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PubMedDate not supplied

Longitudinal study of observed and perceived family influences on problem-focused coping behaviors of preadolescents with spina bifida.

OBJECTIVE: To study coping socialization longitudinally by examining reported and observed family environment and parenting variables in relation to children's problem-focused coping in a sample of 68 families of preadolescents with spina bifida and 68 matched able-bodied comparison families. METHODS: Family environment and parenting variables were assessed with mother and father reports and observational measures. Children's problem-focused coping was self-reported. RESULTS: Prospective analyses revealed that maternal responsiveness, paternal responsiveness, and family cohesion predicted an increase in children's use of problem-focused coping strategies, while change in paternal responsiveness and maternal responsiveness and demandingness was related concurrently to change in coping. Few group (spina bifida vs. able-bodied) or gender differences with respect to parenting and family influences on children's coping behaviors were found. CONCLUSIONS: Multimethod findings suggest that the quality of parenting and family environment is associated with children's problem-focused coping behaviors. We discuss clinical implications.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Competency after a suicide attempt: an ethical reflection.

The provision of critical care services can be complicated by ethical problems involving competency. When a patient's competency is in doubt there is conflict between the principles of autonomy and paternalism. The authors describe an ethical situation involving attempted suicide and administration of chemical restraints where the patient's competency was in doubt.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Genetic analysis of water maze discrimination learning for Mus musculus: polygenes and albinism.

Recombinant inbred strains, their progenitor strains and reciprocal F1 hybrids were given thirty spatial discrimination learning trials in the water maze. The pattern of RI strains in relation to the reciprocal F1 hybrids and the progenitor strains, and differences among strains, suggested that different sets of genes affect the various components of water maze discrimination learning. There was no evidence that the albino gene influenced either inferior or superior performance. Pigmented strains performed as well as, or better than, some albino strains, and albino strain BALB/cBy differed significantly from albino strains CXBG and CXBI. The two reciprocal F1 hybrids differed from blocks 2 and 3 of discrimination trials when swimming time was used a dependent variable. Thus, it appears that performance of the F1 hybrids was influenced by paternal effects, maternal effects, or paternal maternal interactions.

Albinism↗
PubMed1990

What is it like to be a parent of twins?

A questionnaire was given to parents of twins concerning their perceptions of dependency and similarity in their twin children. Also, the parents were asked if they tried to influence their children to become more dissimilar. 70 same-sex twin pairs (35 MZ and 35 DZ) were included in the study and a questionnaire was sent both to the mother and the father of the twins. The twins were approximately 12 years old and attended grade 4, 5 or 6 in the Swedish compulsory school. Results indicated that parents consider MZ twins to be dependent upon each other and to spend more time together. This was especially evident for girls. If the twins had a free choice they would also tend to choose similarly. This trend was also more pronounced for the MZ girls. Irrespective of zygosity, most parents reported that they did not try to influence their children. In the case of MZ twins this will probably make them become more similar over time. Differences between maternal and paternal answers tended to be nonsignificant.

Attitude↗
PubMed1990

Decision-making with psychiatrically impaired patients. A collaborative endeavor.

The courts and the physicians are engaged in assuring quality medical care to competent and incompetent patients. The evolving policy of informed consent improves medical decisionmaking by insisting that the patient's values be involved. The principle of beneficence, which the courts support in practice without using the word, is a compromise between strong paternalism and the unachievable goal of true autonomy in incompetent patients. The role of physicians in this model is that of technical advisor and facilitator rather than actual decisionmaker. Medical schools train physicians for this role anyway. In order for the patient or guardian to be a genuine decision-maker, he must be involved in the evaluation and treatment all along, not just at the point at which a consent form must be signed.

Behavior Control↗
PubMed2000

Polygyny, mate-guarding, and posthumous fertilization as alternative male mating strategies.

Alternative male mating strategies within populations are thought to be evolutionarily stable because different behaviors allow each male type to successfully gain access to females. Although alternative male strategies are widespread among animals, quantitative evidence for the success of discrete male strategies is available for only a few systems. We use nuclear microsatellites to estimate the paternity rates of three male lizard strategies previously modeled as a rock-paper-scissors game. Each strategy has strengths that allow it to outcompete one morph, and weaknesses that leave it vulnerable to the strategy of another. Blue-throated males mate-guard their females and avoid cuckoldry by yellow-throated "sneaker" males, but mate-guarding is ineffective against aggressive orange-throated neighbors. The ultradominant orange-throated males are highly polygynous and maintain large territories; they overpower blue-throated neighbors and cosire offspring with their females, but are often cuckolded by yellow-throated males. Finally, yellow-throated sneaker males sire offspring via secretive copulations and often share paternity of offspring within a female's clutch. Sneaker males sire more offspring posthumously, indicating that sperm competition may be an important component of their strategy.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characteristics of two cases with dup(15)(q11.2-q12): one of maternal and one of paternal origin.

PURPOSE: The phenotype correlations for interstitial duplications that include the Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome critical region are not well established. We describe two such duplication cases, one of which was of maternal origin and the other was paternal. METHODS: High resolution G-banding, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for SNRP-N and D15S10 were used for cytogenetic analysis. Southern blot analyses based on parent of origin specific DNA methylation at D15S63 (PW71) locus were utilized for detection of methylated and unmethylated fragments. RESULTS: The duplication was established by the FISH analysis. The molecular pattern suggested a maternal origin of the duplication in patient 1 and a paternal origin in patient 2. Patient 1 (2 years old) had developmental and speech delays with pervasive developmental disorder or mild autism, strabismus, and normal growth parameters with seizures. Patient 2 (16 years old) had global developmental delay, verbal IQ of 94, depression, obesity, food-seeking behavior, and significant behavioral problems that included self-injurious tendencies. Neither patient had significant dysmorphic features or abnormalities of internal organs. CONCLUSION: The two cases suggest that some patients with 15q11.2q12 duplication may have significant anomalies, and there appear to be phenotypic differences between maternal and paternal transmission of the duplication.

