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PubMed1996

Effect of rapid eye movement sleep deprivation on 5'-nucleotidase activity in the rat brain.

Adenosine has been implicated in the regulation of rapid eye movement sleep (REMS). In an attempt to understand the mechanism of production of adenosine in relation to REMS it was hypothesized that should it be involved in REMS, the latter's deprivation is likely to affect its synthetic machinery. Hence, male albino rats were deprived of REMS by the flower pot technique and the activity of 5'-nucleotidase, an enzyme responsible for adenosine synthesis, was estimated in the cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem. Suitable control experiments were conducted to rule out the non-specific effects. The results showed that 5'-nucleotidase activity decreased only after 4 days deprivation and in the cerebrum only; while short-term (2 days) deprivation did not affect the enzyme activity in any of the brain areas. The altered enzyme activity returned to baseline level after recovery from REMS deprivation. The results from other control experiments suggested that the effects were primarily due to REMS deprivation and not due to non-specific factors. It is proposed that if adenosine is involved in REMS, its production is unlikely to depend on 5'-nucleotidase or it may account primarily for EEG desynchronization.

5'-Nucleotidase↗
PubMed1984

REM-sleep deprivation, stress and emotional behavior in rats.

Eighty-eight adult white rats were divided into 9 groups. Groups 1 and 2 served as controls. The rats of Group 3 were repeatedly aroused during 4 days at the very onset of each REM-sleep period by direct midbrain reticular formation stimulation. This deprivation decreased the daily amount of REM-sleep by 70%, while slow-wave sleep was reduced by 10% only. In Group 4, the animals were given food and water for 1 h a day only. Groups 5 and 6 were subjected to immobilization and cold stress, respectively. Groups 7, 8 and 9 were deprived of REM-sleep on platforms of 15, 11 and 6.5 cm in diameter, respectively. Stress was estimated by the classical Selye's triad: weight of adrenals and thymus and gastric ulceration. Emotionality was measured in the open-field and also by self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. Neither emotional behavior disturbances nor Selye's stress features were found after REM-deprivation in Group 3. Moreover, arousal deprivation induced a slight, though significant, reduction in adrenal weight. Also, no changes in emotional behavior were noted in stress-exposed groups (5 and 6). Only the interplay between REM-sleep deprivation and stress on the platforms (Groups 7, 8 and especially 9) led to a considerable shift in emotionality.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Perceptual distortions and hallucinations reported during the course of sleep deprivation.

Subjects worked 30 to 45 min. of each hour for either 48 (n = 2) or 72 hr. (n = 8) without sleep. The frequency of reported visual task-related perceptual distortions and hallucinations showed both a linear increasing component and a strong circadian component. Perceptual distortions were most frequent in the late night-early morning hours (0400) and least frequent in the late afternoon-early evening hours (1600-2000).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Are ground squirrels sleep deprived during hibernation?

Hibernation is an adaptation for energy conservation, which probably evolved as an extension of non-rapid-eye-movement sleep mechanisms. Yet, during periodic arousals from bouts of deep hibernation, ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis) spend most of their time asleep. Spectral analysis of the electroencephalogram revealed that cortical slow-wave intensity during sleep is high at the beginning of a euthermic period and declines thereafter. Sleep slow-wave intensity is greater after longer bouts of hibernation than after shorter bouts. We hypothesize that low body temperatures during hibernation are incompatible with the restorative function of sleep as reflected in cortical slow-wave activity. Animals must incur the energetic costs of periodic arousals from hibernation to receive the restorative benefits of euthermic slow-wave sleep. The timing of arousals from hibernation may be a function of accumulated sleep debt.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

c-Fos expression in GABAergic, serotonergic, and other neurons of the pontomedullary reticular formation and raphe after paradoxical sleep deprivation and recovery.

The brainstem contains the neural systems that are necessary for the generation of the state of paradoxical sleep (PS) and accompanying muscle atonia. Important for its initiation are the pontomesencephalic cholinergic neurons that project into the pontomedullary reticular formation and that we have recently shown increase c-Fos expression as a reflection of neural activity in association with PS rebound after deprivation in rats (Maloney et al. , 1999). As a continuation, we examined in the present study c-Fos expression in the pontomedullary reticular and raphe neurons, including importantly GABAergic neurons [immunostained for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)] and serotonergic neurons [immunostained for serotonin (Ser)]. Numbers of single-labeled c-Fos+ neurons were significantly increased with PS rebound only in the pars oralis of the pontine reticular nuclei (PnO), where numbers of GAD+/c-Fos+ neurons were conversely significantly decreased. c-Fos+ neurons were positively correlated with PS, whereas GAD+/c-Fos+ neurons were negatively correlated with PS, suggesting that disinhibition of reticular neurons in the PnO from locally projecting GABAergic neurons may be important in the generation of PS. In contrast, through the caudal pons and medulla, GAD+/c-Fos+ cells were increased with PS rebound, covaried positively with PS and negatively with the electromyogram (EMG). In the raphe pallidus-obscurus, Ser+/c-Fos+ neurons were positively correlated, in a reciprocal manner to GAD+/c-Fos+ cells, with EMG, suggesting that disfacilitation by removal of a serotonergic influence and inhibition by imposition of a GABAergic influence within the lower brainstem and spinal cord may be important in the development of muscle atonia accompanying PS.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Effects of sustained manual work and partial sleep deprivation on muscular strength and endurance.

In a military field artillery trial, the effects of 8 days of sustained manual work and partial sleep loss on isometric right hand grip strength and upper and lower body anaerobic power (using the Wingate test) was investigated in 25 healthy young male soldiers. During the trial, the physical activity of each subject was essentially identical except that an experimental group (n = 18) manually handled a large quantity of artillery shells (weighing 45 kg) and charges (13 kg), whilst a control group (n = 7) merely simulated manual handling activities and did no lifting or loading of shells. The daily amount of sleep obtained by each group was similar (3 to 4 hours), as were their activity patterns and food and fluid intake. Isometric right hand grip strength for both groups fell progressively during the trial and did not return to pre-trial levels during 3 days of recovery. At the end of the 8 day trial, there were statistically significant reductions in the body weight (1.9%, p less than 0.001), % body fat (7.1%, p less than 0.001) and upper body mean power (7.3%, p less than 0.01) of the experimental group but not in the controls. Lower body peak and mean power were significantly increased at the end of the trial in both the experimental (14.7%, p less than 0.001 and 17.0%, p less than 0.001 respectively) and control (14.3%, p less than 0.01 and 15.0%, p less than 0.05 respectively) groups. Lower body power decrease was significantly increased (18.1%, p less than 0.05) in the experimental group but not in the controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