Are 'upper' and 'lower' neural tube defects aetiologically different?
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The induction of spina bifida in rhesus monkeys by treating the pregnant females with the anticonvulsant drug, valproic acid (VPA), during the early stage of gestation which coincides with the critical period of neural tube fusion is discussed. It was found that both the dosage and timing of VPA administration were crucial in the development of lesions which are similar to human spina bifida aperta. The teratogenic protocols and the gross and hystologic characterization of the induced lesions are presented and the epidemiological findings are discussed.
Cilia are microtubule-based protrusions that are found on the surface of most vertebrate cells. Long studied by cell biologists, these organelles have recently caught the attention of developmental biologists and human geneticists. In this review, I will discuss recent findings suggesting a link between cilia and the planar cell polarity signaling cascade. In particular, I will focus on how this interaction may influence the process of neural tube closure and how these results may be relevant to our understanding of common human birth defects in which neural tube closure is compromised.
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