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PubMed1987

Sonography in the follow-up of 100 patients with thyroid carcinoma.

High-frequency, high-resolution sonography was used to detect recurrent thyroid carcinoma in 73 patients with papillary carcinoma, 16 with medullary carcinoma, 10 with follicular carcinoma, and one with small-cell carcinoma. Of the 36 patients with negative sonograms, 35 had no other evidence of recurrence, while one had surgical proof of recurrence. Of 25 patients with positive sonograms, confirmed with surgery or radioactive iodine (I131) scanning (sonographic sensitivity 96%, specificity 83%), palpation was negative in 17 (palpation sensitivity 32%, specificity 100%). Thirty-two patient with positive sonographic findings had no objective clinical proof of recurrence. There were seven false-positive studies. This study suggests that sonography may be the method of choice for earliest detection and localization of recurrent carcinoma of the thyroid.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1993

Cystic masses in the floor of the mouth: value of MR imaging in planning surgery.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the value of preoperative MR imaging for planning the best surgical approach for excising cystic masses in the floor of the mouth. In addition, different sequences and slice orientations were compared in order to develop a standard MR examination technique for this purpose. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Eleven patients with cystic masses in the floor of the mouth were prospectively examined with MR imaging after palpation and sonography. The imaging protocol included T1- and T2-weighted spin-echo sequences, both unenhanced and contrast enhanced. The exact topographic relationship of these cysts to the surrounding muscles and the value of different MR techniques were analyzed. RESULTS: The mylohyoid muscle, which serves as a key structure in determining the exact position of a cystic mass, was visualized in all cases. T2-weighted images facilitated the primary diagnosis of cystic lesions, whereas T1-weighted images allowed the best visualization of anatomic details. Use of gadopentetate dimeglumine did not provide significant diagnostic information. Coronal and axial slices provided the best visualization of the topographic relationship of cyst and muscles. Sagittal slices were helpful only for midline lesions. In two cases, the choice between the intraoral and the cervical surgical approach was altered by MR imaging findings. CONCLUSION: MR imaging facilitates exact visualization of the location and extent of cystic lesions in the floor of the mouth and is useful for determining their relationship to the surrounding muscles. We conclude that MR imaging is an important adjunct to palpation and sonography in planning the best surgical approach.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Portal-phase contrast-enhanced helical CT for the detection of malignant hepatic tumors: sensitivity based on comparison with intraoperative and pathologic findings.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity of portal-phase IV contrast-enhanced helical CT in detecting malignant hepatic tumors using a lesion-by-lesion comparison with surgical and pathologic findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Preoperative portal-phase contrast-enhanced helical CT studies in 21 patients (13 men, eight women) with malignant neoplasms of the liver (12 patients with primary hepatic tumors, nine patients with metastases) were reviewed retrospectively by three radiologists with the knowledge that hepatic malignancies were present in each case. Helical CT findings were compared with intraoperative findings by palpation (21 patients), sonography (15 patients), and the results of pathologic examination of resected specimens (10 patients) in a lesion-by-lesion manner. Sixty-four malignant nodules were identified in resected specimens or at surgery by palpation or intraoperative sonography. For each nodule identified by surgical or pathologic means, CT findings were reviewed for the presence of a lesion of similar size and location. RESULTS: The readers identified 52 of 64 nodules on helical CT scans for an overall sensitivity of 81%. Sixteen of 21 primary tumors (76%) and 36 of 43 metastatic tumors (84%) were identified on CT scans. The sensitivity was 91% for nodules greater than 1 cm (42 of 46) and 56% for nodules 1 cm or less (10 of 18). False-positive findings occurred in 4% of lesions seen on helical CT scans. CONCLUSION: Our results show that portal-phase contrast-enhanced helical CT is extremely sensitive (91%) for detecting malignant hepatic tumors greater than 1 cm, is relatively insensitive (56%) for tumors less than 1 cm, and has a low false-positive rate. These results compare favorably with published results for CT during arterial portography, the current gold standard for liver tumor detection, suggesting that portal-phase IV contrast-enhanced helical CT is an excellent noninvasive preoperative study prior to hepatic resection or cryosurgery.