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PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevalence of malnutrition in Tarahumara children under 5 years of age in the municipality of Guachochi, Chihuahua].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of malnutrition among Tarahumara children under 5 years of age in the municipality of Guachochi, Chihuahua, Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During the summer of 1996, we interviewed a representative sample of 450 children from 62 communities, stratified by size of population. The sample represents 12.2% of the total number of Tarahumaras in the municipality. For each of three anthropometric indices (weight-for-age, weight-for-height and height-for-age), we calculated the Z-score in reference to NCHS population values. Results are presented as means and standard deviations as well as prevalence of malnutrition at different cut-off-points, stratified by age, sex, and size of the community. RESULTS: Prevalence figures of malnutrition (< -2Z) were: weight-for-age: 36.4% (mean SD +/- -1.66 +/- 1.1); weight-for-height: 3.5% (mean SD +/- -0.43 +/- 0.9); and height-for-age: 57.1% (mean SD +/- -2.15 +/- 1.3). Children aged 12-23 months were the most affected, both in weight-for-height and weight-for-age (10.3% and 52.6%, respectively). Children over one year of age presented prevalences of height-for-age < -2Z over 60%. Significant sex differences (p < 0.05) were observed, favoring girls. CONCLUSIONS: Malnutrition among Tarahumara children reaches its peak during the second year of life (12-23 months old), affecting boys more than girls. This information may be useful for planning and targeting nutrition intervention programs for this underprivileged indigenous group.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1992

Famine-affected, refugee, and displaced populations: recommendations for public health issues.

During the past three decades, the most common emergencies affecting the health of large populations in developing countries have involved famine and forced migrations. The public health consequences of mass population displacement have been extensively documented. On some occasions, these migrations have resulted in extremely high rates of mortality, morbidity, and malnutrition. The most severe consequences of population displacement have occurred during the acute emergency phase, when relief efforts are in the early stage. During this phase, deaths--in some cases--were 60 times the crude mortality rate (CMR) among non-refugee populations in the country of origin (1). Although the quality of international disaster response efforts has steadily improved, the human cost of forced migration remains high. Since the early 1960s, most emergencies involving refugees and displaced persons have taken place in less developed countries where local resources have been insufficient for providing prompt and adequate assistance. The international community's response to the health needs of these populations has been at times inappropriate, relying on teams of foreign medical personnel with little or no training. Hospitals, clinics, and feeding centers have been set up without assessment of preliminary needs, and essential prevention programs have been neglected. More recent relief programs, however, emphasize a primary health care (PHC) approach, focusing on preventive programs such as immunization and oral rehydration therapy (ORT), promoting involvement by the refugee community in the provision of health services, and stressing more effective coordination and information gathering. The PHC approach offers long-term advantages, not only for the directly affected population, but also for the country hosting the refugees. A PHC strategy is sustainable and strengthens the national health development program.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Eating problems and nutritional status during hospital stay of patients with severe stroke.

Eating problems and nutritional status were studied in a consecutive series of patients who had had strokes. From this cohort, 32 subjects (mean age 73 years) with a hospital stay of 21 days or more are described. Eating problems were identified by direct participant observations of the patients' eating behavior, interviews on admission, inspections of the mouth, and discussions with the patients. Nutritional status was assessed by weight, triceps skinfold thickness (TSF), arm muscular circumference (AMC), plasma albumin, serum transferrin, and plasma prealbumin on admission and then weekly. Eating problems were identified in 27 patients. In a general linear hypothesis program, poor nutritional status 3 weeks after admission was found to be associated with (in decreasing order) low self-care performance, poor nutritional status on admission, male sex, intravenous energy-containing fluids, advanced age, paresis of the right arm, and eating problems. Factors other than eating problems seem to be important for undernutrition in patients with strokes during hospital stay.

Cerebrovascular Disorders↗
PubMed1989

Concurrent quality assurance for a nutrition-support service.

A pharmacy-based quality assurance program for a nutrition support service (NSS) is described. The NSS, located in a university teaching hospital, is consulted to provide nutritional therapies, primarily total parenteral nutrition (TPN). A planning group from the NSS developed a quality assurance program to monitor specific activities of the service. Four categories of indicators were selected: discretionary, including the indication for TPN and length of TPN therapy; complications, including metabolic, septic, and mechanical; nutritional outcomes, such as nitrogen balance determinations and visceral protein status; and miscellaneous, such as frequency of missing nutrition-related laboratory data. The planning group developed a TPN monitoring checklist that defined the absolute ranges acceptable for each monitored laboratory test, and standards for each indicator were developed. The program was designed to allow daily evaluation, provide weekly reviews, and generate monthly reports on quality assurance issues. The TPN monitoring checklist was incorporated into the daily monitoring form. Data were compiled from 248 patients over a six-month period beginning on January 1, 1988. Noncompliance with standards was rare for discretionary indicators. A majority of indicators of metabolic complications were in compliance with the standards, as were all indicators of septic complications. Both indicators of nutritional outcome were above the standard, except nitrogen balance during months 4 and 5. The TPN wastage rate was noncompliant with standards during four of the six months. Missing TPN laboratory data (n = 94) in January prompted identification of individual laboratories on the TPN order form. If the mean percentage compliance during this six-month period was higher than the initial standard, then the standard was upgraded.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Hospital Bed Capacity, 500 and over↗
PubMed1996