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15↗
PubMed2004

Professionalism deficiencies in a first-quarter doctor-patient relationship course predict poor clinical performance in medical school.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine whether four types of professionalism deficiencies in medical students identified during a first-year course on doctor-patient relationships might predict poor performance in third-year clerkships. METHOD: Preceptors identified students who had deficiencies in interviewing patients: extreme shyness, poor process skills, paternalism, or a negative attitude toward interviewing. Deficient students were matched by academic ability to a control group. Performance on third-year clerkships was compared. RESULTS: Students with paternalistic behavior or negative attitudes had significantly lower third-year grades. CONCLUSIONS: Professionalism deficiencies that result in the inability of the student to establish patient rapport are detectable early and predict problems in future clinical performance.

Attitude↗
PubMed1997

Psychopathology in preadolescent sons of fathers with substance use disorders.

OBJECTIVE: While preadolescent children of parents with substance use disorders (SUDs) are known to have more behavior problems, depression, and anxiety than expected, psychiatric disorders in these children and their relationships with parental disorders have not been systematically investigated. This study compares the psychiatric disorders of preadolescent boys of fathers with and without SUDs and examines the relationships between offspring and parental psychopathology. METHOD: Fathers (i.e., probands) of boys 10 through 12 years old were recruited to represent families of boys with paternal SUD (high risk or HR: n = 113) and boys without paternal SUD (low average risk or LAR: n = 170). These boys (i.e., index cases) and their biological parents participated in structured diagnostic interviews, and diagnoses were determined by the best-estimate method. RESULTS: Disruptive behavior disorders and anxiety disorders were more prevalent in HR than in LAR index cases. Logistic regression analyses examining the relationships between parental and index case psychopathology indicated that parental childhood psychiatric disorders were more strongly predictive of index case psychiatric disorders than parental adulthood psychiatric disorders, including SUDs. CONCLUSIONS: Inasmuch as HR boys had increased rates of disruptive behavior disorders and anxiety disorders, these disorders may be important targets for early intervention to prevent the development of SUD, as well as the morbidity associated with these disorders. Prevention efforts and studies of the transmission of liability for psychiatric disorders in children should carefully consider parental childhood characteristics.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1991

Potential indicators of insufficient milk supply syndrome.

Insufficient milk supply syndrome is a complex phenomenon that has not been adequately investigated. Insufficient milk supply (IMS) is a major reason reported by mothers for early termination of breast-feeding in both developed and developing countries. Using the IMS conceptual framework by Hill and Humenick (1989), a survey was conducted to determine which set of predictors distinguished between mothers who reported an inadequate supply of breast milk (n = 100) from those who reported an adequate supply of milk (n = 284) during the first 8 weeks postpartum. Factor analysis suggested that Potential Determinant factors Maternal Confidence, Paternal Support, Maternal Health, Mother-in-Law Disapproval, and Infant Birthweight accounted for 56.7% of the variance while Potential Indicator factors Baby Behavior, Solid Foods, and Formula accounted for 70.4% of the variance. Using discriminant analysis, factors Maternal Confidence, Maternal Health, Mother-in-Law Disapproval, Baby Behavior, Solid Foods, and Formula predicted 78.04% of the cases accurately. The Potential Indicator factors alone predicted 76.58% of the cases accurately. These findings suggest that the IMS model is valid but additional variables may need to be considered.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of kin propinquity on infant mortality.

This study tests the grandmother hypothesis and analyzes the effect of kin propinquity on infant mortality in a 19th century American frontier communal, polygynous population. The study shows that the presence of maternal grandmothers, aunts, uncles, and paternal aunts were significantly associated with increased infant survivorship while grandfathers, paternal grandmothers, and paternal uncles showed little effect. This study has implications for understanding the evolution of a long postreproductive life span, postmarital residential strategies, and behavioral strategies that enhance inclusive fitness.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Behavioral teratology and dominant lethal evaluation of nitrous oxide exposure in rats.

Epidemiological studies have suggested that spontaneous abortion may be increased in medical personnel following the sort of chronic low-level exposure to the anesthetic gas nitrous oxide (N2O) seen in surgical or dental operatories. These results are supported by some, but not all, animal studies, and results are less well established at low exposure levels. Behavioral effects in exposed animal offspring have also been observed, but again not in all studies. To further examine this problem, we conducted the present experiments. Adult male or female rats were exposed to trace concentrations of N2O (0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, or 1.0% in air) for 6 h daily either throughout gestation (females) or for 9 weeks (males). Offspring from treated adults were subjected to an extensive behavioral test battery. There were no clear dose-response effects on any of eight behavioural tests for any offspring. Maternal and offspring weights were normal from conception through adulthood. Additionally, we studied effects of N2O on male fertility by mating treated males with untreated females and examining uterine contents. There was no evidence for a substantial decline in fertility of exposed males, although there was a small dose-related trend for resorptions to increase and live births to decrease with increasing paternal N2O exposure. There results suggest that there is little alteration in male or female fertility following chronic exposure to low levels of N2O. There are also no significant long-term behavioral alterations in offspring exposed gestationally to trace levels of N2O via dam or sire.

Animals↗