Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “MALINGERING”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,603 records · Page 89Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

The generalized instructional set of the Criminal Attribution Inventory (CRAI): socially desirable responding and faking.

Accurate assessment of criminal attributions can assist in explaining crime and identifying offender treatment targets. The current study examines the relationship between a new method of assessing the cognition of criminal attributes, the Criminal Attribution Inventory (CRAI) and a measure of socially desirable responding. 300 participants including incarcerated offenders, released offenders, sex offenders, and university students participated in the current study. Results indicate minimal relationships between socially desirable responding and the CRAI. In a fake-good testing situation, the faking index had appropriate sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive power in identifying fake-good responses. The CRAI's instructional set of general observation as opposed to self-representation appears to limit socially desirable responding and also allows the CRAI to be administered to nonoffender populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Experimental and clinical pharmacology of psychostimulants].

OBJECTIVE: To examine the fact that, after 50 years, the introduction of amphetamines for therapeutic purposes, psychostimulants such as methylphenidate have proved to be effective medications used in the treatment of childhood hyperactivity, yet misunderstood. METHOD: A review of the literature is undertaken on the use of psychostimulants in children and adults. RESULTS: Studies evaluating their helpfulness in adults are for the most part outdated and nonexploratory. CONCLUSION: their rehabilitation could prove to be useful for young and older adults, on condition that their target syndromes are studied more thoroughly.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Nonprogressive familial leukoencephalopathy with porencephalic cyst and focal seizures.

Two siblings with a similar white-matter disease but different clinical symptoms are described. The first sibling suffers from nonprogressive spastic hemiparesis secondary to a congenital periventricular porencephalic cyst. Her brother has focal epilepsy. On magnetic resonance imaging, both patients show diffuse white-matter involvement predominantly of the posterior periventricular area. We suggest that this is a familial white-matter disorder with minimal symptoms and no progression in early childhood.

Brain↗
PubMed2000

Can the MMPI-2 validity scales detect depression feigned by experts?

Major depression is one of the most frequently presented disorders for claims of psychiatric disability. Evidence also suggests that many individuals making claims of disability exaggerate or even fabricate mental illness. These facts suggest that the detection of feigned depression is an important task in psychiatric disability claim assessments. In this study, the capacity of a number of MMPI-2 validity scales and indicators to detect feigned depression was examined. Twenty-three mental health professionals with specific expertise and significant experience in assessing and treating major depression were asked to complete the MMPI-2 as if they were suffering from major depression. The MMPI-2 protocols of this sample were compared to those of a sample of patients diagnosed with major depression. Results indicated that the validity scales F, back F (FB), and the Dissimulation scale (Ds) were highly successful at distinguishing MMPI-2 protocols of feigned depression from bona fide depression. Replicating results from previous studies, however, FB proved most effective, outperforming all other validity scales and indicators, including F and Ds. These findings suggest that even experts are unable to feign major depression successfully on the MMPI-2, and that the FB scale might be the most effective indicator for detecting feigned depression.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Detection of deception on the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality: validation of the validity scales.

This study used a simulation design to investigate the validity scales of the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP). Undergraduates (N=192) were randomly assigned to two positive distortion (PD) groups, two negative distortion (ND) groups, and a control group. Controls responded normally, whereas the deception groups responded according to assigned characters. Preliminary analyses indicated no significant differences within distortion valence; thus, the groups were collapsed into single PD (n=76), ND (n=79), and control groups (n=37). Mean-level analyses revealed that, consistent with previous studies, ND profiles are easier to detect than PD profiles. Cutoff scores were suggested, and the classification accuracy of these scores converged with the results of several discriminant function analyses to indicate that Rare Virtues and Deviance predict group membership at least as well as MMPI-2 validity scales. Structural analyses revealed that two moderately correlated factors-positive distortion and negative distortion-underlie scores on these validity scales.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Refinement of the MMPI-2 F(p) scale is not necessary: a response to Gass and Luis.

