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At least 1,603 records · Page 89Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Travel epidemiology: the Saudi perspective.

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia occupies four-fifths of the Arabian Peninsula, with a land area of 2 million square kilometres. Saudi Arabia holds a unique position in the Islamic world, as the custodian of the two holiest places of Islam, in Mecca and Medina. Annually, some 2 million Muslims from over 140 countries embark on Hajj. This extraordinary en masse migration is a unique forum for the study of travel epidemiology since the Hajj carries various health risks, both communicable and non-communicable, often on a colossal scale. Non-communicable hazards of the Hajj include stampede and motor vehicle trauma, fire-related burn injuries and accidental hand injury during animal slaughter. Communicable hazards in the form of outbreaks of multiple infectious diseases have been reported repeatedly, during and following the Hajj. Meningococcal meningitis, gastroenteritis, hepatitis A, B and C, and various zoonotic diseases comprise some of the possible infectious hazards at the Hajj. Many of these infectious and non-infectious hazards can be avoided or averted by adopting appropriate prophylactic measures. Physicians and health personnel must be aware of these risks to appropriately educate, immunize and prepare these travellers facing the unique epidemiological challenges of Hajj in an effort to minimize untoward effects. Travel epidemiology related to the Hajj is a new and exciting area, which offers valuable insights to the travel specialist. The sheer scale of numbers affords a rare view of migration medicine in action. As data is continually gathered and both national and international policy making is tailored to vital insights gained through travel epidemiology, the Hajj will be continually safeguarded. Practitioners will gain from findings of travel related epidemiological changes in evolution at the Hajj: the impact of vaccinating policies, infection control policies and public health are afforded a real-world laboratory setting at each annual Hajj, allowing us to learn from this unique phenomenon of migration medicine.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Expectations, information, and migration: the case of the West Bank and Gaza.

"This study evaluates the determinants of Palestinian migration from the West Bank and Gaza. Data are employed for the post-1967 period of Israeli rule to specify and test competing models as well as the strucure of expectations in the migration decision. Results of the analysis support a simple static expectation formulation, as is consistent with much of the short-term, low mobility cost migration between the West Bank and Jordan. Findings further point to the importance of various Israeli-Palestinian economic and political economic interactions in the determination of this controversial movement of population, including those associated with employment opportunity for Palestinian labour in Israel, elements of Israeli West Bank settlement policy and changes in local standard of living. Various policy implications of the research are indicated."

Asia↗
PubMed2005

Future longevity-demographic concerns and consequences.

One of gerontology's most intense and ongoing debates centers around the future shape of the human survival curve. Is average life expectancy destined to peak between the ages of 85 and 90, as some would argue, or will new ways be found to sustain the dramatic increase in life expectancy that unfolded during the 20th century? This article considers issues inherent in projecting the number of tomorrow's older people, with a focus on the future course of mortality. Although overall mortality declined in most countries during the past century, the decline has been irregular and has reversed in some countries because of unforeseen epidemics, cause-specific changes, and sociopolitical upheavals. On the positive side, scientists have identified several promising findings; mortality trajectories at very old ages may decline, old-age mortality can be altered by social interventions, the number of centenarians is exploding, new chemical entities have a demonstrable effect on life expectancy, and there has been a linear increase in worldwide record-setting life expectancy during the past 160 years. New projections made by the United Nations peer, for the first time, 300 years into the future. These projections foresee a rise of about 25 years in life expectancy at birth in North America over the next 3 centuries, which some experts today believe to be quite conservative. It is important to recognize the inherent uncertainty in life expectancy projections and how assumptions of future mortality change must-from a policy perspective-be considered in conjunction with potential concomitant changes in fertility and migration.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Physician migration: a challenge for America, a challenge for the world.

For five decades, medical education policy in the United States has been built around the expectation that, if too few physicians were produced, additional physicians would be available from other countries. That policy is examined in the context of the desire for an ever-increasing number of physicians who will provide an ever-expanding array of services in the future. This reality is juxtaposed against the realities that the medical education infrastructure in the United States has yet to respond to the projected needs of the future. Also, other countries have growing needs for English-speaking physicians, particularly the developing countries from which most such physicians migrate. I explore the history of physician migration to the United States, catalogue the countries of origin, examine the attitudes of current students and physicians about migration, and consider the consequences that are likely for donor countries if even higher levels of migration are stimulated. I conclude that the deepening shortages of physicians now being experienced in this country cannot be rectified without substantial increases in the flow of physicians from developing to developed countries. The challenges that this will create call for mutual understanding and a high degree of discipline and creativity among all countries if global health care needs are to be respected.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed2006

Stakeholder analysis of Florida farmworker housing.

