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PubMed1994

Measuring outcomes of nutrition intervention.

Along with other health care professions, The Canadian Dietetic Association is promoting outcomes assessment among its members. Defining outcomes and determining their measurement is a continuous process. Outcomes can refer to any consequence of health care, including changes in health status, knowledge, or behaviour. Establishing the link between the outcome and the interventions that led to it is important, but can be difficult. This is especially the case for the dietetic profession, in that nutrition status is often affected by factors other than our nutrition intervention. We reviewed the work of other professional associations: the American Dietetic Association, Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists, Canadian Physiotherapy Association, Canadian Psychological Association, and Canadian Nurses Association. All have formed expert committees or task forces to come to grips with the questions of outcome measurement relevant to their profession. All have found the process difficult and time-consuming. Many health professions are moving toward the position voiced by the CNA: using outcome information they will try to do what they do better, further, they will question whether they should be doing it.

Canada↗
PubMed1978

The job satisfaction of allied health professionals.

The purpose of this study was to determine how allied health professionals felt about their jobs in general and about specific job facets in particular. Four groups were investigated: (1) medical dietitians; (2) physical therapists; (3) occupational therapists; and (4) medical technologists. When national norms were applied to the median scores obtained on the Job Descriptive Index (JDI), low levels of job satisfaction were revealed. Differences were found between professions.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed1997

The politics of reproductive hazards in the workplace: class, gender, and the history of occupational lead exposure.

Over the past two decades, several U.S. companies have sought to bar women from jobs that expose them to potential reproductive hazards, justifying these exclusionary policies by their professed concerns for the well-being of unborn children and potential liability. Although recent court cases have stimulated academic interest in this issue, a historical review of the public health and medical literature reveals that this debate is not new. To understand the logic behind the emergence of "fetal protection" policies, one must examine the scientific history of occupational teratogens and the socio-political and economic forces that have driven scientific research in this field. Using lead as an example, the author argues that research on the reproductive hazards of employment has historically emphasized the risks to women and downplayed the risks to men. This results in environmental health policies that do not uphold the ultimate goal of occupational safety for all workers, but rather reinforce the systemic segregation of men and women in the workplace. Although the political struggle over exclusionary policies has a feminist orientation, it also has important class dimensions and ultimately must be viewed within the broader context of American capitalist production.

Civil Rights↗
PubMed2006

Holistic and biomedical concepts of health: a study of health notions among Swedish occupational therapists and a suggestion for developing an instrument for comparative studies.

The objectives of this study were to inquire into notions of health among a group of 439 Swedish occupational therapists and to test a model derived from a qualitative study by Björklund & Svensson with a representative sample of occupational therapists in Sweden. The data were collected through a questionnaire and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. The means and ranking of the health notions showed that Swedish occupational therapists most frequently hold holistic notions of health, and to a lesser extent biostatistical ones. Most Swedish occupational therapists indicate that being clearly conscious of one's health notions is important both to themselves and to their profession. The test of the model provides a step towards developing an instrument for measuring notions of health that clearly distinguishes between holistic and biomedical ones and that could possibly be used for comparative studies.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2001

Application of demand-control theory to sign language interpreting: implications for stress and interpreter training.

The translation work of sign language interpreters involves much more than language. The characteristics and goings-on in the physical environment, the dynamics and interactions between the people who are present, and even the "inner noise" of the interpreter contribute to the accuracy, or lack thereof, of the resulting translation. The competent interpreter must understand and respond appropriately to the language and nonlanguage aspects of each interpreting assignment. We use the framework of demand-control theory (Karasek, 1979) to examine the complex occupation of sign language interpreting. Demand-control theory is a job analysis method useful in studies of occupational stress and reduction of stress-related illness, injury, and burnout. We describe sources of demand in the interpreting profession, including demands that arise from factors other than those associated with languages (linguistic demands). These include environmental, interpersonal, and intrapersonal demands. Karasek's concept of control, or decision latitude, is also explored in relation to the interpreting profession. We discuss the prevalence of cumulative trauma disorders (CTD), turnover, and burnout in the interpreting profession in light of demand-control theory and data from interpreter surveys, including a new survey study described herein. We conclude that nonlinguistic demand factors in particular and perceived restrictions in decision latitude likely contribute to stress, CTD, burnout, and the resulting shortage of sign language interpreters. We make suggestions for improvements in interpreter education and professional development, including the institution of an advanced, supervised professional training period, modeled after internships common in other high demand professional occupations.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