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Helical CT of pulmonary nodules in patients with extrathoracic malignancy: CT-surgical correlation.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to assess the sensitivity of helical CT for revealing pulmonary nodules. Thoracotomy with palpation of the deflated lung, resection, and histologic examination of palpable nodules was used as the gold standard. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirteen patients underwent helical CT (slice thickness, 5 mm; reconstruction intervals, 3 mm and 5 mm; interpreted by two independent observers). Subsequently, patients underwent unilateral (n = 6) or bilateral (n = 7) surgical exploration, and CT-surgical correlation of 20 lungs was performed. RESULTS: Ninety nodules were resected (61 were smaller than 6 mm; 13 were 6-10 mm; 11 were larger than 10 mm; in five nodules, the size was not recorded at surgery). Sixty-nine nodules were located in the pulmonary parenchyma and 21 in the visceral pleura. Of the 90 lesions, 43 (48%) were found on histology to represent metastases. For lesions detected by at least one observer, the sensitivity of helical CT was 69% for intrapulmonary nodules smaller than 6 mm, 95% for intrapulmonary nodules larger than or equal to 6 mm, and 100% for histologically proven intrapulmonary metastases larger than or equal to 6 mm. For lesions smaller than or equal to 10 mm, sensitivity was better using a reconstruction interval of 3 mm rather than of 5 mm. CONCLUSION: In this study, the sensitivity of helical CT exceeded the sensitivity of conventional CT in previous reports. However, because of limitations in the detection of intrapulmonary nodules smaller than 6 mm and of pleural lesions, complete surgical exploration should remain the procedure of choice in patients undergoing pulmonary metastasectomy. Preoperative helical CT should be used to guide the surgeon to lesions that are difficult to palpate.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Reproductive effects of estradiol cypionate in postparturient dairy cows.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of estradiol cypionate (ECP) on measures of reproductive efficiency in postparturient dairy cows. DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial. ANIMALS: 273 cows in a single herd in California. PROCEDURE: Twenty-four hours after parturition, 122 cows were treated with ECP (4 mg, IM); the remaining 151 cows were untreated controls. Percentages of cattle with abnormal findings during uterine palpation 27 to 40 days after parturition were compared between groups, along with days to first artificial insemination (AI), percentages of cows that were not pregnant after the first AI, and days to pregnancy. RESULTS: Treatment with ECP did not have a significant effect on whether results of uterine palpation 27 to 40 days after parturition were abnormal, days to first AI, or odds that a cow would be pregnant after the first AI. Treatment with ECP appeared to have a negative effect on days to pregnancy (hazard ratio, 0.72) CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that prophylactic administration of ECP during the early postparturient period in dairy cows did not have measurable beneficial effects on reproductive efficiency.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Underlying cause, pathophysiologic abnormalities, and response to treatment in cats with septic peritonitis: 51 cases (1990-2001).

OBJECTIVE: To determine the underlying cause, pathophysiologic abnormalities, and response to treatment in cats with septic peritonitis and identify differences between cats that survived following treatment and cats that did not survive despite treatment. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 51 cats with septic peritonitis. PROCEDURE: Medical records were reviewed for clinical findings; results of clinicopathologic testing, microbial culture, and radiography; diagnosis; treatment; and outcome. RESULTS: Signs of pain during palpation of the abdomen were reported for only 29 of 47 (62%) cats. Eight (16%) cats had relative bradycardia (heart rate < 140 beats/min). The most commonly isolated organisms included Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp, and Clostridium spp. The most common cause of peritonitis was gastrointestinal tract leakage (24 cats). No definitive source could be identified in 7 cats. Treatment, including exploratory surgery, was pursued in 23 cats, of which 16 (70%) survived and were discharged. There were no significant differences between survivors and nonsurvivors in regard to heart rate, age, rectal temperature, serum lactate concentration, WBC count, PCV, blood glucose concentration, or serum albumin concentration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that clinicopathologic abnormalities and outcome in cats with septic peritonitis are similar to those reported for dogs. However, certain features may be unique, including an absence of signs of pain during abdominal palpation, relative bradycardia, and apparent spontaneous peritonitis in some cats.

