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PubMed2002

National policies for biosphere greenhouse gas management: issues and opportunities.

Biosphere greenhouse gas (GHG) management consists of preserving and enhancing terrestrial carbon pools and producing biomass as a fossil fuel substitute. The discussion of this topic has focused primarily on carbon-accounting and project-level issues, particularly relating to carbon sequestration as a source of emissions credits under the Kyoto Protocol. While international consensus on these matters is needed, this paper argues that an important domestic policy agenda also deserves attention. National policies for biosphere GHG management are necessary to bring about large-scale changes in land-use, forestry, and agricultural practices and can address some of the technical and policy issues that have proven to be particularly problematic from carbon-accounting and project-level perspectives. These policies should minimize land-use and resource-management conflicts, account for collateral benefits, and ensure institutional compatibility with existing resource-management regimes. Issues relating to project permanence, leakage, and transaction costs should also be addressed. A range of policy instruments should be used and biosphere GHG management should be one component of an integrated approach to environmental and resource management. Countries promoting biosphere GHG management as an important element of their climate change strategies should be developing these domestic policies to complement international negotiations and to demonstrate that carbon sequestration and biomass production can make an effective contribution to the stabilization of atmospheric GHG concentrations.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed1986

Parameterized multistate population dynamics and projections.

"This article reports progress on the development of a population projection process that emphasizes model selection over demographic accounting. Transparent multiregional/multistate population projections that rely on parameterized model schedules are illustrated [using data primarily from a number of developed countries, particularly Sweden], together with simple techniques that extrapolate the recent trends exhibited by the parameters of such schedules." The author notes that "the parameterized schedules condense the amount of demographic information, expressing it in a language and variables that are more readily understood by the users of the projections. In addition, they permit a concise specification of the expected temporal patterns of variation among these variables, and they allow a disaggregated focus on demographic change that otherwise would not be feasible."

Demography↗
PubMed1990

Current status of digital projectional radiography of the chest.

Thoracic imaging constitutes more than one-third of all medical imaging performed in the United States. Despite the substantial impact of computer technology in other areas of imaging, conventional film-screen acquisition systems still provide the bulk of projectional chest radiography. The successful implementation of digital technology in thoracic imaging requires that the standards of current film-screen methods for both diagnostic accuracy and efficient data management be preserved. This article addresses the technical and clinical aspects of film digitization and storage phosphor technology, which are the two digital acquisition systems in widest application. Scanned projection radiography, which may now be applied to computed radiography systems, is also discussed. Finally, some of the issues surrounding the implementation of picture archiving and communication systems for thoracic imaging are addressed.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Multiregional demographic projections in practice: a metropolitan example.

"This paper examines options for local and regional projections which reflect both demographic interdependencies with jobs and housing at this area scale, and the inapplicability of traditional demographic projection methods to population or areal subdivisions. This context for local demographic projections requires constraints (for example, to job and housing forecasts or to higher area totals), the use of proxy or explanatory indicators to predict demographic rates or totals, and parameterization of demographic schedules, to facilitate comparison across numerous localities and to set future assumptions about demographic components. The traditional framework of self-contained projection by deterministic cohort survival is therefore widened to include regio-scientific and stochastic modelling concepts. The framework for empirical analysis is London [England] and its boroughs." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND GER)

Demography↗
PubMed2005

[Background of development and effectiveness of myanmar sandals (the activity of Leprosy Control and Basic Health Services Project in Myanmar)].

"Leprosy control and Basic health service Project" was terminated at March 2005 within the scope of the period. I was assigned to develop the Plantar protect footwear for neuropathic feet, which called "Myanmar Sandals" in common. These sandals are not made by new technologies but made by basic knowledge. I would like to report about this activity as which is a part of distinguished strategy of ODA (Official Development Assistance) for developing country, but not as the technical report of these sandals. There is only one National Leprosy Hospital in Myanmar. At the time this project started, there were only two footwear technicians for the people who had disabilities by after effect of Hansen's disease in this country. And, it would appear that the number of the people is over 50,000. Furthermore, the budget of national hospital is not enough to refill necessary consumable supplies and materials. Although, I should instruct new technique which like making in Japan in ordinary circumstances, I could not think that such technical transfer by using costly imported materials woud bring beneficial effect and be continued. We were bound to be anxious about such situations when we made the plan. As a result of examining a plan based on these situations, we reached the conclusion that development of the simplified ready-made footwear was pressing need.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1988

Comparison of microcomputer programs for making population projections: an update.

"There are many programs for making population projections now available for use with microcomputers. This article reviews six of approximately 15 microcomputer population projection programs. Each program is compared to a standard set of criteria relating to such items as hardware and software requirements, input data requirements and specification of assumptions, methodology and documentation, and summary output indicators. Numerical results from projections of six test data sets reflecting different assumptions about mortality, fertility, and migration are compared. Qualitative comments are included for describing special features and for making an overall assessment of each program." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Computers↗
PubMed2001

Working through envy: some technical issues.

