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PubMed2005

Enhancing the electron transfer capacity and subsequent color removal in bioreactors by applying thermophilic anaerobic treatment and redox mediators.

The effect of temperature, hydraulic retention time (HRT) and the redox mediator anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS), on electron transfer and subsequent color removal from textile wastewater was assessed in mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic bioreactors. The results clearly show that compared with mesophilic anaerobic treatment, thermophilic treatment at 55 degrees C is an effective approach for increasing the electron transfer capacity in bioreactors, and thus improving the decolorization rates. Furthermore, similar color removals were found at 55 degrees C between the AQDS-free and AQDS-supplemented reactors, whereas a significant difference (up to 3.6-fold) on decolorization rates occurred at 30 degrees C. For instance, at an HRT of 2.5 h and in the absence of AQDS, the color removal was 5.3-fold higher at 55 degrees C compared with 30 degrees C. The impact of a mix of mediators with different redox potentials on the decolorization rate was investigated with both industrial textile wastewater and the azo dye Reactive Red 2 (RR2). Color removal of RR2 in the presence of anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQS) (standard redox potential E(0)' of -225 mV) was 3.8-fold and 2.3-fold higher at 30 degrees C and 55 degrees C, respectively, than the values found in the absence of AQS. Furthermore, when the mediators 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) (E(0)' of +280 mV), and AQS were incubated together, there was no improvement on the decolorization rates compared with the bottles solely supplemented with AQS. Results imply that the use of mixed redox mediators with positive and negative E(0)' under anaerobic conditions is not an efficient approach to improve color removal in textile wastewaters.

Azo Compounds↗
PubMed2005

Comparative toxicity of effluents processed by different treatments in V79 fibroblasts and the algae Selenastrum capricornutum.

The efficacy of ozonation and of photocatalysis processing in the treatment of pulp mill ECF (elementary chlorine free) bleaching and textile effluents was evaluated by determining total organic carbon reduction (TOC) and the toxicity. The chronic toxicity of the effluents was evaluated by the ability to inhibit the growth of algae Selenastrum capricornutum. Cultured hamster V79 fibroblasts were used to assess the cytotoxicity of effluents submitted to different detoxification processes. Two endpoints were measured in V79 cells: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-biphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction and neutral red uptake (NRU). Both treatment processes were able to reduce the TOC, although ozonization was less effective for pulp mill ECF bleaching. The pulp mill ECF bleaching and textile effluents reduced the growth of S. capricornutum by 39% and 27%, respectively. However, at the highest concentration tested, the textile effluents treated by photochemical process for 60 min showed increased cytotoxicity in V79 cells compared to the untreated effluent when assessed by the NRU and MTT reduction assays (increases of 30% and 40%, respectively). Pulp mill ECF bleaching effluent treated by ozonization had a similar cytotoxicity to that of untreated effluent in the NRU assay. In contrast, the MTT reduction assay indicated that effluents treated with ozone were around 20% more cytotoxic than untreated effluents. These results show that cultured fibroblasts may be useful for studying cellular responses to pollutants and may be included in tests to monitor the efficiency of effluent detoxification processes.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

In situ fluorimetry: a powerful non-invasive diagnostic technique for natural dyes used in artefacts Part I. Spectral characterization of orcein in solution, on silk and wool laboratory-standards and a fragment of Renaissance tapestry.

In this paper the potentialities of spectrophotometric and fluorimetric techniques for identifying the materials used in artistic textiles are investigated. A portable non-destructive instrument suitable to record fluorescence spectra on surfaces was set up and successfully experienced. A naturally occurring dye, orcein, which was widely used in antiquity for textile dyeing, has been spectrally characterized in both solution and powder. Laboratory samples of wool and silk orcein-dyed threads were analysed before and after ageing. An original fragment of Renaissance tapestry was also analysed. The textile (wool) and the colourant (orcein) were recognised by comparison with the data from the laboratory samples.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Concerted chemical and microbial degradation of sulfophthalimides formed from sulfophthalocyanine dyes by white-rot fungi.