Abdominal Pain↗

PubMed2005

Comparison of results of clinicians' assessments, cytologic examination of fine-needle lymph node aspirates, and flow cytometry for determination of remission status of lymphoma in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To determine interclinician agreement when assessing remission of lymphoma in dogs and the association among results of clinicians' assessments via lymph node palpation, cytologic examination of fine-needle lymph node aspirates, and flow cytometry as determinants of remission. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 23 dogs with untreated lymphoma. PROCEDURE; Two clinicians independently measured large lymph nodes and cytologic examination and flow cytometry of cells from a mandibular or popliteal lymph node were performed 1 week prior to initiating treatment. Lymph node measurements with clinicians' remission assessments and cytologic examination were repeated at weeks 2, 3, and 5; flow cytometry was repeated at week 5. RESULTS: Significant correlation was identified between clinicians' remission assessments. Significant correlation between lymph node palpation and cytologic examination was identified at week 5, but not at weeks 2 and 3. Lymphoma was diagnosed in 16 of 23 (70%) dogs at initial evaluation by use of flow cytometry, although it was of limited use at subsequent evaluations and results were not diagnostic of lymphoma in any dog at week 5, including 1 dog in which lymphoma was diagnosed cytologically. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that physical examination and measurement of lymph node volume may not be sufficient for accurately determining remission, that flow cytometry alone should not be relied on as a means for diagnosis, and that cytologic examination of fine-needle lymph node aspirates should be considered as the most accurate means of determining remission status at times in which treatment modifications are considered.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Fingertip textural perception of normal children.

The current study investigated the influence of masking upon children's fingertip textural perception. While a screen occluded their vision 52 6- to 10-yr.-old subjects palpated a pair of equivalent paper-covered sandpaper blocks and judged whether the blocks felt rougher when palpated with or without intermediate paper covering their fingertips. Pressure exerted by the subjects was recorded. It was concluded that children's judgment is independent of pressure exerted; r = .04. Masking in children, unlike adults, was related to sandpaper grit, for the children judged the paper condition tougher primarily when the coarser sandpaper was used. Possible explanations are presented.

Child↗

PubMed1996

Monoclonal antibody detection of heparin-binding proteins on sperm corresponds to increased fertility of bulls.

A monoclonal antibody (M1) was produced against seminal fluid heparin-binding proteins (HBP) from a vasectomized bull. In the first part of this study, the presence of HBP in sperm or seminal fluid was determined for 53 bulls with an ELISA using M1. Bulls (8 to 18 per pasture) were bred to 1,114 cows at ratios of 1 bull:25 cows. Bulls with detectable HBP on sperm membranes were 11 percentage points more fertile than bulls with undetectable HBP in sperm membranes. In the second part of this study, three sperm, membrane HBP approximately 30, 24, and 21.5 kDa were identified with Western blots using M1. Santa Gertrudis bulls (n = 64) were bred to 1,354 Santa Gertrudis cows in groups with 2 to 11 bulls. Bulls with those three HBP (Group A) or a single 30-kDa HBP (Group B) in sperm membranes had the greatest fertility, ranging from 74.4 to 89.9% (mean = 81.5%) of the palpated cows that were pregnant. Bulls with the 21.5- and 30-kDa HBP (i.e., the 24-kDa HBP was absent; Group C) had a reduced fertility of 61.3%. Bulls without detectable HBP (Group D) resulted in 41.9% of 186 cows palpated pregnant. Bulls in Groups A and B were more (P < .01) fertile than all other groups. In conclusion, the presence of HBP in sperm membranes was indicative of the fertility potential of bulls.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Effects of long-term estrogen implants in beef heifers.

