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PubMed1996

Prevalence and correlates of the injection of methadone syrup in Sydney, Australia.

A sample of 312 heroin users was interviewed on their injection of methadone syrup. Methadone injecting was widespread, with 52% of subjects having injected methadone syrup, 29% in the preceding six months. Males and females were equally likely to report methadone injecting. Forty per cent of current methadone injectors reported weekly or more frequent methadone injecting over the preceding six months. A history of methadone injecting was associated with abscesses and infections in injection sites, having been diagnosed with a venous thrombosis and a history of heroin overdose. Current methadone injectors were in poorer general health, had more injection-related symptoms, higher levels of psychological distress, were more likely to have recently passed on used injecting equipment and to have recently committed criminal acts. Implications for the reduction in the prevalence of methadone injecting and associated harm are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Increasing popularity of injection as the route of administration of amphetamine in Edinburgh.

Six hundred and thirty four interviews of injecting drug users were performed between 1992 and 1994 as part of a study of injecting drug use and HIV prevalence in Edinburgh, Scotland. Amphetamine was injected by more subjects (44%) than any other drug. Preference for injection as the route of administration of amphetamine increased over the period despite no change in the popularity of the drug generally. Simultaneously, heroin use and injection declined. Analyses indicated that amphetamine injectors comprised two distinct sub-groups. The majority were polydrug injectors who injected frequently, had a longer injecting history and were more likely to share injection equipment. About one-fifth were stimulant-only injectors who injected infrequently, were relatively recent initiates to injecting and whose numbers increased over the 3 years. Drug treatment and prevention services may need to explore alternative methods to respond effectively to these emerging trends.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Differences in race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status in schoolchildren dispensed injectable epinephrine in 3 Massachusetts school districts.

BACKGROUND: Published surveys depicting the increase in the incidence of food allergy, especially peanut or tree nut allergy, in children have not reported any differences in race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the demographics of schoolchildren with diverse racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic characteristics dispensed injectable epinephrine. METHODS: School nurses in 44 schools enrolling 21,875 students recorded the characteristics of students dispensed injectable epinephrine in the 2003-2004 school year. Surveyed school districts included 2 affluent suburban districts enrolling 5,855 students (> 92% white) and 1 urban district enrolling 16,020 students (60% nonwhite). RESULTS: A total of 181 students in all 3 districts were dispensed injectable epinephrine; 118 of these children had peanut or tree nut allergy. Males were more likely to be dispensed injectable epinephrine than females (odds ratio [OR], 1.44; P < .02). Whites were more likely to have been dispensed injectable epinephrine than nonwhites (OR, 4.76; P < .001). Whites were nearly 5 times more likely to be dispensed injectable epinephrine for peanut or tree nut allergy than nonwhites (OR, 4.5; P < .001). Most students (75%) dispensed injectable epinephrine for peanut or tree nut allergy were enrolled in prekindergarten through grade 5 (P < .001). Whites were more likely than nonwhites to be dispensed injectable epinephrine for stinging insect allergy (OR, 8.7; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: This study found significant racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic differences in the prevalence of childhood allergic disorders, especially peanut or tree nut allergy, requiring prescribed injectable epinephrine in a school setting. Additional studies are needed to determine whether minority children are being underdiagnosed or undertreated for allergic disorders requiring injectable epinephrine or whether they truly have a lower incidence of such allergic disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Failure of cortisol injected prior to milking to inhibit milk ejection in dairy cattle.

To test the potential for cortisol to inhibit milk ejection directly, 18 Holstein cows were divided equally into control and treatment groups based on milk yields. For treated animals, a single injection of cortisol was made into the saphenous vein 15 min before milkings. Increasing amounts of cortisol (0, 25, 50, and 100 mg) were injected for one morning and one evening milking, with the exception that the treated cows received only one 100 mg injection. Control animals received injections of 0.9% (w/v) NaCl. Cortisol injections had no effect on milk yields. However, a potential inhibitory mechanism might involve a delay, perhaps due to the necessity of synthesizing a regulatory protein. Therefore, to test the potential for increased cortisol over a period of hours to inhibit milk ejection, six of the nine cows in the treatment group were injected with 100 mg of cortisol at 3.25, 2.25, 1.25 and 0.25 h before sequential morning and evening milkings. In blood samples taken 1 min before and after injections, base-line cortisol concentrations averaged 10.2 mg/ml; after injection they were 984.1 ng/ml, and before subsequent injections they were 37.6 ng/ml. Again cortisol injections had no effect on milk yields.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Electrokinetic stacking injection of neutral analytes under continuous conductivity conditions.