3- and 4-sulfophthalimide (SPI) have recently been shown to be the major product formed by white-rot fungi upon decolorization of sulfophthalocyanine (SPC) textile dyes. To make use of this metabolic potential in textile wastewater treatment, the fungal breakdown products should be degradable by activated sludge. Here,the aerobic degradation of SPI was studied in die-away tests, and biodegradation intermediates and degradation products were analyzed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. The degradation of SPI is initiated by a chemical hydrolysis to sulfophthalamic acid (SPAA) with half-lives of 8 and 40 h at pH 6.5 for 4- and 3-SPI, respectively. Then, 4-SPAA can be mineralized by aerobic mixed cultures, while 3-SPAA remained stable throughout the experiment (35 d). Analogously, the potential intermediate in 4-SPAA degradation, the 4-sulfophthalic acid, but not its 3-isomer, can be completely mineralized aerobically by mixed cultures. In all chemical and microbialtransformations of these aromatic sulfonates the 4-sulfo-isomer is more reactive than the 3-isomer. The triade of fission of the SPC-system by white-rot fungi to SPI, chemical hydrolysis of SPI to SPAA, and microbial degradation of SPAA offers a pathway to mineralize the major part of the SPC system of textile dyes, whether in a respective effluent treatment system or in the aquatic environment. More general, these results illustrate on a molecular level how white-rot fungi and bacteria may cooperate in mineralizing structurally complex colored substances.

Bacteria, Aerobic↗
PubMed2001

Occupational and environmental risk factors of the myelodysplastic syndromes in the North of France.

Aetiological factors of the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are largely unknown, with the exception of alkylating agents, ionizing radiation and benzene. Some other risk factors have been suggested by the few epidemiological studies reported (solvents, ammonia, exhaust gases, metals, pesticides, alcohol). We performed a case-control study to assess the relationship between occupational or environmental factors and MDS. Two hundred and four patients with newly diagnosed MDS, and 204 sex- and age-matched controls were included. Medical history, demographic data, lifetime exposure and hobbies were obtained. Qualitative and quantitative exposure to chemical and physical hazards were evaluated with the patients and reviewed by a group of experts in occupational exposure. The median age was 70 years and 62% of the patients were men. In univariate analyses, we found relationships between MDS and smoking habits, gardening, occupations such as health professionals, technical and sale representatives, machine operators, agricultural workers, textile workers, qualitative occupational exposures (exposed/non-exposed) to oil, solvents, ammonia, pesticides, fertilizers, cereal dusts, contact with poultry or livestock and infective risk, and lifetime cumulative exposure to solvents, oil, textile dust and infective risk. The main risk factors of MDS determined by multivariate analyses (conditional logistic regression) were, being an agricultural worker [odds ratio (OR) = 3.66; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9-7.0], textile operator (OR = 3.66; 95% CI 1.9-7.9), health professional (OR = 10.0; 95% CI 2.1-48.7), commercial and technical sale representative (OR = 4.45; 95% CI 1.4-14.6), machine operator (OR = 2.69; 95% CI 1.2-6.0), living next to an industrial plant (OR = 2.45; 95% CI 1.5-4.1), smoking (OR = 1.74; 95% CI 1.1-2.7) and lifetime cumulative exposure to oil (OR = 1.1; 95% CI 1.0-1.2). Further studies should be performed to assess specific exposures more precisely and it would be of interest to develop a map of haematological malignancies according to industrial background.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

In vitro and in vivo determination of the UV protection factor for lightweight cotton and viscose summer fabrics: a preliminary study.