The author argues that envy appears in an analysis as a hostile, life-destroying force and is directed at the good qualities of the object, often manifesting in the patient's need to devalue analytic work that has been helpful. An intractable negative therapeutic reaction can thus become a persistent feature of an analysis. Sometimes powerful envy is silently operating beneath the surface, with the patient feeling continually wronged and mistreated by the object. The author argues that bringing the projected envy into the patient's personality structure is an important aspect of successful analysis, but that various technical problems have to be considered before painful insight can be achieved into the division in the patient's self. Presenting material from a relatively long analysis, she discusses some technical issues in dealing with these processes. Interpretation of envy can be a delicate matter, requiring consideration not only of how to interpret, but also of the nature of the countertransference and the form of the interpretation. A transference interpretation directed solely at the patient's self-destructive behaviour and destructiveness towards the object carries the risk of further stimulating the destructiveness, even if it is correct; it is also important to bring the patient's libidinal aspect into the interpretation.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Project labs in physiology.

Projects in which students design and carry out their own experiments can be a basis for physiology laboratories. A sequence of such projects is described and evaluated informally. It is argued that these inquiry-oriented project labs serve to motivate and teach students important concepts and attitudes about the nature of science and their ability to participate actively in it. Although physiology laboratories are a standard part of physiology courses, teachers are not always clear about the purposes of these activities. At least three categories of purpose seem important: the conceptual, the motivational, and the technical. As laboratories are being replaced in some cases by videodisc or computer simulations, it is important to see which purposes can be served by simulations and which cannot. Project-based laboratories, even more than standard laboratories, can serve the technical, motivational, and conceptual purposes for our laboratory teaching.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[[ARIMA modeling of birth, marriage and population growth rates in Taiwan]].

"In this paper, we will focus on [population growth, birth, and marriage rates in Taiwan] and explore [them] in terms of the time series model. Furthermore, the comparison and analysis will be made utilizing [the] univariate ARIMA model, transfer function model and multivariate ARIMA model accordingly. The seasonal factor will also be considered. Lastly, [projections] will be made on the short term growth rate of these three indexes, and we will also estimate the monthly sum of population of the next two years in Taiwan." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Asia↗
PubMed1996

Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction Project--an overview.

The Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction Project was initiated because of public interest in the historical releases of radioactive materials from the Hanford Site, located in southcentral Washington State. By 1986, over 38,000 pages of environmental monitoring documentation from the early years of Hanford operations had been released. Special committees reviewing the documents recommended initiation of the Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction Project, which began in October 1987, and is conducted by Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories. The technical approach taken was to reconstruct releases of radioactive materials based on facility operating information; develop and/or adapt transport, pathway, and dose models and computer codes; reconstruct environmental, meteorological, and hydrological monitoring information; reconstruct demographic, agricultural, and lifestyle characteristics; apply statistical methods to all forms of uncertainty in the information, parameters, and models; and perform scientific investigations that were technically defensible. The geographic area for the study includes approximately 2 x 10(5) km2 (75,000 mi2) in eastern Washington, western Idaho, and northeastern Oregon (essentially the Mid-Columbia Basin of the Pacific Northwest). Three exposure pathways were considered: the atmosphere, the Columbia River, and ground water. the radionuclide of interest for atmospheric pathway doses was 131I. The median dose for the maximally exposed individual was approximately 2.3 Gy (230 rad) to the thyroid over the period from 1944 to 1972 with a 90% subjective confidence interval of 0.54 to 8.4 Gy (54 to 840 rad). The Columbia River was studied from Priest Rapids Dam, upstream of the Hanford Site, to the mouth of the river and nearby bays. Radionuclides of interest for river pathway doses were 24Na, 32P, 65Zn, 76As, and 239Np. The median dose from the river pathway for the maximally exposed individual was approximately 0.0015 Sv (0.15 rem) effective dose equivalent in the period of maximum exposure (1950-1970). Doses from the groundwater pathway were determined to be below levels of interest for the project.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed1999

[Quality of life and well-being in a housing project in Berlin--experiences gained in cooperation between a community health promotion office and a university-based public health project].

The realization of a community-based health promotion within the framework of a cooperation between a public health office and a university-based PH project is described and discussed. First of all, the project, the cooperating partners and the common aims are described. We will then deal with telephone survey as the method used, and present the results. In a third step the methods and results of the "future workshops" are discussed. Finally there is a critical reflection on the course of the project, the limiting factors of the actions and consideration of further developments. The project dealt with was a cooperation of a community public health agency (Plan- und Leitstelle) in the district of Berlin-Wilmersdorf and the research project A8 "Cooperative project development for communal health promotion" of the Berlin Centre for Public Health at the Technical University Berlin. Starting point was the agreement for those politically responsible of the district that the living quarter "Schlangenbader Strasse" was a focus of social problems. The quarter had been built in 1980 above a highway with 1800 apartments for 4000 people. Health promotion was defined as a concern of a wide range of sectors within the community. Mutual rights and responsibilities of the cooperating partners were laid down in a contract. The Plan- und Leitstelle tried to gain experience with the definition of health promotion the university partners stood for. This introduces a notion of health beyond bio-medical understanding and deals with the connection of quality of life, well-being and the environment in the residential area. Thus health- or sickness-related variables were not specifically asked for. One result is that actors within the given framework are reluctant to permit operationalisation of this concept. The telephone survey reached 324 household within 10 working days. 68p.c. of the interviewed were pleased with the comfort of the apartments, 37p.c. enjoyed the peace and quiet and 35p.c. the green around the housing project. Unpleasant were for 51p.c. the dirt, 33p.c. complained about vandalism, 30p.c. about the high rent, especially the extras. Safety improvements were asked for by 17p.c. Some 12p.c. were willing to become involved in bringing about those improvements. This willingness was confirmed by the good response to two future workshops with those living in the quarter.

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