Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Ink”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,603 records · Page 89Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

The line blot: an immunoassay for monoclonal and other antibodies. Its application to the serotyping of gram-negative bacteria.

A procedure is described for assaying antibodies based on the application of antigen to nitrocellulose as a line with an ink pen point. The method requires no expensive apparatus, is easy to perform, and requires less than 0.25 micrograms of antigen per assay. More than 45 antigens can be assayed simultaneously with a single antibody. Antigens can be applied as purified proteins, extracts, or sodium dodecyl sulfate solubilized extracts. The application of the line blot assay for the detection of monoclonal antibodies which recognize heat-sensitive and insensitive epitopes on the typhus rickettsia surface protein antigen is described. A new serotyping assay for Gram-negative bacteria is also described in which sodium dodecyl sulfate solubilized antigens are applied as lines with and without prior proteinase K digestion. The value of the line blot serotyping assay is demonstrated with Proteus. Rickettsia, Rochalimaea, and Legionella antigens. The line blot immunoassay is a simple, but powerful and flexible, alternative to dot and cross-dot immunoassays.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1994

DMISA (dissociated membrane immunosorbent assay), a new ELISA technique performed with blotted samples.

This study describes the use of electrophoretically purified antigens blotted onto nitrocellulose, as solid phase antigens for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. This procedure is called DMISA, for dissociated membrane immunosorbent assay. The method is illustrated using immunoblotted antigens of Dactylis glomerata grass pollen extract. The band of interest was located on a print of nitrocellulose by light staining (India ink), then the corresponding strip of nitrocellulose was cut out. Immediately after its solubilization in ethyleneglycol monomethyl ether, the antigen coated nitrocellulose was precipitated by the addition of buffer. In this way the bulk of the antigen remained bound to the membrane. The resulting suspension was carefully washed, and used as a solid phase antigen in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Two different electrophoretic methods were used to separate the Dactylis glomerata antigens. We compared the results obtained with classical immunoblot and with DMISA, for IgG4 and IgE quantification using sera from patients allergic to D. glomerata and purified blotted antigens present at the nanogram level.

Allergens↗
PubMed1996

Enzyme-linked immunomagnetic electrochemical detection of Salmonella typhimurium.

There is a need for rapid methods to detect pathogenic bacteria in food products as alternatives to the current laborious and time-consuming culture procedures. We report a microbial detection technique that combines the selectivity of antibody-coated superparamagnetic beads with the rapidity and sensitivity of electrochemical detection in a format termed enzyme-linked immunomagnetic electrochemistry. In it, Salmonella typhimurium were sandwiched between antibody-coated magnetic beads and an enzyme-conjugated antibody. With the aid of a magnet, the beads (with or without bound bacteria) were localized onto the surface of disposable graphite ink electrodes in a multi-well plate format. Enzyme substrate was added and conversion of substrate to an electroactive product was measured using electrochemical detection. The electrochemical response was directly proportional to the number of captured bacteria. Using this technique, a minimum detectable level of 8 x 10(3) cells/ml of Salmonella typhimurium in buffer was achieved in ca. 80 min.

Electrochemistry↗
PubMed1982

Evaluation of primers on leakage at the bond interface of silicone and methyl methacrylate.

The bond interface between Silastic 891 and methyl methacrylate was evaluated to determine whether the use of primers would prevent leakage. Three different primers were tested, and the amount of leakage at the bond interface was evaluated by placing the test samples in India ink for periods of 12, 24, and 48 hours and 2 weeks. Of the 80 samples studied, 73 showed evidence of leakage-most of which occurred during the initial 12-hour test period.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1989

Marginal closure of composite restorations with the gingival wall in cementum/dentin.

The marginal leakage of five adhesive composites placed in class V cavities extending into the root was examined by immersing the specimens in China ink after thermal cycling. Clearfil F II-initial bond, Silar-Scotch Bond, and Miradapt-D21 materials did not show leakage when all cavity walls were totally etched, whereas they showed leakage at the dentinal/cemental wall when only enamel was etched. In either conditions Clearfil F II-New Bond materials did not show leakage and Miradapt material showed leakage. Manipulative variables affected the seal of Clearfil F II-New Bond materials. Insertion later than 3 minutes after applying New Bond material induced microleakage. The use of pressure under a matrix did not affect the seal. Maintaining dryness for 3 minutes at the etched dentinal/cemental margin and 1 minute at the etched enamel margin was sufficient to prevent microleakage. Finishing before the initial polymerization of the composite or lining the whole axial wall caused microleakage.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1988

Use of ricin A-chain to selectively deplete Kupffer cells.