The relationship of educational level to the development and dissemination of knowledge by occupational therapists.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the qualitative and quantitative differences in productivity among occupational therapists with various educational backgrounds. Comparative analyses pertained to the respondents' demographic data, to their productivity in the development and dissemination of knowledge, to their positions, and to their contributions to the profession. Four advanced education groups were also described in terms of their educational programs. The results of this study indicated that the most significant relationship between the type of education of occupational therapists and their productivity is found in the doctoral group. Although it was determined that time (years of experience) could account for some of the differences between the groups, no significant differences were found between the baccalaureate and entry level master's groups. Significant differences were identified between the entry level and postprofessional master's groups in course work and perceived benefits of education.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Compulsory HIV antibody testing, universal precautions and the perceived risk of HIV: a survey among medical students and consultant staff at a London teaching hospital.

Routine screening of patients and health care staff for HIV has not been endorsed by the medical profession. Instead universal precautions have been recommended as being the most effective way of minimizing the occupational risk of HIV infection. Consultant staff and undergraduate medical students at the Royal Free Hospital and School of Medicine, London, were asked about their attitudes towards compulsory HIV antibody testing, their compliance with universal precautions and their perceived risk of HIV infection. A substantial proportion of staff and students supported compulsory HIV antibody testing for patients, health care workers and certain subgroups of the population. Most of the clinical students and about half the consultants failed to comply with universal precautions. Staff and students saw themselves at greater risk of HIV infection in the hospital than in their personal lives. Clearly, these beliefs and practices must be taken into account when introducing a policy of universal precautions.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1997

Gestures of resistance: the nurse's body in contested space.

This paper is based on a one-year ethnographic study that focused on nurse-patient relationships on a ward where therapeutic nursing and professional autonomy were explicit nursing goals. Through participant observation and semi-structured interviews, it was found that nurses, as a team, adopted a highly relaxed form of posture. Their informal and open stance served to emphasize their 'closeness' with patients, supporting nurses' claim of a special role in the healthcare team, and making flesh some of the differences between nursing and medical roles. The interpretation of nurses' bodily practice rested in part on the meanings given to the ward space patients felt the ward to be a private domain in which nurses' informality endorsed their sense of being cared for as if by family, while for medical staff the ward remained a public space in which female nurses tacitly challenged their authority as men through the adoption of a masculine bodily praxis. The paper thus looks at links between the gendered body, the gendered professions of medicine and nursing, and the gendered nature of space. It argues that work on occupational closure has previously privileged the discursive, and suggests that understanding how nurses arbitrate professional boundaries in everyday practice will benefit from consideration of the nurse's body as a point of political resistance.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Cardiovascular change in elderly male breath-hold divers (Ama) and their socio-economical background at Chikura in Japan.