In capillary electrokinetic chromatography, neutral analytes can be injected by electroosmotic flow directly from a sample matrix into a separation buffer containing an electrokinetic vector with an opposite mobility. Analytes are injected at the velocity of electroosmotic flow but are retained at the interface of the sample matrix co-ion and separation buffer micelle zones as analyte/micelle complexes. A simple electrokinetic chromatography system containing sodium dodecyl sulfate as the micellar agent with borate as the buffering electrolyte included in the separation buffer and in the sample matrix to provide continuous conductivity was investigated. Concentrations of the micelle, methanol, and borate in the separation buffer were explored to increase maximum injection length of neutral analytes. Reducing the analyte velocity in the separation buffer without substantially decreasing the velocity of the analyte during injection from the sample vial allowed greatly extended sample plug injection lengths. It is presently possible to inject sample solvent volumes equivalent to approximately 7 effective capillary lengths (180 cm) with a 50-microm-i.d. capillary (24.5 cm effective capillary length), total volume of sample injection approximately 3.5 microL Equations describing the injection process and maximum injection lengths for this mode of stacking in electrokinetic capillary chromatography are introduced. The result of this work leads to a postulated generalization of electrokinetic stacking injection maximums for electrophoretic processes, and the concept of orthogonal analyte stacking/injection systems is discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Pressure injection on a valved microdevice for electrophoretic analysis of submicroliter samples.

A recent report describes a reversible valve that can be used in series to achieve diaphragm pumping on chip (Grover, W. H.; Skelley, A. M.; Liu, C. N.; Lagally, E. T.; and Mathies, R. A. Sens. Actuators, B 2003, 89, 315-323). Here, the functionality of an integrated diaphragm pump on a hybrid PDMS-glass microchip to perform pressure injections for electrophoretic separations is demonstrated. A chip design that can perform both pressure and electrokinetic (EK) injection is described, and a mixture of fluorescein and ROX dyes in borate buffer is utilized as a model sample system. Multiple electrophoretic separations of sample injected with pressure and voltage are compared. Over multiple EK injections, an electrophoretic bias is observed and the injected analytes are not representative of the sample, with the peak area ratio changing 20% after 20 runs. Over multiple pressure injections, however, the sample composition is maintained, with a 3.6% CV over 20 runs. The data presented show the ability to alternate between injection types and pressure-inject a representative sample volume after a bias has already been observed with multiple EK injections. Multiple pressure injections have been performed on sample volumes as low as 500 nL while maintaining sample composition, supporting its use in integrated systems for small-volume sampling.

Electrochemistry↗
PubMed2006

Using chemical and isotopic data to quantify ionic trapping of injected carbon dioxide in oil field brines.

Injection of carbon dioxide into depleted oil fields or deep saline aquifers represents one of the most promising means of long-term storage of this greenhouse gas. While the ultimate goal of CO2 injection in the subsurface is mineral storage of CO2 as carbonates, short-term (<50 year) storage of injected CO2 is most likely to be accomplished by ionic trapping of CO2 as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and hydrogeological trapping of molecular CO2. Here, we demonstrate a technique for quantifying ionic trapping of injected CO2 as HCO3- using geochemical data collected prior to and during 40 months of CO2 injection into a hydrocarbon reservoir at the International Energy Agency (IEA) Weyburn CO2 Monitoring and Storage Project, Saskatchewan, Canada. As a result of injection of CO2 with a low carbon isotope ratio (delta13C value), fluid and gas samples from four selected production wells showed an increase in HCO3- concentration and a decrease in delta13C values of HCO3- and CO2 over the observation period. Isotope and mass balance calculations indicate that, after 40 months of injection, approximately 80% of the HCO3- in the reservoir brines sampled from the four wells formed via dissolution and dissociation of injected CO2. This chemical and isotopic technique should be applicable to CO2 injection and storage in oil fields and in deep saline aquifers, provided there is sufficient carbon isotopic distinction between injected CO2 and baseline aquifer HCO3- and CO2.