BACKGROUND: One of the most important elements in the prevention of skin cancer is the use of comfortable UV-protective clothing. Owing to their low weight, cotton fabrics, and especially viscose fabrics made from filament yarns, are ideal for summer clothing and in fact enjoy a high degree of acceptance among consumers. Two methods are available for determining the UV protection factor (UPF) of textiles: the in vitro method is based on the spectrophotometric determination of the transmission of UV radiation through these fabrics; the in vivo method is based on the determination of the minimal erythema dose for a test subject with and without textiles. OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to assess the UPF of lightweight cotton and viscose fabrics and whether the use of these two methods to determine the UPF of viscose fabrics and cotton fabrics produces congruent results. METHODS: We tested 7 different viscose fabrics and 7 different cotton fabrics. Three of the viscose fabrics (ENKA SUN) had been specially treated, by depositing pigments in the fibers, to confer UV-protective properties. The determination of the in vitro and in vivo UPF was performed with a spectrophotometer and sun simulator, respectively. RESULTS: The in vivo measurements on the untreated viscose fabrics produced UPF values lower than those obtained from the in vitro measurements. For one of these untreated viscose fabrics, the difference between the in vivo UPF and the in vitro UPF was statistically significant (P <.05). In contrast, the in vivo measurements on the specially treated viscose textiles and on the cotton fabrics resulted in UPF values higher than the in vitro UPF values. For one specially treated viscose fabric and 4 cotton fabrics, this difference was statistically significant (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest, however, that-depending on the type of fabric-determination of the UPF by the in vitro method is not in agreement with the in vivo method. In vivo measurements made with lightweight specially treated UV-protective clothing showed in contrast to the untreated viscose fabrics that these garments offer very good protection against UV radiation. These results underscore the importance of developing and refining such UV-protective materials.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Removal of sulfacid brilliant pink from an aqueous stream by adsorption onto surfactant-modified Ti-pillared montmorillonite.

A modified hydrophobic and organophilic pillared clay (CTAC-TiH-montm) was prepared by exchanging some Ti polymeric cations into the interlamellar space of one Algerian montmorillonite (montm) and then by co-adsorption of some surfactant molecules such as cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC). These new materials were used in adsorption of an anionic textile dye: Sulfacid brilliant pink (SAP). According to adsorption isotherms, the organic modification of Ti-montmorillonite clay by CTAC surfactant increases the amount of textile dye fixed to more than 1000 mg g(-1). The adsorption experiments showed that a ratio of 3 mmol of CTAC per g of clay and an acidic medium (pH = 4) were the optimal parameters necessary to obtain good adsorption uptake and colourless treated solutions. A comparative study proved the high adsorption capacity of the synthesised adsorbents; they can thus be considered as powerful competitors to activated carbon in the treatment of aqueous textile plants and industry effluents.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2006

An integrated model of infection risk in a health-care environment.

Certain respiratory tract infections can be transmitted by hand-to-mucous-membrane contact, inhalation, and/or direct respiratory droplet spray. In a room occupied by a patient with such a transmissible infection, pathogens present on textile and nontextile surfaces, and pathogens present in the air, provide sources of exposure for an attending health-care worker (HCW); in addition, close contact with the patient when the latter coughs allows for droplet spray exposure. We present an integrated model of pertinent source-environment-receptor pathways, and represent physical elements in these pathways as "states" in a discrete-time Markov chain model. We estimate the rates of transfer at various steps in the pathways, and their relationship to the probability that a pathogen in one state has moved to another state by the end of a specified time interval. Given initial pathogen loads on textile and nontextile surfaces and in room air, we use the model to estimate the expected pathogen dose to a HCW's mucous membranes and respiratory tract. In turn, using a nonthreshold infectious dose model, we relate the expected dose to infection risk. The system is illustrated with a hypothetical but plausible scenario involving a viral pathogen emitted via coughing. We also use the model to show that a biocidal finish on textile surfaces has the potential to substantially reduce infection risk via the hand-to-mucous-membrane exposure pathway.

Cough↗
PubMed1997

Cross-sensitizations between azo dyes and para-amino compound. A study of 236 azo-dye-sensitive subjects.

