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PubMedDate not supplied

Cultural analysis of communication behaviors among juveniles in a correctional facility.

This study addressed communication behaviors of female juvenile delinquents in a correctional facility. Qualitative methodology was used to study 78 participants ranging in age from 13.1 to 18.9 (years; months), over a five-month period. Data collection consisted of observations, participant observation, interviews, and a review of documents. Additionally, participants were tested on the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-3. Listening and following rules, utterance types, topics of conversion, politeness, and conversational management emerged as themes. Findings indicated that as many as 22% of participants were potential candidates for language services. Implications for speech-language pathologists (SLPs) providing communication services will be provided.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Anger expression and essential hypertension: behavioral response to confrontation.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the range of anger-expressive behaviors and social competencies among essential hypertensive patients. METHODS: Behavioral reactions to both neutral and anger-evoking role-play interactions were measured in 26 hypertensive and 15 normotensive patients. Social behaviors were assessed using self-report measures of anger expression, assertiveness, self- and other-ratings of social competence and behavioral measures of anger expression observed during role-play interactions. RESULTS: Hypertensive patients showed less eye contact, used fewer positive assertive statements and were rated as being less assertive during confrontational role-play scenarios than normotensive controls. Hypertensive patients also exhibited higher pulse pressure reactions to confrontation than normotensives, particularly hypertensive patients who expressed anger overtly. CONCLUSION: Essential hypertension is associated with specific social skill deficits that are only apparent during the assertive expression of anger.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Speech rate as a sticky switch: a multiple lesion case analysis of mutism and hyperlalia.

Though it has long been known on the basis of clinical associations and serendipitous observation that speech rate is related to mood and psychomotor baseline, it is less known that speech rate is also related to libido and to immune function. We make the case for a bipolar phenomenon of "psychic tonus," encompassing all these dimensions. The elated, agitated, libidinal, immunofacilitated, and talkative pole is an "approach" disposition primarily activated by the normal left hemisphere-especially, though not exclusively, its frontal lobe. The dejected, lethargic, delibidinized, immunosuppressed, and mute pole is an "avoidance" disposition primarily activated by the normal right hemisphere-especially, though not exclusively, its frontal lobe. In support of this proposed model, we present new evidence, via meta-analysis of previously published single lesion case reports, of a highly significant association between right hemisphere lesions and non-aphasic hyperlalia, and between left hemisphere lesions and non-aphasic mutism.

Affect↗
PubMed2003

Males and females scan maps similarly, but give directions differently.

After studying routes on a map, females tend to give directions that feature landmarks and left/right turns, whereas males include more cardinal and distance information. It is plausible this difference results from disparate attention to these features during exploration of a map. In the present study, 22 males and 22 females learned routes on a map while their eye movements were monitored, and then gave written directions between different locations. Consistent with earlier research, males made more references to NSEW when giving directions, whereas females referred mainly to left/right turns and landmarks along each route. However, these reporting biases were not related to differences in how the groups explored the maps, as females did not spend more time looking at landmarks, nor did either group spend more time looking at Euclidean cues. Thus, despite sexually dimorphic route descriptions, there was not dimorphic exploration or attention to the salient features.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Cognitive functions in classic phenylketonuria and mild hyperphenylalaninaemia: experience in a paediatric population.

A study of 37 individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU; 17 females and 20 males, mean age 9y 9mo (standard deviation [SD] 5y 3mo), range 2y 8mo to 19y 4mo; and 35 individuals with hyperphenylalaninaemia (HPA; 20 females, 15 males, mean age 7y 10mo [SD 3y 2mo], range 2y 8mo to 17y 3mo) compared with 29 healthy controls (14 females and 15 males, mean age 9y 8mo [SD 4y 9mo], range 2y 6mo to 18y 10mo) was performed. The aim was to assess cognitive function in persons with HPA and to investigate the relation between cognitive function in PKU and the metabolic control of patients. A wide variety of neuropsychological tests was employed. Those with PKU showed lower values in intelligence and in visuo-spatial, fine motor, executive, and attention functions when compared with a control population. Plasma phenylalanine values from the first 6 years of life were negatively associated with intelligence and other cognitive functions. Executive function scores were significantly lower when comparing HPA patients with the control group. It was concluded that individuals with PKU under dietary treatment may present slightly decreased cognitive function scores when compared with control individuals, while those with HPA have scores mostly similar to those of controls, except for executive function tests. Good metabolic control of PKU seems necessary to prevent cognitive function impairments, especially during the first 6 years of life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Maternal speech to three-month-old infants in the United States and Japan.