Bicarbonates↗
PubMed2000

A robust multisyringe system for process flow analysis. Part II. A multi-commuted injection system applied to the photometric determination of free acidity and iron(III) in metallurgical solutions.

A new software-controlled volume-based system for sample introduction in process flow injection analysis was developed. By using a multi-syringe burette coupled with one or two additional commutation valves, the multi-commuted injection of precise sample volumes was accomplished. Characteristics and performance of the injection system were studied by injecting an indicator in a buffered carrier. Three configurations were implemented in order to achieve two different tasks: the single injection of a sample in a two- or three-channels manifold, and the dual injection into different streams. The two channel flow system using the single injection was applied to the determination of free acidity in diluted samples containing high levels of iron(III), by employing the single point titration methodology. The precipitation of ferric hydroxide was prevented using the ammonium and sodium salts of oxalate and acetate as buffer titrant. Methyl Red was employed as indicator. The procedure allows determination of acid concentration in solutions with a Fe(III)/H+ molar ratio up to 0.2. Samples with higher Fe(III)/H+ molar ratios were spiked with a known strong acid at dilution. The three-channel configuration was applied to the determination of ferric ions, using, as reagent, a merging mixture of sulfuric acid and potassium thiocyanate. The double injection system was implemented in series in a single (three-channel) manifold in such a way that a different injection volume and a changed reagent were used for each analyte. It was applied to the separated or sequential determination of free acidity and ferric ions. In this configuration, iron(III) was determined using 0.5-0.7% (w/v) sodium salicylate solution as reagent. The systems can operate at up to 100, 84 and 78 injections per hour, respectively. Determinations on synthetic and process samples compared well with the reference values and procedures. Recoveries of 95-102% with a maximum RSD value of 5.4% were found for acidity. The respective values obtained for iron determinations were 96-105% and 4.3%.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

A robust multi-syringe system for process flow analysis. Part 3. Time based injection applied to the spectrophotometric determination of nickel(II) and iron speciation.

A new software-controlled time-based system for sample or reagent introduction in process flow injection analysis was developed. By using a multi-syringe burette coupled with one multi-port selection valve, the time-based injection of precise known volumes was accomplished. Characteristics and performance of the injection system were studied by injecting an indicator in a buffered carrier. Two multi-syringe time-based injection (MS-TBI) systems were implemented: first, the injection of a sample in a multiple-channel manifold where the sample would sequentially merge and react with different reagents, and second, the sequential injection of several solutions (sample and reagents) into a particular flowing stream. The first system was applied to the spectrophotometric determination of nickel(II) in diluted samples from the acidic nickel ore leaching process, by using ammonium citrate as carrier, a saturated solution of iodine as oxidizing agent and alkaline dimethylglyoxime as chromogenic reagent. The sampling frequency attained was 57 h-1. Determinations on process samples compared well at the 95% confidence level with the reference values obtained by ICP-OES. The second time-based injection system was applied to the speciation of iron. Total iron and iron(II) concentrations were separately and sequentially determined using 1,10-phenanthroline in acetic buffer medium as reagent. The developed manifold allowed the optional use of two different carrier solutions, containing or not containing ascorbic acid, for performing the separate determinations. Also, in the sequential procedure, plugs of reducing carrier were alternatively intercalated before the sample injections used for total iron determinations. Sampling frequencies of 68 injections per hour were routinely used. Accuracy was assessed by analyzing synthetic known mixtures of Fe(III) and Fe(II) standard solutions. Recoveries of 98-100.5% with a maximum relative standard deviation of 3.6% were found. Results obtained for various samples of fertilizers agreed well with those attained by the standard batch procedure.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Predictors of hepatitis B and C infection in injecting drug users both in and out of drug treatment.