Crossbred beef heifers (n = 78) were assigned randomly to one of three treatments. Heifers received either no implant, one estradiol-releasing implant (Compudose), or two estradiol-releasing implants. Heifers were implanted at birth and then reimplanted every 150 d. Calves were maintained with the cows until weaning at approximately 200 d of age. Heifers were placed in the feedlot as one group and fed a growing diet for 56 d. Following the growing phase, heifers were segregated into their respective treatment groups and fed until selected by industry buyers for harvest. Beginning at 1 yr of age and continuing every 14 d until puberty or harvest, heifers were palpated per rectum, and blood samples were collected for determination of ovarian activity and attainment of puberty. Serum progesterone of > or =1 ng/mL and(or) palpation of a detectable corpus luteum were criteria of puberty. At weaning and again at harvest, an x-ray was taken of the left front leg of six heifers selected randomly from each group. Metacarpal bones III and IV from the same animals were collected at harvest and transected for determination of epiphyseal plate closure. The x-ray scores and the actual measurements had a correlation of .94. Epiphyseal plate closure occurred in a dose-related manner, with heifers on the higher dose of estrogen having earlier plate closure than heifers on the lower dose. At harvest, reproductive tissues and carcass data were collected for all heifers. Eighteen of 25 untreated control heifers (P < .05), 6 of 26 heifers treated with one implant, and 2 of 26 heifers treated with two implants attained puberty by the end of the experiment. No differences (P > .10) were detected among treatment groups for carcass traits. These data suggest that early and continuous treatment of heifers with estradiol implants can retard reproductive function.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Additive genetic parameter estimates for heifer pregnancy and subsequent reproduction in Angus females.

A primary objective of this study was to determine whether the binary traits heifer pregnancy (HP) and subsequent rebreeding (SR) were heritable in an experimental population of Angus cattle. A second objective was to determine the nature of the additive genetic relationships among HP, SR, and stayability (S(5/1)) in the same population. Heifer pregnancy was defined as the observation of a heifer conceiving and remaining pregnant to palpation at 120 d, given exposure during the breeding season. Subsequent rebreeding was defined as the observation of a 2-yr-old conceiving and remaining pregnant to palpation at 105 d, given pregnancy as a yearling and exposure during the breeding season. Stayability was defined as the probability of a female having at least five calves, given she becomes a dam as a 2 yr old. Data were analyzed using a maximum a posteriori probit threshold model to predict breeding values on the liability scale and Method R procedures to estimate variance components in the determination of heritability (h2). Additive genetic groups were used in determining the additive genetic relationships among these fertility traits. Additive genetic groups were formed on one trait's breeding values and used in the prediction of another trait's breeding values. Analyses yielded h2 estimates that were out of the parameter space 8.5 and 46.3% for HP and SR, respectively, and 5.9% for the reestimation of S(5/1). The majority of point estimates outside the parameter space for SR converged toward 0, whereas those for HP and S(5/1) primarily converged toward 1. From the subsamples producing h2 estimates within the parameter space, average h2 for HP, SR, and S(5/1) were .21, .19, and .15, with standard deviations of .12, .14, and .08, respectively. The estimates of h2 indicate that HP and S(5/1) were heritable and should respond favorably to selection; however, SR did not appear heritable due to the large number of subsamples producing h2 estimates out of the parameter space. Fixed effect estimates for age of dam were significant for HP. From the analyses using additive genetic groups, the relationship among HP and S(5/1) appeared to be nonlinear. This potential nonlinear relationship seen between HP and S(5/1) indicates that selection for improved female fertility would be most effective by having predictions on both traits.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Influence of clostridial vaccines and injection sites on performance, feeding behavior, and lesion size scores of beef steers.