We used the A-chain of the toxin ricin (RTA) as a toxin specific to Kupffer cells in mice. RTA is specifically taken up by the mannose receptor present exclusively in macrophages. Kupffer cells were quantitated by shifts in beta-glucuronidase clearance and microscopic counts of cells which phagocytosed India ink. When compared to saline controls, 20 mg/kg of RTA intraperitoneally (divided over 4 days) or intraportally (single doses) significantly prolonged the t 1/2 half-life of beta-glucuronidase by 270 +/- 37 and 210 +/- 8%, respectively. Kupffer cell numbers were significantly decreased by 27 +/- 8 and 33 +/- 16%. This effect persisted for at least 3 days after toxin administration. Despite effects on Kupffer cell number, minimal histological damage to liver, spleen, lung, and heart was noted. Higher doses of RTA or doses potentiated by ureteral ligation to prevent renal clearance resulted in prohibitive mortalities and histologic liver damage. Doses of Hura crepitans inhibitor, a toxin similar to RTA but not mannose-receptor specific, did not affect Kupffer cell numbers. We conclude that RTA given both intraperitoneally and intraportally at low doses is toxic specifically to Kupffer cells. Kupffer cell numbers can be indirectly measured by beta-glucuronidase clearance.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Morphological changes in skeletal muscle after transplantation. A light and electron-microscopic study of the initial phases of degeneration and regeneration.

The morphological changes in subcutaneously implanted muscle homografts in mice were studied by light and electron microscopy 1-23 days after transplantation. The initial degenerative changes were identical in isografts and allografts and were essentially thesame as those found in muscle explants in tissue culture and aftervarious forms of muscle injury. Regnerative changes were prominent at the periphery of graftsby 48-72 hr beforeevidence of graft revascularization could be demonstated by India ink perfusion. Active regeneration occurred in isografts and in allografts during the first week resulting in the formation of a new population of muscle fibres. Rejection subsequently occurredin allografts between days 7-14. Regeneration was retarded or completely inhibitied by exposure of the donor animal to 1,500 rad of X-irradiation 1-2 hours prior to transplantationsuggesting that regeneration is brough about by cells dervied from the graft. Eectron-microscopic observations in 48-72 hr grafts suggested that primitive mononucleated myogenic cellsmay form within degeneratiang muscle fibres by a process of myonuclear sequestration. Inactive satellite cells were present in the muscle from which grafts were taken in some donoranimals but no definite conclusions could be reached as to the role of these cells in graftsregeneration.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Loperamide effects on hepatobiliary function, intestinal transit and analgesia in mice.

Loperamide effects on hepatobiliary function, analgesia and gut transit were studied in mice. Varying doses of the antidiarrheal drug, loperamide, were administered to mice by intracerebroventricular, intravenous, subcutaneous and intragastric routes. Gut motility was determined by intestinal transit of India ink, analgesia by warm water tail flick latency, and hepatobiliary function by retention of the anionic dye, sulfobromophthalein in plasma and liver. When given by all routes at modest doses, loperamide slowed intestinal transit. Analgesia, a centrally mediated opiate effect, was only detected after intracerebroventricular or subcutaneous loperamide at high, near-toxic doses. Elevations of plasma and liver sulfobromophthalein were noted at routes and doses which slowed gut transit, well below those needed for analgesia. Intragastric loperamide at one fortieth its LD50 caused marked elevation of sulfobromophthalein levels and gut slowing, but no analgesia. Sulfobromophthalein elevation and gut slowing by intragastric loperamide were not affected by spinal cord transection but were reversed by naltrexone, an opiate antagonist. Non-toxic doses of loperamide slow gut transit and modify hepatobiliary function in mice by opiate actions at peripheral sites.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1983

Capillary diameter and geometry in cardiac and skeletal muscle studied by means of corrosion casts.