AIMS: To assess prevalence of, and behavioural risk factors for, hepatitis B and C in drug users both in and out of contact with drugs services. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey of hepatitis B and C prevalence using blood samples and self-completed risk factor questionnaires. PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred and sixty injecting drug users (IDUs) in treatment for their drug use, attending syringe exchange schemes (SES), and not in contact with any services in Wirral and Manchester between 1997 and 1999, for whom test results were available for 334 (hepatitis B) and 341 (hepatitis C). FINDINGS: Hepatitis B prevalence differed between groups, from 19% of those not in contact to 41% of those presenting to request a test (p = 0.040). Prevalence of hepatitis C ranged from 48% (SES) to 62% among those presenting for a test (p = 0.233). After multivariate adjustment, hepatitis B was predicted by prison stays (p = 0.030) and injecting for longer (p = 0.003). For hepatitis C, length of injecting career (p = 0.036), having been to prison (p = 0.034), having injected more than one drug type (p < 0.001) and being female (p = 0.037) predicted infection. Overall, 38% had shared some form of injecting equipment in the previous 4 weeks. People recently starting injecting were more likely to share, and sharing was more likely to occur when injecting with only one other user rather than in larger groups. Those who had previously presented for a hepatitis C test, regardless of the result, were less likely to have recently shared injecting equipment. CONCLUSIONS: Behaviours associated with transmission of hepatitis B and C are common among IDUs. In particular, sharing of injecting equipment was more likely in small groups and in those recently beginning injecting. More broadly, chaotic drug use and time in prison were also risk factors for hepatitis infections. When assessing prevalence of hepatitis B and C, our results suggest that figures cannot be extrapolated from those in service contact to those in the wider drug-using population.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Trends in morphine prescriptions, illicit morphine use and associated harms among regular injecting drug users in Australia.

This paper examines population trends in morphine prescriptions in Australia, and contrasts them with findings from annual surveys with regular injecting drug users (IDU). Data on morphine prescriptions from 1995 to 2003 were obtained from the Drug Monitoring System (DRUMS) run by the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Data collected from regular IDU as part of the Australian Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) were analysed (2001 - 2004). The rate of morphine prescription per person aged 15 - 54 years increased by 89% across Australia between 1995 and 2003 (from 46.3 to 85.9 mg per person). Almost half (46%) of IDU surveyed in 2004 reported illicit morphine use, with the highest rates in jurisdictions where heroin was less available. Recent morphine injectors were significantly more likely to be male, unemployed, out of treatment and homeless in comparison to IDU who had not injected morphine. They were also more likely to have injected other pharmaceutical drugs and to report injection related problems. Among those who had injected morphine recently, the most commonly reported injecting harms were morphine dependence (38%), difficulty finding veins into which to inject (36%) and scarring or bruising (27%). Morphine use and injection is a common practice among regular IDU in Australia. In some cases, morphine may be a substitute for illicit heroin; in others, it may be being used to treat heroin dependence where other pharmacotherapies, such as methadone and buprenorphine, are perceived as being unavailable or undesirable by IDU. Morphine injection appears to be associated with polydrug use, and with it, a range of problems related to drug injection. Further research is required to monitor and reduce morphine diversion and related harms by such polydrug injectors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

HIV risk exposure of injecting drug users in Sydney.

