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At least 1,603 records · Page 89Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Magical ideation and right-sided hemispatial inattention on a spatial working memory task: influences of sex and handedness.

A correlation between magical ideation scores and the size of relative right-sided hemispatial inattention was previously reported for healthy right-handed men performing a tactile line-bisection task. To re-investigate this relation, a computerized version of Corsi's Block-Tapping Test was used to test working memory. In this version, different numbers of cubes are similtaneously displayed on a screen, and after the cubes disappear the subject is asked to designate the cubes' locations on a grid as quickly as possible. 98 healtly medical students were divided into four groups on the basis of their handedness and sex in the following way: right-handed men, right-handed women, nonright-handed men, and nonright-handed women. Each subject performed the test once with the right hand and once with the left hand. Accuracy and Neglect scores were computed for the two hemispaces separately. Also, all subjects filled in the Magical Ideation Scale which asks for hallucination-like experiences and delusion-like beliefs. In all groups a significant right-sided inattention was found when subjects performed with the right hand. Magical Ideation scores were significantly correlated with Neglect in the right hemispace for the right-handed women when the right hand was used. For the nonright-handed men, when the right hand was used, a significant negative correlation between Magical Ideation scores and Neglect scores in the left hemispace was found. Our findings support the previous study in some aspects and suggest that the correlation between hemispatial inattention and proneness to schizotypy in normal subjects is restricted to right-hand performance.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

P300 stimulus sequence effects in children and adults.

Immediate memory capability for 12 children (8 years) and 12 adults (21 years) was assessed electrophysiologically by using P300 event-related brain potential (ERP) stimulus sequences. These were derived from an auditory discrimination paradigm in which participants detected target stimuli in a series of target (T) and standard (S) tones that were varied by randomly presenting one of four sequence patterns (SSSS, TTTT, TTTS, SSST). Short-term memory capability was assessed behaviorally by recall performance of a 20-word list. Children and adults showed virtually identical P300 amplitude sequence patterns, such that for both groups component size increased systematically as the discrepancy between standard and target stimuli increased across sequence patterns. P300 latency evinced similar, albeit weaker, stimulus sequence effects, with children having longer component peak latencies. Memory recall performance was substantially weaker for the children than for adult participants, especially for recency effects. The findings suggest that immediate memory for stimulus sequences is fully developed in young children, although long-term memory is not.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Disturbance effect of music on processing of verbal and spatial memories.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the disturbance effect of music on performances of memory tasks. Subjects performed a verbal memory task and a spatial memory task in 4 sound conditions, including the presence of vocal music, instrumental music, a natural sound (murmurings of a stream), and no music. 47 undergraduate volunteers were randomly assigned to perform tasks under each condition. Perceived disturbance was highest under the vocal music condition regardless of the type of task. A disturbance in performance by music was observed only with the verbal memory task under the vocal and the instrumental music conditions. These findings were discussed from the perspectives of the working memory hypothesis and the changing state model.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Betel nut chewing and selected psychophysiological variables.

28 male operators of earth movers, with an average age of 30 years, after chewing various quantities of betel not, volunteered to participate in a laboratory study of visual choice-reaction time, digit span, eye-hand coordination, pulse rate, and blood pressure. Analysis of variance identified a statistically significant increase in pulse rate only. Given no significant decrement in scores on any work-related measure discussion concerns the possible use of betel put at the work: place and particularly as an antidore for drivers fatigue. Limitations of the study, implications of the findings, and suggestions for research are discussed.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1998

Feedback and self-efficacy, arousal, and performance of introverts and extraverts.

Research has suggested that introverts and extraverts differ in their responses to performance feedback. The present study examined the effect on introverts and extraverts of a short-term memory task. Subjects (ns = 8) were randomly assigned to one of three feedback conditions: positive, negative, or control. On posttest, introverts performed better than extraverts regardless of feedback condition. These findings suggest that individual differences in introversion-extraversion mediate differences in performance through subjective arousal, namely, state-anxiety.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Relationship between relaxation by guided imagery and performance of working memory.

This study tested the hypothesis that relaxation by guided imagery improves working-memory performance of healthy participants. 30 volunteers (both sexes, ages 17-56 years) were randomly assigned to one of three groups and administered the WAIS-III Letter-Number Sequencing Test before and after 10-min. treatment with guided imagery or popular music. The control group received no treatment. Groups' test scores were not different before treatment. The mean increased after relaxation by guided imagery but not after music or no treatment. This result supports the hypothesis that working-memory scores on the test are enhanced by guided imagery and implies that human information processing may be enhanced by prior relaxation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Effect of relaxation on working memory and the Bispectral Index of the EEG.

Beneficial effects of relaxation on cardiovascular and immune functions and on memory has been implied but an empirical relationship between task performance and anxiety reduction has not been reported. In this study, we investigated whether guided imagery of relatively short duration would decrease S-Anxiety and electroencephalogram Bispectral Index and improve working memory. 42 participants (age: M=39, SD=11, 14 men, 28 women, university students and VA Medical Center employees, recruited by their professor or by fellow employees) underwent relaxation by 16-min. guided imagery or no treatment (control). Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the WAIS-III Letter-Number Sequencing Test were administered before and after relaxation. S-Anxiety and BIS Index decreased and the Letter-Number test score increased by 30% after relaxation but not in the control group. This score was higher for participants with low anxiety and BIS Index. There was no significant difference between the groups before treatment. The results suggest that guided imagery of short duration produces relaxation as measured by psychological and neurophysiological indices and improves working memory performance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Pattern of eyelid motion predictive of decision errors during drowsiness: oculomotor indices of altered states.