The Ama have existed for more than 2000 years in Japan and Korea. They have been diving for seaweed and molluscs. Their traditional way of fishing, with goggles or a mask, but without a wetsuit, is still practised as a result of laws against overfishing. We investigated cardiovascular diving responses, expressed as heart rate (HR) reduction, peripheral vasoconstriction indicated by skin blood flow (SkBF) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) during breath-hold face immersion in a group of eight elderly male Ama at Chikura, Japan. Their data were compared to those from three other groups: a) elderly non-divers; b) young divers and c) young non-divers. Our previous studies have shown that young divers show a more pronounced bradycardia than young non-divers. The present study of elderly Ama and elderly non-divers was performed to investigate if this difference persists in old age. We found that, in spite of many years of diving experience, HR reduction of the elderly professional divers observed during face immersion did not differ from that of elderly non-divers, but it was much less pronounced than in the two younger groups. We conclude that even if a well-developed diving response at young age has been reduced to the level of non-divers, the Ama are still able to continue their work of diving in old age. Ama that has been a traditionally female occupation, is mostly practised by men at Chikura today. No young have been recruited for this profession. Therefore, the present Ama are senior and the traditional breath-hold diving will probably cease to exist in the near future. The probable reasons for these changes are discussed.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1985

[Occurrence of nickel contact allergy in randomly selected patients in the Munich area].

A group of 503 persons having no current dermatitis was examined by questionnaire and a patch test with 2.5% and 5% NiSO4 in petrolatum. Among these, 4.77% (62.5% aged up to 39 years) showed a positive reaction, affecting 1.64% of the tested males and 7.72% of the tested females. Grouped by profession, medical personnel yielded the highest percentage of positive reactions (12%), and workers who had frequent occupational contact to nickel showed more positive reactions than workers who had no occupational contact to nickel. Among persons having a history of allergy to nickel, 51.7% yielded positive reactions; and 62.5% of those yielding positive reactions had a corresponding case history. The two test concentrations (2.5% and 5%) caused essentially the same reactions.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Social problems of medical professional orientation (a review)].

The paper reviews the problems of professional medical orientation in Russia and abroad. Different opinions on occupational orientation of young people with regard to medicine are presented and the attitude to the profession of a nurse, among other things, is analyzed. Positive results attained in the sphere of professional orientation and the shortcomings are analyzed. The author emphasizes that the problem is still to be researched and new methods should be developed to solve it.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed2003

Incidence of probable occupational asthma and changes in airway calibre and responsiveness in apprentice welders.

The majority of cross-sectional studies have shown a higher prevalence of ventilatory impairment in welders while only few longitudinal studies were able to detect chronic effects on spirometry or bronchial responsiveness. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of probable occupational asthma (OA), bronchial obstruction and hyperresponsiveness among 286 students entering an apprenticeship programme in the welding profession. This epidemiological prospective cohort study consisted of a baseline assessment survey and two follow-up assessments. A respiratory symptom questionnaire was administered at each visit. Spirometry and methacholine bronchial challenge test results, conducted once prior to onset of exposure and later after an average of 15 months of apprenticeship, were available for 194 subjects. The incidence of probable OA was approximately 3% (6 of 194). The incidence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness, defined as a > or = 3.2-fold decrease in the provocative concentration causing a 20% fall in the forced expiratory volume in one second from baseline to the end of the study was 11.9%. A statistically significant difference was found between the baseline and end of study for the lung function values. In particular, the forced expiratory volume per cent predicted had significantly dropped by 8.4% on average. The significance of these early pulmonary function changes in relation to possible chronic effects of exposure to welding fumes and gases remains to be explored.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The occupational prestige of physiotherapy: perceptions of student physiotherapists in Australia.

Within the framework of occupational prestige assessment, this survey was carried out amongst future physiotherapists in Australia to determine their perceived standing of physiotherapy relative to a range of occupations including several within the medical field. A questionnaire was administered to 258 undergraduate physiotherapy students. Twelve occupations were rated on six dimensions, ie levels of income, education, social standing, responsibility and usefulness, and the proportion of women. The results indicate that amongst future physiotherapists in Australia, their profession possesses relatively high status, together with solicitor, doctor and judge, and is differentiated from the proximate professions of nurse and chiropractor. These results are similar to those obtained from the Australian public, and are in distinct contrast to the perceptions of the profession that emerged amongst physiotherapy students in England. Physiotherapy in Australia is held in high esteem - it has a clear identity and professional status, and is likely to be seen as a desirable future occupation for both genders.

Adolescent↗