Studies of microvascular geometry made from microscope observations of tissues in vivo or after perfusion with a silastic elastomer or india ink are restricted to a two-dimensional field of view. Microvascular corrosion casts, however, if of sufficient rigidity and structural integrity, can yield three-dimensional information when examined under the scanning electron microscope. We have used modified Batson's No. 17 anatomical casting compound (having a shrinkage less than 1% on setting) to prepare casts of the microvasculature of the heart and skeletal muscles in anesthetized rats. In casts from the L. ventricle the capillary network appeared to parallel the arrangement of the muscle fibers, but showed many capillary loops and anastomoses. In skeletal muscles (gastrocnemius and gracilis) held at full extension, in situ, the casts showed long straight capillaries with fewer branchings than in the heart. In shortened skeletal muscle the capillaries exhibited an undulatory configuration. Capillary diameters (mean +/- SD) were 5.14 +/- 1.42 micrometers (N = 202), 5.04 +/- 1.45 micrometers (N = 294) and 4.84 +/- 1.97 micrometers (N = 335) in L. ventricle, gastrocnemius, and gracilis muscles (both shortened), respectively. The mean values for capillary diameter in these three tissues did not differ significantly. Combining our data with those of L. Henquell, P. L. LaCelle, and C. R. Honig on erythrocyte deformability in the rat (Microvasc. Res. 12, 259-274 (1976)) suggests that even when the capillary bed is fully distended the smallest capillaries, amounting to 1-2% of the total number, must be channels for plasma flow alone. In cross-sectional views of the casts from contracted skeletal muscle the capillaries appeared to form a tightly meshed network of convoluted vessels around the fibers, such that in some regions a large fraction of the surface of each fiber was in contact with blood. The Krogh cylinder geometry appears not to be appropriate for modeling O2 transport in maximally shortened skeletal muscle; a more appropriate model may be that of a cylindrical muscle fiber supplied, at any point down its length, by a uniform peripheral O2 supply.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The paradox of increased microvascular visualization with decreased perfusion in cerebral focal ischaemia in a primate model.

Microvasculature of the right caudate nucleus and insular cortex of monkeys with their right middle cerebral artery occluded was morphometrically measured with an image analysis system at 1/2, 4, 12, 24, and 48 hr and 2 weeks. A biphasic change in the microvasculature was observed. In the first phase up to 12 hr an increase in the number and length of the total microvasculature, visualized by alkaline phosphatase staining, along with a reduction in the number and length of the perfused part of the microvasculature, visualized by India ink perfusion, was observed. In the second phase after 48 hr, the number and length of the total microvascular bed as well as the perfused functional bed were significantly reduced.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Quantitative angiogenesis in spreads of intact rat mesenteric windows.

By introducing a new mode of the recently described mesenteric-window angiogenesis assay (K. Norrby, A. Jakobsson, and J. Sörbo, 1986, Virchows Arch. B. Cell Pathol. 52, 195-206) we measured the entire vascular tree in terms of the vascularized area and the vascular density in spreads of intact mesenteric windows in rats receiving a terminal iv infusion of an ink-gelatin solution to visualize the vessels. Adult and prepubescent rats given ip injections of the mast-cell secretagogue Compound 48/80 or the saline vehicle, as well as untreated litter mates, were used. Following mast-cell activation, both prepubescent and adult rats showed a significant angiogenesis taken as the vascularized area and the vascular density in spreads compared with those of the vehicle-treated animals. In fact the 48/80-treatment increased the vasculature 100-fold compared with the untreated controls. The finding of experimentally induced angiogenesis occurring in rats of all ages should make the assay useful in a wide range of angiogenesis experiments.

Aging↗
PubMed1992

Microvascular morphometry in primate diaschisis.

Focal cerebral ischemia was produced in monkeys by transorbital occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery. Following this, in one group of animals the total microvasculature, including both perfused and nonperfused vessels of the opposite caudate nucleus and insula, was examined by alkaline phosphatase staining of the endothelium. In another group, the patency of the microvascular bed was visualized by india ink perfusion. The number, diameter, and length of visualized vessels were measured by means of a Wild ASBA image analysis system. The perfused patient microvascular bed was significantly reduced in both insula and caudate nucleus in the supposedly normal left side, although the total microvascular volume showed an increase at 4 and 12 hr in the insula and at 48 hr in the caudate nucleus. Reduced perfusion in the hemisphere opposite to the occluded middle cerebral artery provides an anatomical substrate for the phenomenon of "diaschisis."

