20210A was 0.7%. The FVL mutation frequency obtained in our study is lower than the other studies in Turkey, but in correlation with the results of the other Caucasian populations throughout the world. Active protein C resistance in patients carrying heterozygote mutation of FVL has been found in low rates. Factor V Leiden and PG20210A were confronted in high prevalences in patients who suffer venous thrombosis (VT) CONCLUSION: Scanning of FVL and PG20210A gene mutations may be recommended in high risk groups such as relatives of FVL and PG20210A carriers and relatives of patients with VT, and in during pregnancy, the use of oral contraceptives and before surgery. Routine scanning of FVL and PG20210A gene mutations is not recommended in people who do not have risk factors for VT.

Factor V↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Cambridge Depersonalisation Scale].

INTRODUCTION: The Cambridge Depersonalisation Scale (CDS) is a self-rating questionnaire constructed to capture the frequency and duration of depersonalization symptoms over the last six months. The instrument has proved to be valid and reliable and can be useful in both clinical and neurobiological research. METHODS: This paper presents the Spanish adaptation and validation of the CDS. The study was carried out in two stages. First, we developed the Spanish version of the CDS by means of a cross-cultural adaptation methodology. Second, the CDS was tried on a sample of 130 subjects: 77 patients meeting DSM-IV-TR criteria for schizophrenia, 35 with depression disorders and 18 with anxiety disorders. Scores were compared against clinical diagnoses (gold standard). Furthermore, all the subjects of the study were administered the following: Dissociation Experiences Scale (DES), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS). RESULTS: 38 patients (29.2 %) had depersonalization symptoms. The scale showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha > 0.9 and split-half reliability > 0.8) and a test-retest reliability of 0.391. Convergent validity was 0.65 (p < 0.001) and discriminant validity was 0.308 (p < 0.05). The area under the ROC curve was 0.94. A cut-off of 71 appears to be most useful (sensitivity and specificity were 76.3 % and 89.1 %, respectively). CONCLUSION: The Spanish version of the CDS has good reliability and validity, similar to the original instrument.

Adolescent↗