Gass and Luis (2001) reported that four MMPI-2 Lie scale items contained on the F(p) scale do not measure symptom exaggeration but measure defensiveness. They hold that elimination of the four Lie scale items improves the utility of the F(p) scale in the identification of exaggeration in VA samples. To directly address the assertion that removal of the L scale items from the F(p) scale enhances the predictive validity of F(p), data derived from a previously published study where 74 psychiatric inpatients were asked to retake the MMPI-2 and either feign psychopathology or respond in an honest manner were reanalyzed. The intact F(p) scale demonstrated a stronger correlation with group membership, increased incremental validity, and superior classification rates compared with the F(p) scale without the 4 Lie scale items. Consequently, the F(p) refinement recommended by Gass and Luis is unnecessary.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Reliable digit span is unaffected by laboratory-induced pain: implications for clinical use.

Reliable Digit Span (RDS) is an indicator used to assess the validity of cognitive test performance. Scores of 7 or lower suggest poor effort or negative response bias. The possibility that RDS scores are also affected by pain has not been addressed thus potentially threatening RDS specificity. The current study used cold pressor-induced pain to investigate the effect of pain on RDS scores. Sixty undergraduate volunteers randomly assigned to one of three conditions (control, simulator, pain) completed the Digit Span subtest from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III from which the RDS is derived. No differences in RDS scores were found between the control and pain groups, and neither group scored below 8. Sixty-five percent of the simulator group scored 7 or below. These results suggest that RDS is not affected by pain, and scores of 7 or less in persons with pain can be more confidently attributed to negative response bias.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Susceptibility of the MMPI-2 clinical, restructured clinical (RC), and content scales to overreporting and underreporting.

The authors examined and compared the susceptibility of three Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) scale sets (Clinical, Restructured Clinical [RC], and Content) to over- and underreporting using five analog samples. Two samples of 85 and 191 undergraduate students, respectively, took the MMPI-2 under underreporting versus standard instructions. Three samples consisting of 42 undergraduates, 73 psychiatric inpatients, and 84 medical patients took the MMPI-2 under overreporting versus standard instructions. A comparison of the effect sizes across the three sets of scales indicated that Clinical Scale scores are not less susceptible to distortion than the Content or RC Scales. An apparent lesser susceptibility to underreporting for the Clinical Scales was an artifact of the subtle items' effect on these scales.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The incremental validity and clinical utility of the MMPI-2 infrequency posttraumatic stress disorder scale.

The incremental validity and clinical utility of the recently developed Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) Infrequency Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale (Fptsd) was examined in relation to the family of MMPI-2 F scales in distinguishing feigned post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from disability claimants with PTSD. Research participants instructed to feign PTSD when completing the MMPI-2 scored significantly higher on the MMPI-2 family of F scales and the Fptsd scale compared with their responses when completing the MMPI-2 under standard instructions and the sample of claimants with PTSD. Although comparable in magnitude, effect sizes derived from mean group differences and hierarchical logistic regressions for the Fptsd scale never exceeded those for F(B), and F(P), F, F(B), and F(P) added incrementally to Fptsd in the prediction of feigned PTSD. These results suggest that the Fptsd scale does not afford any incremental predictive utility for detecting feigned PTSD relative to the complement of the existing family of F scales.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Elevation differences between MMPI-2 clinical and restructured clinical (RC) scales: frequency, origins, and interpretative implications.

The frequency, origin, and interpretative implications of elevation differences on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) clinical and restructured clinical (RC) scales were examined. Two large clinical samples consisting of 1,770 outpatients and 2,438 inpatients were used for this study. Three potential factors (Demoralization, subtle items, and K correction) were explored as to the extent to which they contributed to elevation differences between a clinical scale and its restructured counterpart. Results showed that differences in elevation between clinical and RC scales occurred between 10% and 35% of cases. Demoralization, subtle items, and K correction contributed substantially to elevation differences. Findings indicate that core descriptors of a clinical scale should be emphasized only when its corresponding RC scale is also elevated, whereas for Scales 4, 6, and 8, elevated scores on the RC scales are interpretable even when the corresponding clinical scales are not elevated.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Convergent validity of the personality assessment inventory: A study of emergency referrals in a correctional setting.

The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) is a new generation multiscale inventory that is widely used in clinical settings. The current study examined its convergent validity with emergency referrals in a metropolitan correctional facility. A sample of 80 referrals completed two phases of an assessment study. As a measure of convergent validity, results on select PAI scales were compared to the Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS), the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS), and the Suicide Probability Scale (SPS). Overall, results indicated moderate to good convergent validity for the following: (a) screening for feigned profiles, (b) establishing clinical correlates of common disorders, and (c) evaluating the potential for suicidal ideation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Altered expression of the DNA mismatch repair proteins hMLH1 and hMSH2 in cutaneous dysplastic nevi and malignant melanoma.

