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At least 1,603 records · Page 89Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

State of the translational science: summary of Baltimore workshop on gene re-expression as a therapeutic target in cancer January 2003.

A workshop was held in Baltimore, Maryland in January 2003 to discuss translational aspects of cancer therapies targeted at impacting aberrant gene transcription due to epigenetic changes. The mission of the meeting was the development of strategies for scientifically sound, clinically feasible applications targeting epigenetics in cancer therapy. Sessions included preclinical discussions of DNA methylation, the histone code, chromatin remodeling, and transcriptional control. Data on the histone deacetylase and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors under preclinical and clinical investigation were presented and discussed. The optimal correlative laboratory studies for monitoring clinical trials with these agents remain controversial. DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors will be combined with each other to maximally re-express genes silenced through promoter methylation. Other classes of agents that may be rationally combined with these classes of drugs include retinoids, steroid hormones, and cytotoxic drugs.

Acetylation↗
PubMed1999

National treatment systems in global perspective.

Drug policy development is mostly viewed as emerging within the nation state. Processes of diffusion of innovative policies have been neglected to a large extent. The comparative study of public policy has demonstrated, however, that diffusion is an important predictor of early policy adaptation. Thus, the analysis asks the general question of the relative importance of endogenous and exogenous effects on the development of drug policies in various countries. Specifically it describes the Swiss debate leading to the popular initiative on 'Youth Without Drugs' as well as the international reactions regarding its liberal outcome. Results of an expert survey show two broad types of reactions. There is one set of countries where chances for the introduction of limited heroin-prescription trials during the next 5 years are considered probable and a second set of countries which seems to be strictly status quo oriented. In the concluding section a model is suggested which systematically considers endogenous as well as exogenous predictors of 'soft' or 'hard' drug policy adoption. Results of a first tentative test of the model are encouraging for future empirical research on diffusion processes of drug policies.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2006

Genomics and public health in the United States: signposts on the translation highway.

Successful completion of the Human Genome Project has raised public expectations that research findings will translate quickly into health benefits; however, the gap between biomedical research and clinical and public health application seems wider than ever. Public health scientists now have the opportunity to help create a broad concept of research translation that integrates genomic information into policies, programs and services benefiting the whole population. Important 'signposts' along the translation highway include conducting population-based research in genomics, developing evidence on the clinical and public health value of genomic information, and integrating genomics into health practice.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Recombinant proteins in newly developed foods: identification of allergenic activity.

A number of agricultural crops are being modified for various purposes using recombinant DNA technology. Since transferred genes may code for proteins that are ordinarily not present, there is concern about the potential allergenicity of these new varieties. The safety evaluation of transgenic foods is relatively easy when the allergenicity of the gene source is known. Recombinant allergens in genetically engineered or altered foods can be identified using traditional immunological assays such as RAST or ELISA inhibition or immunoblotting procedures. Our recent studies of two corn proteins (10 kD and HSZ) used to alter grain amino acid composition and of transgenic soybeans with an altered fatty acid profile are examples of this approach. Both 10 kD and HSZ did not bind IgE antibodies from sera of corn-reactive subjects by immunoblotting. Studies of wild-type and transgenic soybeans with high oleic acidic content by RAST inhibition and immunoblotting with pooled sera of soy-allergic individuals demonstrated no difference in the allergen content of both extracts. In contrast to these studies, a recent investigation by Nordlee et al. (1996) of transgenic soybeans which expressed a methionine/cysteine-rich protein from Brazil nuts identified this protein as a major Brazil nut allergen. These studies indicate that, when the gene source is from a known allergen or if the recipient contains allergens, it is possible to determine whether the allergen content of the transgenic line is altered relative to the nontransgenic varieties.

Allergens↗
PubMed2001

Gene therapy for cardiovascular disease: a case for cautious optimism.

There is currently intense interest in the development of gene therapy for cardiovascular disease. The stimulation of therapeutic angiogenesis for ischemic heart disease has been one of the areas of greatest promise. Encouraging results have been obtained with the angiogenic cytokines vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor in animal models, leading to clinical trials in ischemic heart disease. VEGF also has therapeutic potential in a second area of cardiovascular gene therapy, the enhancement of arterioprotective endothelial functions to prevent postangioplasty restenosis and bypass graft arteriopathy. The endothelial cell growth and survival functions of VEGF promote endothelial regeneration, whereas VEGF-induced endothelial production of NO and prostacyclin inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia may also be achieved by gene transfer of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), PGI synthase, or cell cycle regulators (retinoblastoma, cyclin or cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p53, growth arrest homeobox gene, fas ligand) or antisense oligonucleotides to c-myb, c-myc, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappaB and E2F. An improved understanding of etiologically complex pathologies involving the interplay of genes and the environment, such as atherosclerosis and systemic hypertension, has led to the identification of new targets for gene therapy, with the potential to alleviate inherited genetic defects such as familial hypercholesterolemia. The use of vasodilator gene overexpression and antisense knockdown of vasoconstrictors to reduce blood pressure in animal models of systemic and pulmonary hypertension offers the prospect of gene therapy for human hypertensive disease. The renin-angiotensin system has been the target of choice for antihypertensive strategies because of its wide distribution and additional effects on fibrinolytic and oxidative stress pathways. Gene therapy in cardiovascular disease has an exciting future but remains at an early stage. Further developments in gene transfer vector technology and the identification of additional target genes will be required before its full therapeutic potential can be realized.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Virtual reality (VR) and psychotherapy: opportunities and challenges.