Several clostridial vaccines are currently being used in the beef cattle industry. Of greatest concern is altering the location and route of administration of these vaccines to reduce injection-site lesions while maintaining seroconversion. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of clostridial vaccines and injection sites on the performance, feeding behavior, and lesion size scores of beef steers. In Exp. 1, 80 crossbred beef steers (BW 237 +/- 3.2 kg) were allotted randomly into five groups and given 14 d to adapt to the feed and individual feed intake-monitoring devices (Pinpointer devices) before starting the study. Each group was assigned randomly to one of the following vaccination treatments: 1) control (sterile saline water), 2) Alpha-7 Ear (A7E), 3) Alpha-7 Prescapula (A7P), 4) Vision-7 Prescapula (V7P), and 5) Ultrabac-7 Prescapula (U7P). All vaccines were injected s.c. in the ear or prescapular region, and injection sites were palpated on d 0 and 28 (Exp. 1) and on d 63 and 91 (Exp. 2). The protocol for Exp. 2 was exactly the same as for Exp. 1 except treatments included control, A7P, Alpha-CD Ear (ACDE), Alpha-CD Prescapula (ACDP), Fortress-7 Prescapula (F7P), and V7P. Also, control and steers receiving F7P and V7P were revaccinated on d 63 and palpated on d 91. Results of Exp. 1 indicated that the A7E and U7P steers had a feed intake lower (P < 0.01) than all other treatment groups. The ADG of the A7P and A7E steers were not different (P > 0.05) from those of the control steers. The gain:feed ratio of the A7E steers was 41% higher (P < 0.01) than that of the V7P steers (Exp. 1). The results of Exp. 2 indicated that the control, ACDP, and V7P steers had greater (P < 0.01) ADG than all other treatment groups, but the gain:feed ratios were not different (P > 0.05) among all treatment groups. Lesion sizes differed by vaccine and injection site in both experiments. These data suggest that vaccinating beef steers s.c. in the ear produced gain:feed ratios and lesion size scores that were similar to prescapular vaccinations. However, more research is required to determine the immune response of vaccinating cattle in the ear.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1983

Relationships between oral parafunctions and functional disturbances in the stomatognathic system among 15- to 18-year-olds.

An interview and a clinical examination of signs and symptoms of functional disturbances and diseases in the stomatognathic system were performed on 309 adolescents 15-18 years old. Relationships and differences between data from this investigation were analyzed. Statistically significant correlations were found between headaches, bruxism, and tenderness to palpation of the attachment of the temporal muscle. There were also correlations between occlusal interferences in the retruded position (RP) and clickings and between mediotrusion interferences and clickings. The occlusal interferences were correlated to tenderness to palpation of the TMJ and TMJ muscles. Young people with distal occlusal relation were more frequently conscious of symptoms from the stomatognathic system than those with neutral or mesial occlusal relation. Deep bite was correlated to clenching and frontal dental wear.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Signs and symptoms of mandibular dysfunction in patients with suspected oral galvanism.

Fifty-four consecutive patients were examined by means of a self-administered questionnaire with questions related to general health and subjective symptoms. In addition, a clinical stomatognathic evaluation was carried out including palpation of the temporomandibular joints (TMJ) and the masticatory muscles and functional analysis of occlusion and mandibular mobility. High frequencies of general diseases were reported. The dominant subjective symptom was headache (62%), which often appeared daily. Symptoms such as pain from the teeth, pain in the face/jaws, and burning sensations in the tongue or oral cavity all appeared in more than half of the sample. The patients were frequently aware of parafunctions such as clenching of the teeth and tongue press. None of the investigated persons were completely free of clinical signs of dysfunction. The most frequent clinical finding was palpation tenderness in the masticatory muscles (96%), generally located in the masseter, temporal, and lateral pterygoid muscles. In more than half of the material TMJ findings were recorded, and more than one-third had TMJ pain. In 35% mandibular mobility was reduced. Occlusal interferences on retrusion and on the mediotrusion side were frequent findings. Impaired general state of health and multiple signs and symptoms of mandibular dysfunction were thus frequent findings in these polysymptomatic patients. Three-fourths of the patients needed treatment for mandibular dysfunction, indicating that great consideration must be made for the functional status of the masticatory system in clinical evaluation of so-called 'oral galvanists'.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Constant compression caliper for objective measurement of breast capsular contracture.