[The development and realization of government scientific and technical programs in the field of nutritional rationalization for the population in ecologically unfavorable regions of Russia].

New approaches in development of research state politics in field concerning of dietary intake improving for population living in ecological unfavorable regions are suggested. Scientific analysis of effectivity of state funded research project in first priority subjects of medical sciences carried out by Ministry of science and research politics of Russia has been fulfilled. Concrete results of research program realizations in health care system including dietary intake rationalization, environmental improving and elaboration of new medicines and preventive means.

Ecology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Place of birth and dietary intake in Ontario. II. Protein and selected micronutrients.

BACKGROUND: Because of the importance of dietary intake on health, this study investigated the relationship between place of birth and nutrient intake in Ontario, using cross-sectional data from the 1990 Ontario Health Survey. METHODS: Adults (age = 18) were categorized as nonimmigrants (born in Canada; n = 29,458) or immigrants (born outside of Canada, classified by countries of birth; n = 7,158). Protein, calcium, iron, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin intakes were studied (a companion article describes energy and other nutrient intakes). Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses investigated the association of place of birth with nutrient intakes, adjusting for sociodemographic factors and ethnicity. RESULTS: The proportions of subjects at an increased risk of "inadequate" nutrient intakes were relatively low. However, immigrants (particularly from Asian countries) were at a higher risk of inadequate intakes of protein (OR = 1.51, P = 0.001), calcium (OR = 1.41, P < 0.0001), and iron (OR = 1.44, P = 0.002) compared with nonimmigrants. Immigrants from various Asian countries were more likely to report inadequate thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin intakes. CONCLUSION: Some immigrants groups in Ontario display higher risks of inadequate protein and micronutrient intakes compared with nonimmigrants. More research on the nutritional status of these subgroups is needed to develop culturally sensitive health and nutrition promotion programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption in Switzerland: results of the Swiss Health Survey 1992/93].

Inadequate consumption of fruit and vegetables increases the risk of various (chronical) diseases. It is therefore recommended to eat at least three portions of vegetables and two portions of fruit every day. The present study aims to determine the prevalence of inadequate fruit and vegetable (potatoes are not regarded as vegetables in Switzerland) consumption in Switzerland and to determine sociodemographic and lifestyle correlates of inadequate consumption. Data presented in this study were taken from the first national representative health survey for Switzerland (conducted 1992/1993) including 7930 men and 7358 women (response rate 71%), age 15 and over. Bivariate analyses and multivariate logistic regressions controlling for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors were done. Inadequate consumption of fruit and vegetables was common among the study population. Less than daily consumption of fruit was reported by about 30%, of vegetables by 17%. About 25% of study participants do not eat fruit or vegetables every day, for 11% the consumption of both is insufficient. Men, young people, study participants with a low educational background, people living in the French and Italian speaking part of Switzerland, smokers and participants with low physical activity reported more often inadequate fruit and vegetable intake than women, older people, well educated study participants, inhabitants of the German speaking part of Switzerland, nonsmokers, and less physically active people. These results stress the need for nutrition education programs aimed at increased consumption of fruit and vegetables in Switzerland.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Clinical and laboratory assessment of nutrition status in dental practice.

There is a dynamic, two-way relationship between nutrition status and local oral health/systemic disease. Functional alterations in the oral cavity can impact the ability to ingest and swallow a typical diet. Nutrition status may influence disease progression and recovery from infection and surgery. Malnutrition and individual nutrient deficiencies can affect tissue integrity and muscle function. The benefits of a nutrition screening program in dental practice are many. First and foremost, it provides another critical component of the comprehensive health evaluation of the patient. Other positive outcomes are numerous and include improved oral and overall health, early detection of diet and nutrition problems, improved probability of successful treatment, improved wound healing and tissue resistance, and increased communication with patients. The extent to which practitioners provide oral health-related diet information in their practices or refer patients to a registered dietitian for medical nutrition therapy varies. Registered dietitians provide comprehensive nutrition care as a component of medical nutrition therapy. The American Dietetic Association (www.eatright.org) provides a nationwide nutrition network available at their Web site to locate a registered dietitian in a particular geographic area. As the primary care provider for the oral cavity (the entry point to the gastrointestinal track), the dental professional should screen patients to determine nutrition risk, integrate the finding into the patient s treatment plan, offer appropriate guidance to manage nutrition issues related to dental sequellae, and provide the necessary referrals.