Virtual reality technology is now being used to provide exposure and desensitization for a number of phobic conditions. In this paper, we first review these current applications and discuss the work needed to refine and expand these applications to phobias. We then comment briefly on some preliminary applications of VR technology to mental-health problems outside the domain of phobias. Finally, we consider ways in which VR might be used to further enhance psychotherapy and assist in the treatment of a wide variety of disorders. Various possible interventions are discussed, along with the technological developments needed to make them possible.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Osteoporosis services in secondary care: a UK survey.

A 1994 survey indicated that only 13 health authorities in the UK were purchasing access to dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), the most accurate measure of osteoporosis risk. By 1998 the number of centres (including private facilities providing DXA) was 161. All these were sent a questionnaire concerning their activities. 124 (77%) responded, and the survey found that DXA machines operate, on average, for only 3.6 days a week. Funding of and access to diagnostic services for osteoporosis varies greatly. There is clear scope for greater efficiency in the use of existing DXA machines and more equitable access to diagnostic services is required for effective management of osteoporosis.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1991

Waste management for Space Station Freedom.

Because of the tremendous task of designing, testing, building and maintaining the waste systems for Space Station Freedom, different methods of managing these systems are now being developed. This paper summarizes some of those methods. The first task for the design engineer is to develop systems and hardware to handle waste in the special conditions of the space station. Different closed and open loop systems, along with the development of new hardware in these loops, are being tested to meet this task. Some of the new hardware to be discussed are water and air monitors, hazardous material handling, and plumbing hardware such as commodes, showers and clothes washers. The second task is to develop methods to manage the process of developing these systems. Some of the areas to manage are testing information, materials, facilities, people, budgets, time, safety, legal responsibilities and testing standards. The last task is to incorporate the new technologies for other areas besides space stations. Other areas would include long-duration space missions, lunar stations and other non-space applications.

Ecological Systems, Closed↗
PubMed1998

Impact of IT on health care professionals: changes in work and the productivity paradox.

Health care organizations are under increasing pressure to become more efficient while at the same time maintaining or improving the quality of care. Information technology (IT), with its potential to increase efficiency, accuracy and accessibility of information, has been expected to play an important role in supporting these changes. We report the impact of patient care information systems on health care professionals in five community hospitals. The study framework incorporated both quality of care in Donabedian's elements of structure-process-outcome and Grusec's three levels of IT impact: direct substitution, proceduralization and new capabilities. The study results suggest that, for specific tasks, IT increased efficiency and productivity--a single employee was able to complete more tasks. However, this produced other consequences not predicted. Participants noted this change did not 'free up time' to spend with patients, but meant there were potentially more opportunities to provide services and more tasks to complete. Other effects included: reduced job satisfaction as more time was spent on the computer; less frequent interactions with patients and for shorter duration; and an increasingly 'visible' accountability as performance was easily monitored. There were also changes in roles and responsibilities as the computer enabled tasks to be carried out from a number of locations and by a variety of personnel. When innovations are introduced into organizations there are both expected and unexpected consequences. Increased awareness of the interactive relationship between computer users and the technology helps organizations better understand why results do, or do not, occur. One must look beyond just simply increasing productivity by replacing manual tasks with automated ones, to examining how the changes influence the nature of work and relationships within the organization.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1997

The introduction of ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring for the diagnosis and management of myocardial ischemia.

We report on the introduction of a new technology and a new method for the management of chronic coronary artery disease into a managed care environment. The introduction incurred substantial resistance from subspecialty consultants, primary care physicians, and top management. Strategies were developed to overcome these resistances. Modification of the program as well as the development of incentives occurred. These measures continue to evolve. The program, to date, has achieved approximately 50% penetration. The demonstration of better health outcomes and financial savings will almost certainly temper the resistance encountered from all three groups identified.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1999

Collaborative research to prevent HIV among male prison inmates and their female partners.

Despite the need for targeted HIV prevention interventions for prison inmates, institutional and access barriers have impeded development and evaluation of such programs. Over the past 6 years, the authors have developed a unique collaborative relationship to develop and evaluate HIV prevention interventions for prison inmates. The collaboration includes an academic research institution (the Center for AIDS Prevention Studies at the University of California, San Francisco), a community-based organization (Centerforce), and the staff and inmate peer educators inside a state prison. In this ongoing collaboration, the authors have developed and evaluated a series of HIV prevention interventions for prison inmates and for women who visit prison inmates. Results of these studies support the feasibility and effectiveness of HIV prevention programs for inmates and their partners both in prison and in the community. Access and institutional barriers to HIV intervention research in prisons can be overcome through the development of collaborative research partnerships.

Adult↗