Farmworkers, farmworker advocates, state and federal policy-makers, and researchers all consider adequate housing as central to successful migration, community building, and quality of life, including good health, among farmworkers. This study analyzes results from interviews and focus groups with stakeholders involved in Florida farmworker housing conducted with the goal of providing recommendations for future farmworker housing policy. These recommendations include considering housing needs within a life continuum and understanding how wages and housing are interconnected. The concurring perspectives of stakeholders can be considered as building blocks in developing more effective state and local housing policy.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Space maintenance following the premature loss of temporary teeth].

Despite contemporary techniques, we still don't have the ability of saving all deciduous teeth in their place on the dental arch until the time of physiological loss. A premature loss of temporary teeth interferes with the harmony of the adult dentition. The principal consequence of this premature loss is crowding, caused by migration of the adjacent teeth. This article ames to guide our policies in the decision making process whether or not maintaining space, in causes of premature loss of one or more deciduous teeth.

Child↗
PubMed2006

The international migration of Indian nurses.

AIM: To identify the factors responsible for the international migration of Indian nurses. METHODS: The paper is based on the responses of 448 nurse practitioners, nurse educators and nurse administrators to a questionnaire administered to them in December 2004-January 2005. Key factors were identified by the analysis of contingency tables. DISCUSSION: Apart from economic factors, dissatisfaction with working conditions and unhappiness with prevalent social attitudes towards nurses were identified as being of crucial importance for the international migration of Indian nurses. It was found that nurses working in the private sector and from some linguistic and religious groups were particularly prone to migration. Nurses working in the government sector seemed to be more worried about being unable to adjust to working conditions abroad, and therefore less keen to migrate. The fact that they enjoyed better pay scales, a more relaxed work atmosphere and more facilities may have also played a part here. What seemed to be vital to the decision to migrate for a large number of government sector nurses belonging to the so-called 'Forward' and 'Middle' Castes was that they were being crowded out of promotional avenues as a result of the government's policy of Reservations in Promotions for Scheduled Castes and Tribes. CONCLUSION: Health policy-makers in India need to take a serious look at the growing migration of nurses to foreign countries. While such migration leads to inflow of foreign exchange, it also implies the loss of medical personnel vital for the fulfilment of national goals.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The marketing implications of migration on hospital and physician supply and demand in the United States.

Physician and hospital service supply and demand issues lie at the forefront of healthcare policy today. Among the factors affecting state and local supply and demand is the often times overlooked impact that migration has had on interarea population size and composition. This paper discusses the role of migration in the restructuring of population in the context of health care needs. Significant in- or out-migration is shown to be strongly related to a discrepancy between physician and hospital supply and demand. The marketing implications of these imbalances are discussed.

Catchment Area, Health↗
PubMed1992

Recent demographic and migratory trends among Soviet Jews: implications for policy.

The author examines recent demographic trends concerning the Jewish population of the former USSR, with consideration given to both internal and international migration. "Among the factors whose effects on population dynamics are examined, emphasis is placed on the Jewish population's concentration in large urban areas, the effects of emigration on age structure of the remaining population, self-identification as a method in census enumeration, ethnic intermarriage and family characteristics, and the outlook and prospects for emigres in Israel and the United States." The effect of Soviet state policy on Jewish population dynamics is also considered.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1992

North American free trade and the European situation compared.

The author analyzes and compares the trade situation in the European Community (EC) with the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). He finds that "while both the EC and NAFTA are designed to provide trade preferences to the member countries, the two groupings differ markedly in other respects. The Treaty of Rome, establishing what is now the EC, consciously used economic means to foster political cohesion in Western Europe; whereas, the NAFTA negotiations seek free trade rather than more comprehensive economic integration precisely to minimize political content. The EC contains many social provisions absent from the NAFTA discussions, the most important of which is the right of migration from one EC country to another." The effects of NAFTA on the economy of Mexico and on Mexican migration to the United States are also assessed.

Americas↗
PubMed1996

Population increase policy after the 1783 great famine in northeastern Tokugawa Japan.

During the Tokugawa Period, northeastern Japan has been thought one of the poorest region in the country for the population had been decreasing for over 100 years as early as the 18th century. In particular, farmers had been severely affected by several famines, especially in 1783. I have reevaluated the social and economic situation after 1783 by investigating the details of the in-migration plan. The in-migration plan in the study area was not a kind of welfare policy to relieve farmers affected by the 1783 great famine, but evidence shows the beginning of a proto-industrialization. The demand for female labor to produce hemp cloths increased rapidly from the beginning of the 19th century. Women who were good at weaving were invited as brides.

Emigration and Immigration↗