Dentistry↗
PubMed1987

Using videodisc technology and the Index of Nutritional Quality to teach dietary guidance to young adults.

A review of the literature indicated a need for nutrition education materials to be current with prevailing scientific knowledge, using advanced instructional technology. Individuals need help in applying nutrition principles to their dietary practices. A nutrition education program utilizing the nutrient density concept and the dietary guidelines for use on videodisc with microcomputer interface was developed and evaluated. The evaluation of the program did not prove to be statistically effective, but learners did show an interest in the program and had positive feedback in regard to the information presented and the technology used.

Dietetics↗
PubMed1995

Factors associated with adherence to the dietary protein intervention in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the characteristics and behaviors associated with adherence to dietary protein interventions among participants with chronic renal disease in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study. DESIGN: Participants were categorized as consistent adherers or nonadherers on the basis of urinary urea nitrogen excretion and dietary protein intake data from self-reports. Psychosocial and behavioral factors were compared between groups. SUBJECTS: Subgroups of consistently adherent and non-adherent participants in the MDRD Study. SETTING: 15 clinical centers in the United States. INTERVENTION: In the nutrition intervention program, participants were assigned randomly to a usual-, low-, or very-low-protein diet group. Each eating pattern also specified a phosphorus goal. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Analysis of variance. RESULT: Psychosocial factors significantly related to adherence included participant knowledge, attitude, support, satisfaction, and self-perception of success. Behavioral strategies including participant self-monitoring of protein intake and the provision of feedback by the dietitian were also significantly related to adherence. APPLICATION: Nutrition interventions for patients with renal disease should focus on psychosocial factors and behavioral approaches. Such approaches can be successfully incorporated into treatment programs and will assist the dietitian in promoting adherence to usual-, low-, and very-low-protein eating patterns.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

["Adopt a healthy lifestyle..". A motivation program to control risk factors of arteriosclerosis in students].

To reduce coronary heart disease risk factors in children an intervention study among 9-year old students and their 40-year old parents was implemented. 348 subjects were in grade 3 at six elementary schools. All students and some 50% of their parents participated in a comprehensive health instruction and nutrition education program. In addition, an integrated school-based clinic offered facilities to take part in a cholesterol screening activity attracting 89% of students and 50% of parents. As a result, 19% of the students and 51% of the parents whose cholesterol levels exceeded the WHO recommendation of 200 mg/dl were counselled for that reason. Besides that, natural opportunities to lose weight and to reduce fat consumption were trained in an integrated approach. Health knowledge was tested and proved to have increased by 50% at the end of the activities. The programme may reduce chronic disease risk by increased efforts to improve repetition and implementation of health activities.

Arteriosclerosis↗
PubMed1978

Improvement of the protein quality of corn with soybean protein.

In most Central American countries, lime-treated corn provides 31% of the total protein and 45% of the energy intake, and beans 24% of the protein and 12% of the calories. Such diet is low in protein quality and quantity, as well as in energy. To overcome these deficiencies, corn can be supplemented either with its limiting amino acids, lysine and tryptophan, or better still, with whole soybeans which improve not only the amount and quality of the protein consumed but, because of their high oil content, the energy intake as well. In addition, animal experiments have shown that for maximum utilization of these nutrients, adequate vitamin and mineral intake is indispensable. At a level of 15 parts of whole soybean or 8 parts soybean-derived products, to 85--92 parts of corn there were no significant changes in the rheological or organoleptic characteristics of the tortilla prepared there of. Higher levels of soybean products, however, may affect the consistency of the lime-treated corn dough and, therefore, the tortilla acceptability. Since corn is usually cooked, but not ground, at home, the soybean supplement can be successfully added at the wet--milling stage of dough preparation or whole soybeans and corn may be cooked together, when a nutritional intervention is desired at the village level. At an industrial scale, if whole soybeans are used, they may be cooked together with corn, and if soy flour is used, this can be mixed at the end of the process when the cooked corn is ground to a flour. A flow diagram for supplementing corn with 15% whole soybeans is presented. If interventions of this nature are to be successful, there is need for increasing the prestige of corn-based food, as well as of nutrition education programs in these populations.

Amino Acids↗