Combined sensitizations to different azo dyes, probably based both on true cross-sensitization and on simultaneous positive reactions, have frequently been described. However, since azo dyes are included in the standard series in a minority of countries, the case studies considered comprise, with few exceptions, a small number of subjects. The aim of our study was to investigate cross-reactions between different azo dyes and para-amino compounds in azo-dye-sensitive subjects, to study the clinical aspects of azo dye dermatitis, to assess the relevance of sensitization to azo dyes, and to relate the pattern of cross-sensitizations to the chemical structure of the different dyes. Out of 6203 consecutively tested patients, 236 were sensitized to at least 1 of 6 azo compounds employed as textile dyes, included in our standard series. 107 subjects reacted to Disperse Orange 3 (DO3), 104 to Disperse Blue 124 (DB124), 76 to p-aminoazobenzene (PAB), 67 to Disperse Red 1 (DR1), 42 to Disperse Yellow 3 (DY3), and 31 to p-dimethylaminoazobenzene (PDAAB). Co-sensitizations to para-phenylenediamine were present in most subjects sensitized to DO3 (66%) and PAAB (75%), in 27% and 36% of DR1 and DY3-sensitive subjects, and only in 16% of subjects sensitized to DB124. Apart from the hands and the face, the neck and the axillae were the most frequently involved skin sites. Whereas the involvement of flexural areas was mainly connected with sensitization to DB124, in patients with hand dermatitis and in those working as hairdressers, sensitization to DO3 and PAAB was more frequent. Moreover, in the former patient group, a history of textile dye allergy was most frequently obtained. Out of 33 patients tested with an additional textile dye series, only 5 subjects reacted to anthraquinone dyes. Cross-sensitizations between azo dyes and para-amino compounds can partially be explained on the basis of structural affinities.

Azo Compounds↗
PubMed1981

First report of byssinosis in Hong Kong.

There has been no report of byssinosis in Hong Kong although the textile industry has been one of the leading industries for many years. Three workers with a long history of exposure to cotton dust had chronic obstructive airways disease precipitated by their work environment. One had irreversible airways obstruction but none had chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or asthma. Only one gave a history of "Monday morning tightness," and this was attributed to the fact that most of the textile workers in Hong Kong work seven days a week. It was suggested that a survey be carried out to ascertain the importance of byssinosis in the textile workers of Hong Kong and tha byssinosis should there be added to the list of notifiable occupational diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Respiratory symptoms and cotton dust exposure; results of a 15 year follow up observation.

AIMS: To determine chronic effects of long term exposure to cotton dust and endotoxin on incidence of respiratory symptoms and the effect of cessation of exposure. METHODS: Respiratory health in 429 Chinese cotton textile workers (study group) and 449 silk textile workers (control group) was followed prospectively from 1981 to 1996. Byssinosis, chest tightness, and non-specific respiratory symptoms were assessed by means of identical standardised questionnaires at four time points. Exposures to cotton dust and endotoxin were estimated using area samples collected at each survey. Incidence and persistence of symptoms were examined in relation to cumulative exposure and exposure cessation using generalised estimating equations (GEE). RESULTS: Among cotton workers, the cumulative incidence of byssinosis and chest tightness was 24% and 23%, respectively, and was significantly more common in smokers than in non-smokers. A high proportion of symptoms was found to be intermittent, rather than persistent. Among silk workers, no typical byssinosis was identified; the incidence of chest tightness was 10%. Chronic bronchitis, cough, and dyspnoea were more common and persistent in the cotton group than in the silk group. Significantly lower odds ratios for symptoms were observed in cotton workers who left the cotton mills; risk was also related to years since last worked. Multivariate analysis indicated a trend for higher cumulative exposure to endotoxin in relation to a higher risk for byssinosis. CONCLUSION: Chronic exposure to cotton dust is related to both work specific and non-specific respiratory symptoms. Byssinosis is more strongly associated with exposure to endotoxin than to dust. Cessation of exposure may improve the respiratory health of cotton textile workers; the improvement appears to increase with time since last exposure.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Production process of a new cellulosic fiber with antimicrobial properties.