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Guidance of visual reaching with the aid of a TV monitor: the effects of monitor position and of left/right and up/down reversals of the image in relation to age.

Children, aged 2-9 years, were seated alongside a wall containing an opening through which they could reach with their preferred hand. Targets ("ink blots"), which could not be felt, were attached to the other (rear) side of the wall, around the opening. The child could see directly neither the target nor its hand beyond the front side of the wall; but both were visible on a TV monitor. The image on the screen of the monitor originated from a camera viewing the rear (target) side of the wall at the level of the central opening. The monitor screen was either (a) parallel to the wall, but rotated 180 degrees with respect to the axis of the camera, i.e. facing the camera; or (b) at 90 degrees to the wall; or (c) in a position similar to (a) but visible in a mirror attached to the front side of the wall and therefore in effect "aligned" with the axis of the camera. The image the child saw was either (1) electronically unswitched, i.e. when the target was towards the east on the wall it was to the west on the monitor in monitor position (a), or to the north in position (b), or to the "east" in position (c); or (2) left/right reversed relative to (1); or (3) up/down reversed relative to (1); or (4) both left/right and up/down reversed. The dependent variable was the time taken for the child to place the palm of the hand over the target (time was measured to 0.1 sec on video-recorder with a superimposed time display). Position of the monitor, comparing conditions (a)-(c), gave only minor, perhaps age-related, effects. Left/right reversals were easier than up/down reversals under monitor positions (a) and (b), but not under (c); but both reversals could be achieved by age 3 or older; hardest was condition (4). However, with monitor positions (a) and (b) children, at all ages we tested, found condition (1) ("east gives west/north") easier than (2) ("east gives east/south"), whereas for adults these conditions were equally easy, or they found (2) easier than (1); but with monitor position (c) condition (1), now "east gives east", was easiest. Moreover, the claim that chimpanzees but not monkeys can achieve accurate reaching under the conditions varied in this study seems premature: the chimpanzees may have made use of strategies based on uncontrolled cues.

Attention↗
PubMed1985

Healing and revascularization of apical periodontium and dental pulps in apicoectomized and nonapicoectomized tooth replants in monkeys. A study of fully developed teeth.

This report primarily concerns an experimental study of the effect of apicoectomy on the healing and revascularization of the periodontal membrane and dental pulps in tooth replants. Five rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were subjected to surgical procedures in which twenty incisor teeth were extracted and immediately replanted. Ten of these incisors were subjected to apicoectomy. Healing and revascularization of periapical tissues and dental pulps were evaluated by histologic and India-ink-perfusion techniques. Apicoectomized replants were characterized by (1) loss of dental substance (tooth apex) and creation of large periapical spaces, (2) exposure of dental pulps and production of periapical inflammatory processes with destruction of alveolar bone, and (3) blocking of normal healing because of persistence of chronic periapical inflammatory processes. In contrast, nonapicoectomized replants depicted short-lived primary inflammatory responses and healing processes characterized by variable histologic responses.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

An evaluation of sealing ability of calcium hydroxide sealers.

Solid core filling material such as gutta-percha has been used to fill the root canal in conjunction with a sealer to prevent apical leakage. The purpose of this study was to compare apical seal of five different root canal sealers. Sixty roots of maxillary central incisors were cleansed and shaped and randomly assigned to one of six groups of ten roots each. The root canals were obturated with gutta-percha and one of the sealers by the lateral-vertical condensation technique. Groups I, II, III, IV, and V consisted of roots in which the canal was filled with gutta-percha along with either Roth's sealer, AH26, Sealapex, CRCS, or Nogenol sealer, respectively. Group VI was filled with gutta-percha and without sealer to serve as a control. The access opening was filled with amalgam. Each tooth was then placed in a capped vial containing 2 X 2 inch gauze pads saturated with distilled water, and the sealer was allowed to set at 37 degrees C in the humidor for 48 hours. The roots, except for the apical 2 mm, were coated with two layers of nail polish. The roots were stained with india ink, decalcified, dehydrated, and then placed in methylsalicylate to make them transparent. The leakage was measured with a filar micrometer eyepiece under a dissecting microscope. The mean apical leakage of six groups was as follows: I = 0.45 mm, II = 0.277 mm, III = 0.343 mm, IV = 0.263 mm, V = 0.336 mm, and VI = 2.310 mm. Results showed no significant difference in the apical seal produced by gutta-percha and the tested root canal sealers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Calcium Hydroxide↗
PubMed1992

Coronal dye penetration of the apical filling materials after post space preparation.