The main problem with silicone implants in augmentation mammaplasty and breast reconstruction is the development of capsular contracture. The universal method for evaluating the degree of firmness of the breast is the subjective palpation technique and the classification according to Baker. Many objective methods using calipers for measurements of compression, different devices for indentation and discs for applanation tonometry have been described, but none of these have been widely accepted. In this paper a new measuring instrument is presented based on the principle of a constant compression force between two caliper jaws applied to the breast. The inverse value of the compressibility of the breast is read on a scale on the device. This objective method correlates acceptably with the palpation technique according to the Breast Augmentation Classification (BAC) (12), which is a modification of Baker's classification (1978), except for the first follow-up.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Task- and subject-related differences in sensorimotor behavior during active touch.

Rats explore objects by rhythmically whisking them with their mystacial vibrissae. On two types of tactile discrimination tasks, macrogeometric and microgeometric, better performers palpated the discrimnanda for longer periods of time and used movement patterns that appeared to optimize whisking frequency bandwidth and the extent to which the vibrissae would be bent by object contact. On a task involving finely textured surfaces, good and poor performers differed in the temporal components of their whisking patterns, whereas the spatial domain was more important for animals palpating surfaces with widely separated features. These findings are consistent with increasing neurophysiological evidence that the central representation of the tactile periphery, in rodents and other mammals, is both integrative and dynamic.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Comparison of pregnancy diagnosis by milk progesterone on day 21 and day 24 postbreeding: field study in dairy cattle.

Milk samples collected at 21 and 24 d after breeding were used to diagnose cows as pregnant, questionable, or not pregnant with high, intermediate, or low progesterone in the milk. Total agreement of pregnancy diagnosis in cows by milk progesterone at 21 d postbreeding and diagnosis by return to estrus or palpation of reproductive organs was 85.8% (77.4% on pregnant progesterone diagnosis and 97.2% on not pregnant progesterone diagnosis). Total agreement of diagnosis by progesterone at 24 d postbreeding and diagnosis by estrus or palpation was 88.4% (83.5% on pregnant progesterone diagnosis and 95.3% on not pregnant progesterone diagnosis). Although total accuracy of cows diagnosed both pregnant and not pregnant by milk progesterone on d 24 postbreeding was greater than diagnosis on d 21 postbreeding when cows in estrus by d 24 were deleted from the data, other comparisons for effect of day on accuracy of diagnosis were not different. Total accuracy of diagnosis on d 24 was not increased by using milk progesterone on both d 21 and 24. Samples collected on the day of breeding indicated that 18 of 960 (1.9%) had intermediate or high progesterone. Fourteen (1.5%) additional cows had progesterone above levels expected for a cow in estrus.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Effects of a prostaglandin F2 alpha synchronization program in lactating dairy cattle.

A comparison was made between two different methods of reproductive management in the dairy cow. One protocol administered prostaglandin to open cows weekly; the other administered prostaglandin to open cows with a corpus luteum identified by rectal palpation. Survival analysis was used to analyze the data. Cows receiving weekly doses of prostaglandin had a 30% higher pregnancy rate (number of pregnancies per time) than the cows receiving prostaglandin based on rectal palpation of a corpus luteum. The average number of days to first insemination was shorter in cows given prostaglandin weekly.

Animals↗