Molecular alterations in the mismatch repair system suggest that this mechanism may be important in the evolution of cutaneous melanoma. Our current study evaluated the expression of two mismatch repair proteins, hMLH1 and hMSH2, in dysplastic nevi (DN) and cutaneous melanoma (CM). Immunohistochemical staining of these proteins was performed on 55 CM and 30 DN specimens. The staining results were divided into three groups: negative, partially positive and strongly positive. Normal adjacent skin cells served as an internal control for positive immunostaining. Altered immunoreactivity of one of the proteins was found in four (13.4%) DN and seven (12.7%) CM. Lack of staining for hMLH1 was observed in two (6.7%) cases of DN and five (9.1%) cases of CM; staining for hMSH2 was absent in two (6.7%) of the DN and two (3.6%) of the CM specimens. Partially positive staining was found in 33.3% and 53.3% for hMLH1 and hMSH2, respectively, in DN, and in 54.5% and 69.1%, respectively, in CMM. Our study shows that complete or partial loss of MMR protein expression occurs in a subset of both DN and CM and may represent a distinct pathway in the development of some DN and CM.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed2006

Novel activating JAK2 mutation in a patient with Down syndrome and B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Activation of tyrosine kinase genes is a frequent event in human hematologic malignancies. Because gene activation could be associated with gene dysregulation, we attempted to screen for activating gene mutation based on high-level gene expression. We focused our study on the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gene in 90 cases of acute leukemia. This strategy led to the identification of a novel JAK2-acquired mutation in a patient with Down syndrome (DS) with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). This mutation involves a 5-amino acid deletion within the JH2 pseudokinase domain (JAK2DeltaIREED). Expression of JAK2DeltaIREED in Ba/F3 cells induced constitutive activation of the JAK-STAT pathway and growth factor-independent cell proliferation. These results highlight the JAK2 pseudokinase domain as an oncogenic hot spot and indicate that activation of the JAK-STAT pathway may contribute to lymphoid malignancies and hematologic disorders observed in children with DS.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Assessment of fetal intracranial pathologies first demonstrated late in pregnancy: cell proliferation disorders.

A considerable number of central nervous system pathologies remain undiagnosed during the first two trimesters of pregnancy. This group of disorders includes anomalies of brain proliferation, migration and cortical organization. Due to the fact that a detailed ultrasound examination of the fetal brain is usually not performed during the third trimester the diagnosis of these disorders is usually only made in families with a previously affected child or in many cases be mere chance. In this article we review the feasibility of prenatal diagnosis of disorders of brain proliferation: microcephaly, macrocephaly, hemimegalencephaly and neoplastic and non-neoplastic abnormal cell types. We discuss the differential diagnosis and offer a stepwise approach to the diagnosis of the more common disorders.

Brain↗
PubMed2026

A third-generation, high-affinity biparatopic anti-tau antibody inhibits intracellular tau aggregation seeded by Alzheimer's brain extracts.

BACKGROUND: Tau immunotherapy has recently shown clinical promise but required high dosing. We developed NIDB-3101, a novel third-generation, high-affinity anti-tau biparatopic antibody designed for superior tau binding, aggregation inhibition, and extended half-life. METHODS: NIDB-3101 binds tau's microtubule-binding region and C-terminal domains. Various binding and cellular functional assays using recombinants, but more importantly human AD extracts were used to assess NIDB-3101 benefits. Half-life mutations impact was assessed via FcRn binding and cellular assays recycling. RESULTS: NIDB-3101 exhibited sub-nanomolar affinity, binding a broad spectrum of pathological tau species in AD homogenates, inhibited AD extracts-induced cellular effect compared to benchmark antibodies. Mutations enhanced hFcRn-mediated cellular recycling. CONCLUSIONS: NIDB-3101 captures a broad spectrum of pathological tau species leading to strong cellular efficacy using human AD extracts, supporting further clinical development as a potential disease-modifying therapy for AD and related tauopathies.

tau Proteins↗