Forty canals of palatal and distal roots of molars were cleaned and shaped with the use of a step-back technique. Thirty canals were obturated, 10 each with lateral, vertical, and thermafil techniques. Five root canals were obturated without a root canal sealer and served as positive controls. Another five root canals were obturated, and their coronal half was sealed with sticky wax and served as negative controls. The apical 5 to 6 mm of the filling materials were exposed to india ink for 48 hours. The depth of dye penetration was measured in all groups and statistically analyzed. The apical plugs in the thermafil group had the highest degree of coronal leakage. The ANOVA test showed a significant statistical difference between coronal dye leakage between this group and those found in canals filled by lateral or vertical condensation techniques. The results indicate that the apical filling materials obtained by lateral or vertical condensation leak less than those obtained by thermafil.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1981

A vertebrate-like blood--brain barrier, with intraganglionic blood channels and occluding junctions, in the scorpion.

India ink and ionic lanthanum injections have revealed that the central nervous system (CNS) of the scorpion possesses a highly vascularized cephalothoracic ganglionic mass. It, together with other abdominal ganglia which form a ventral nerve cord, are all ensheathed by an outer layer of modified glial, or perineurial, cells. These cells resemble those which line the blood channels permeating the CNS, in exhibiting both inverted gap and tight junctions. Although the latter show close or fused membrane appositions, lanthanum appears to penetrate past a number, but not all, of them. Freeze-fracturing reveals that these junctions are composed of E-face particles aligned into a network of rows, or ridges, which are frequently discontinuous, especially near the periphery of the perineurium. This produces a somewhat 'leaky' system but occlusion to tracers occurs ultimately, for in the CNS none can be found beyond the perineurium. The existence of this perineurial blood-brain barrier is also demonstrable electrophysiologically where cations such as Mg2+ are unable to penetrate beyond the perineurial layer although they can, it seems, leak in via the blood vascular system. Relative differences in tightness between the perineurium and the cells lining the blood channels may be attributed to differences in the relative number of discontinuous ridges. This is borne out by the observation that the peripheral nervous system has a highly attenuated perineurium with many fewer junctions, and some of these nerves tend to be leaky with respect to tracer penetration. In fixed material the junctional ridges may fracture on to the E-face or partly on both the EF and PF, while in unfixed tissue they are usually found on the PF. In both cases they exhibit complementary grooves that are coincident with the ridges across membrane transitions; in such cases the cell membranes are fused with concomitant obliteration of the intercellular space. These tight junctions, often closely associated with EF gap junctional particle aggregates which may be very loosely clustered, appear to form the basis of the observed blood-brain barrier in the scorpion CNS.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Topographic organization of the ganglion cell layer and intraocular vascularization in the retinae of two reef teleosts.

The retinae of two species of teleosts, the rippled blenny Istiblennius edentulus and the blue tusk fish Choerodon albigena are examined in wholemount. The retinal topography of Nissl-stained cells within the ganglion cell layer in each species reveals a temporal (4.32 x 10(4) cells per mm2) and a nasal (3.83 x 10(4) cells per mm2) area centralis in the rippled blenny and two temporal areae centrales (8.30 x 10(4) and 8.00 x 10(4) cells per mm2) and a horizontal streak (5.00 x 10(4) cells per mm2) in the tusk fish. These areas are thought to subserve higher spatial resolution. Transcardial perfusions of indian ink reveal an extensive network of vitreal blood vessels which are supplied by the hyaloid artery and overlie the retina in each species. This rich network of vitreal vessels supplies areas of increased ganglion cell density although areas of maximum cell density are devoid of vessels to preserve the high spatial resolving power of the eye within this region. Unique blood vessel plexuses overlying the optic disc and falciform process in the tusk fish are also described. The diameter of the overlying vitreal vessels is compared to the soma sizes of cells within the ganglion cell layer.

Animals↗