Sequential patterns of eye and eyelid motion were identified in seven subjects performing a modified serial probe recognition task under drowsy conditions. Using simultaneous EOG and video recordings, eyelid motion was divided into components above, within, and below the pupil and the durations in sequence were recorded. A serial probe recognition task was modified to allow for distinguishing decision errors from attention errors. Decision errors were found to be more frequent following a downward shift in the gaze angle which the eyelid closing sequence was reduced from a five element to a three element sequence. The velocity of the eyelid moving over the pupil during decision errors was slow in the closing and fast in the reopening phase, while on decision correct trials it was fast in closing and slower in reopening. Due to the high variability of eyelid motion under drowsy conditions these findings were only marginally significant. When a five element blink occurred, the velocity of the lid over pupil motion component of these endogenous eye blinks was significantly faster on decision correct than on decision error trials. Furthermore, the highly variable, long duration closings associated with the decision response produced slow eye movements in the horizontal plane (SEM) which were more frequent and significantly longer in duration on decision error versus decision correct responses.

Blinking↗
PubMed1998

Memory abilities during normal aging.

One hundred and five normal subjects from 20 to 89 years old, and with a minimum of six years of formal education were selected. Subjects were divided into seven age ranges, with 15 subjects in each group. The following tests were individually administered: (1) Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) (Wechsler, 1945); (2) Serial Verbal Learning (Ardila, Rosselli & Puente, 1994; Ardila & Ostrosky, 1991); (3) The Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) (Osterrieth, 1944) (copy, immediate, and delayed reproduction); (4) Corsi's blocks (Milner, 1971) (forwards and backwards); and (5) Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (Wilson, Cockburn, & Baddeley, 1985). This last test may be considered as a functional or ecological memory test. All test scores declined across ages between 4.1% and 76.6%. In all the tests, excepting Digits, standard deviations increased with age. It was observed that the youngest subjects could retain about three-fourths of the information presented, whereas the oldest retained around one-third of this information. About half of the test significantly correlated with the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test. A factor analysis revealed four different factors accounting for 63.3% of the variance. A single nonverbal memory factor accounted for over 40% of the variance.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Speechreading performance evaluated by means of TV and real-life presentation. A comparison between a normally hearing, moderately and profoundly hearing-impaired group.

The present study investigated speechreading performance as a function of TV versus real-life presentation. List length and type of material was also manipulated as well as degree of hearing handicap: normally hearing subjects, moderately impaired subjects and profoundly hearing-impaired subjects. The results showed that type of group and presentation medium interact. The impaired groups perform worst on 4-item lists with TV presentation, while a real life presentation facilitates performance of those groups relative to the normal group. The groups were, on a post hoc basis, divided into one superior and one inferior subgroup. The results of this analysis showed that this skill factor interacts in several ways with type of medium for presentation and type of material, the 4-item list provoking a larger number of interactions than the longer 7-item lists. Hence, it was concluded that the memory factor imposed by longer lists and the skill factor constitute two basic factors that must be taken into account in the evaluation and training of speechreading performance.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Memory disturbance after stroke: frequency and associated losses.

138 patients who survived an acute stroke had their memory assessed at 3 months. As a group these patients had no impairment of digit span when compared with published age-matched normal data. Immediate logical memory (of a story) was poor in 29 per cent, and 14 per cent could not draw a picture immediately after seeing it. Poor memory function was not associated with more severe strokes, but was associated with poor functional ability on everyday tasks. Poor visual recall was associated with lower abilities at ADL, independent of any effect of age. Statistically significant recovery was detected in immediate logical memory and visual recall between 3 and 6 months.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Long-term motor programming improvements occur via concatenation of movement sequences during random but not during blocked practice.

According to S. T. Klapp (1995, 1996), extensive practice serves to induce the concatenation of multiple-element responses. One benefit of the chunking process, argued Klapp, is more efficient execution of motor programming. The authors conducted the present study with 30 participants to investigate that proposition. The chunking process was found to be very transient following some practice regimes. Specifically, compared with exposure to random practice, extensive blocked practice resulted in only temporary movement sequence consolidation. The present results provide support for the claim that random practice not only leads to improvements in the completion of intratrial movement planning processes but also affects the structure of the memory developed during practice. Both components are important contributors to long-term improvements in movement preparation associated with a high contextual-interference practice condition.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2004

Part-whole practice of movement sequences.

A 16-element movement sequence was taught under part-whole and whole-practice conditions. Participants (N = 18) produced a right-arm lever movement to sequentially presented target locations. The authors constructed part-whole practice by providing practice on only the 1st 8 elements on the 1st day of practice (100 repetitions of the 8-element sequence) and on all 16 elements on the 2nd day of practice (100 repetitions of the 16-element sequence). The whole-practice group practiced all 16 elements on both days (100 repetitions of the 16-element sequence per day). No differences in sequence structure or in movement duration of the 16-element sequence were noted on the retention test (Day 3). On transfer tests in which the 1st and last 8 elements were tested separately, however, the participants in the part-whole practice group performed more quickly than the participants in the whole-practice group, especially on the last 8 elements. Participants in the whole-practice group appeared to code the sequence so that it was relatively difficult to fully partition it into separate movements. Thus, on the transfer tests, there continued to be residual effects of the 8 elements that did not have to be produced but slowed down the rate of responding for the whole-practice group. That finding was not observed for the part-whole practice group.

Adult↗