The Lyocell process (system: cellulose-water-N-methylmorpholine oxide) of Zimmer AG offers special advantages for the production of cellulose fibers. The process excels by dissolving the most diverse cellulose types as these are optimally adjusted to the process by applying different pretreatment methods. Based on this stable process, Zimmer AG's objective is to impart to the Lyocell fiber additional value to improve quality of life and thus to tap new markets for the product. Thanks to the specific incorporation of seaweed, the process allows to produce cellulose Lyocell fibers with additional and new features. They are activated in a further step - by specific charging with metal ions - in order to obtain antibacterial properties. The favorable textile properties of fibers produced by the Lyocell process are not adversely affected by the incorporation of seaweed material or by activation to obtain an antibacterial fiber so that current textile products can be made from the fibers thus produced. The antibacterial effect is achieved by metal ion activation of the Lyocell fibers with incorporated seaweed, which contrasts with the antibacterial fibers known so far. Antibacterial fibers produced by conventional methods are in part only surface finished with antibacterially active chemicals or else they are produced by incorporating organic substances with antibacterial and fungicidal effects. Being made from cellulose, the antibacterial Lyocell fiber Sea Cell Active as the basis for quality textiles exhibits a special wear comfort compared to synthetic fibers with antibacterial properties and effects. This justifies the conclusion that the Zimmer Lyocell process provides genuine value added and that it is a springboard for further applications.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed2005

Characterization of historic silk by polarized attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for informed conservation.

When assessing historic textiles and considering appropriate conservation, display, and storage strategies, characterizing the physical condition of the textiles is essential. Our work has concentrated on developing nondestructive or micro-destructive methodologies that will permit this. Previously, we have demonstrated a correlation between the physical deterioration of unweighted and "pink" tin (IV) chloride weighted silk and certain measurable spectroscopic and chromatographic signatures, derived from polarized Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy (Pol-ATR) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) microsampling analyses. The application of the Pol-ATR technique to aged silk characterization has now been extended to include a more comprehensive range of weighting methods and aging regimes. This was intended to replicate the full spectrum of states of deterioration observed in silk textiles, from pristine to heavily degraded. Breaking strength was employed as a measure of the physical integrity of the fibers, and, as expected, decreased with aging. An orientational crystallinity parameter, reflecting the microstructural ordering of the fibroin polymer within the fibers, was derived from the Pol-ATR spectra. A good correlation was observed between the breaking strength of the variety of fibers and this parameter. This suggests that the physical state of historic silk fabrics might be adequately characterized for conservation purposes by such indirect micromethodology.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Interior surface materials in the home and the development of bronchial obstruction in young children in Oslo, Norway.

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the role of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics and textile materials in the home in the development of bronchial obstruction during the first 2 years of life. METHODS: The study was a matched pair case-control study based on a cohort of 3754 newborns in Oslo in 1992 and 1993 who were followed up for 2 years. The case group consisted of 251 children with bronchial obstruction; the control group was matched one-to-one for date of birth. RESULTS: In conditional logistic regression analysis, the risk of bronchial obstruction was related to the presence of PVC flooring (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.89; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14, 3.14) and textile wall materials (adjusted OR = 1.58; 95% CI = 0.98, 2.54). The reference category was wood or parquet flooring and painted walls and ceiling. Further analysis revealed an exposure-response relationship between the assessed amount of PVC and other plasticizer-containing surface materials and the risk of bronchial obstruction. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides new evidence of the role of PVC and textile wall materials in the development of bronchial obstruction in young children.

Bronchial Diseases↗
PubMed2006

New approach to environmental tobacco smoke exposure and its relation to reemission processes.

Indoor air quality is one of the factors that determine human well-being and health. Being aware of this fact, it is essential to identify the origin, kind, mechanism, and effects of harmful substances contained in the air. The issue concerning the contents and primary emission of these substances from building materials and interior furnishings is well known. Adverse effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), including exposure of passive smokers, are also very well documented. To the contrary, reports on secondary and indirect emissions, especially those focused on mechanisms by which pollution is "transferred" by materials used in interior furnishings are very rare. Textiles are used in a great variety of ways as functional and decorative materials. These materials in general, and textile floor coverings in particular, are extensively utilized in fitting apartments, public buildings, and transport means. Studies on this aspect of the role played by textile materials in ETS exposure have been only fragmentary documented.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed1997

A study of complaints of fatigue by workers employed in Vietnamese factories with newly imported technology.