An American-Japanese comparison of maternal speech to 3-month-old infants is presented. Mother-infant dyads were videotaped in the laboratory, and the maternal speech was analysed by function and syntactic form. US mothers were more information-oriented than were Japanese mothers; they also used more question forms, especially yes/no questions. Japanese mothers were affect-oriented, and they used more nonsense, onomatopoeic sounds, baby talk, and babies' names. The differences between countries in maternal speech addressed to 3-month-olds appear to reflect characteristic culture-specific communicative styles as well as beliefs and values related to childrearing.

Affect↗
PubMed1989

Language use in intergroup contexts: the linguistic intergroup bias.

Three experiments examine how the type of language used to describe in-group and out-group behaviors contributes to the transmission and persistence of social stereotypes. Two experiments tested the hypothesis that people encode and communicate desirable in-group and undesirable out-group behaviors more abstractly than undesirable in-group and desirable out-group behaviors. Experiment 1 provided strong support for this hypothesis using a fixed-response scale format controlling for the level of abstractness developed from Semin and Fiedler's (1988a) linguistic category model. Experiment 2 yielded the same results with a free-response format. Experiment 3 demonstrated the important role that abstract versus concrete communication plays in the perpetuation of stereotypes. The implications of these findings and the use of the linguistic category model are discussed for the examination of the self-perpetuating cycle of stereotypes in communication processes.

Aggression↗
PubMed1997

Motivated language use in intergroup contexts: need-for-closure effects on the linguistic intergroup bias.

Two experiments examined the impact of the motivation for cognitive closure on the abstractness of linguistic communications in intergroup contexts. Participants described positive and negative behaviors attributed to either an in-group or an out-group member. Individuals high (vs. low) in need for closure exhibited greater linguistic abstraction when describing positive behaviors of in-group members and negative behaviors of out-group members. These differences disappeared for descriptions of negative behaviors of out-group members. The discussion relates these results to the interface of motivation, language, and social cognition.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Conceptual pacts and lexical choice in conversation.

When people in conversation refer repeatedly to the same object, they come to use the same terms. This phenomenon, called lexical entrainment, has several possible explanations. Ahistorical accounts appeal only to the informativeness and availability of terms and to the current salience of the object's features. Historical accounts appeal in addition to the recency and frequency of past references and to partner-specific conceptualizations of the object that people achieve interactively. Evidence from 3 experiments favors a historical account and suggests that when speakers refer to an object, they are proposing a conceptualization of it, a proposal their addresses may or may not agree to. Once they do establish a shared conceptualization, a conceptual pact, they appeal to it in later references even when they could use simpler references. Over time, speakers simplify conceptual pacts and, when necessary, abandon them for new conceptualizations.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed2005

Context effects on lexical choice and lexical activation.

Speakers are regularly confronted with the choice among lexical alternatives when referring to objects, including basic-level names (e.g., car) and subordinate-level names (e.g., Beetle). Which of these names is eventually selected often depends on contextual factors. The present article reports a series of picture-word interference experiments that explored how the designated target name (basic level vs. subordinate level) and contextual constraints rendering the name alternative either appropriate or inappropriate affect lexical activation and lexical choice. The experimental data demonstrate clear context effects on the eventual lexical choice. However, they also show that alternative nonselected object names are phonologically activated, even if a constraining context makes these alternative names currently inappropriate.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed1990

Direct caregiver intervention in infant peer social encounters.

The extent and nature of direct caregiver intervention in peer social encounters among 12 infants were studied in a day care setting. Interventions were common, with almost half of them solicited by the infants; they tended to concentrate on problematic exchanges and to ignore positive ones; and they appeared to be aimed at fairness and the shaping of acceptable peer behavior. Implications for models of peer social development, for the interdependency of infant-peer and infant-caregiver systems, and for day care are discussed.

Child Day Care Centers↗