The aim was to study the actual situation of subjective fatigue among the Vietnamese workers in factories with newly imported technology. A cross-sectional study concerning working conditions and the fatigue complaints of 389 workers who are employed in 10 Vietnamese factories with newly imported technology, was conducted from August to September 1994. About 60% of the workers were satisfied with their current working conditions. Regarding occupational risks at the workplace, heat, dust and noise were identified as the three most dangerous risks. About 46% of the workers complained about the incompatibility of the machines and equipment they were using, which are too large for Vietnamese workers. One third of all workers felt that the work pace is too rapid. Seventeen percent of the workers considered their working conditions monotonous. Finally, among 150 female workers under 40 years old, 45 workers (30.0%) complained of irregularity of menstruation. Generally these problems were more common among workers in textile factories. The prevalence rate of subjective fatigue complaints was significantly increased after work in all 30 items. The fatigue level were substantially high among workers in textile factories. Female workers in this sector had a high prevalence rate of irregularity of menstruation. There were many problems observed in the Vietnamese factories with newly imported technology. Special consideration is required to improve the working conditions of female workers in the textile industry. Both the Vietnamese government and donor countries have to give special attention to the transfer of worker-friendly technology to Vietnam, in order to achieve sound economic development.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Optimal operation for timely adaptation of activated sludge plants to changes in the surfactant composition of wastewater.

The composition of a textile industry wastewater is highly variable, as the industrial process has to follow fashion and season trends. Surfactants represent one of the largest COD fractions in a typical textile wastewater. Therefore, it was the aim of this paper to model the acclimatisation behaviour of an activated sludge system when subjected to composition variations in the surfactant containing feed. The model was based on data obtained in SBR experiments in which a linear alkyl ethoxylate as sole carbon source in the feed was replaced by another with a longer ethoxylate chain. A previously developed model (Fractionated Degradation Model) was applied to each of the 21 SBR cycles carried out in this study. The resulting best-fit parameters were investigated and sub-models were further developed, to create an acclimatisation model, able to predict the sludge acclimatisation level. Using the information given by this model, it was possible to propose an optimal operation scheme to pre-acclimatise the sludge before a surfactant replacement is made in the textile process. A cost analysis was carried out to compare different scenarios, with and without the application of this operation scheme. It was concluded that the proposed pre-acclimatisation process may be cost effective as compared to other scenarios if a cheap surfactant-containing product was employed.

Calibration↗
PubMed2002

Sensitization to disperse dyes in a patch test population over a five-year period.

BACKGROUND: In spite of sporadic data pointing at the role of textile dyes as important contact allergens, only few studies have addressed the issue of the frequency of sensitization to textile dyes in populations of consecutive patients. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of sensitization to disperse dyes, to investigate cross reactivity between azo dyes and para-amino compounds, to describe azo-dye-positive patients, and to study the correlation between clinical aspects and sensitization to different disperse dyes. METHODS: From January 1996 to December 2000, 6,478 consecutive patients were tested with 7 textile dyes: Disperse Blue 124, Disperse Blue 106, Disperse Red 1, Disperse Yellow 3, Disperse Orange 3 (DO3), para-aminoazobenzene (PAAB), and para-dimethylaminoazobenzene (PDAAB). RESULTS: Of the above, 437 patients were allergic. The most common sensitizers were Disperse Blue (DB) dyes and Disperse Orange 3. Both the clinical aspect and the localization of the lesions were unusual in a fair percentage of cases, especially in DB-positive subjects. Involvement of skin folds was observed in 27% of disperse dye-positive patients, mainly comprising DB-sensitive women. Cross-reactivity between azo-dyes and paraphenylenediamine (PPD) was frequent in DO3-, PAAB-, and PDAAB-positive subjects, but not in DB-allergic ones. Moreover, cross reactions between DB106 and DB124 were observed in 59% of DB106- and/or DB124-positive patients. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of disperse dye allergy is higher than generally estimated. Further studies, using routine diagnostic testing with disperse dyes, are needed to investigate whether this increasing trend is present outside of Europe.

Adult↗