One thousand two hundred and forty-five Sydney injecting drug users (IDUs) were interviewed by questionnaire in 1989 to determine demographic and behavioural characteristics. One-sixth (16.7%) were considered to be at low risk of HIV from either needle sharing or sexual transmission as they had either never shared injecting equipment, or had not shared for years, or cleaned their injecting equipment effectively on 100% of the occasions when they did share; and were either celibate or monogamous or, if they had multiple partners, had not had unsafe sex in the previous 6 months. Over half (50.7%) had either unsafe injecting or sexual behaviour with the remaining third (32.6%) engaging in both unsafe injecting and sexual practises. Women were more at risk from sharing injection equipment than men but men were more at risk from sexual transmission than women. Increasing age was associated with greater likelihood of safer sex but age had no effect on injecting practises. There was no relationship between unsafe injecting and sexual practises. Amphetamine use was associated with low risk injecting practises while heroin use was associated with low risk sexual transmission. These findings indicate appreciable residual risk behaviour sufficient to allow for at least a slow diffusion of HIV among injecting drug users.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Motives for and against injecting drug use among young adults in Amsterdam: qualitative findings and considerations for disease prevention.

To elucidate injection initiation and risky injection practices among young drug users (YDUs) in Amsterdam, this study identifies self-reported motives for injecting and not injecting to inform interventions to be targeted at issues personally relevant for this population. A qualitative study was performed using in-depth interviews to obtain retrospective drug use histories. Recruitment took place both directly (by street outreach, outreach at methadone outposts) and indirectly (by respondent-driven sampling). The study started in the year 2001 and included 50 YDUs, aged 18-30, of which 18 had a history of injecting. Reasons for not starting injection were fears of needles, overstepping a limit, damage to appearance, fears of missing veins and causing abscesses, and illnesses. Reasons for starting injection were stronger effect or rush, curiosity, economy, knowing injectors, and perceived lack of danger to health. Motives for injecting and not injecting can differ widely individually. Some strong motives are hardly addressed by prevention programs and should inform new prevention initiatives. Users' own motives for not injecting should be promoted, whereas their motives for initiation should be counter-balanced with factual information.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1954

Studies on the transfer of lymph node cells. III. Effects of variation in the interval between the injection of antigen into the donor and collection of its lymph node cells.

At various intervals, from 10 minutes to 21 days, after the injection of dysentery bacilli into the hind foot pads of rabbits the popliteal lymph nodes were excised. The cells of the lymph nodes were teased free, washed, and injected intravenously into normal rabbits. In each case aliquots of the same cell suspension were either incubated at 37 degrees C. for 24 hours or heated at 52 degrees C. for 20 minutes and then injected into other normal rabbits, as controls. In the case of lymph node cells obtained 4 or 3 days after the injection of antigen, antibody was found in the serum of recipients on the 1st day after the transfer of untreated cells. The titer increased until the 3rd day and then began to decline after the 5th or 7th day. In the sera of recipients of incubated cells antibody was not found, except on occasion after the 4th day and in low titer. This late appearance of antibody was attributed to the presence of small amounts of antigen in the original cell suspension. As the interval between injection of antigen and collection of cells was increased beyond 4 days the effectiveness of the transfer decreased progressively until at 14 days no transfer effect was obtained. When cells which were obtained 2 days after the injection of antigen were transferred, antibody appeared on the 2nd day after transfer and then followed the characteristic curve, whereas in the case of incubated cells antibody did not appear until the 3rd day after transfer. After the transfer of untreated 1 day cells antibody did not appear in the recipient until the 3rd day, and then followed the type of curve seen with 2, 3, and 4 day cells. Following transfer of incubated 1 day cells antibody also appeared on the 3rd day. To establish the possibility of eliciting the cell transfer effect as early as 1 day after the injection of dysentery bacilli, recipient rabbits were x-irradiated 24 hours prior to the injection of cells. It was found that in the sera of such recipients of untreated cells antibody appeared on the 3rd day following transfer, while irradiated recipients of incubated cells did not develop any measurable amounts of agglutinin for the first 10 days. It was concluded that a total of 3 days was required between the injection of antigen into the donor and the appearance of measurable antibody in the serum of the recipient, regardless of the fraction of that time spent by the cells in each of the animals involved, donor or recipient. Following the transfer of untreated cells removed from lymph node as early as 10 minutes after the injection of antigen distal to them, antibody could be found in the sera of x-irradiated recipients 4 days later, whereas antibody did not appear following the transfer of heated cells to such recipients.

Animals↗
PubMed1958

Demonstration in vitro of anaphylactoid response of the uterus and ileum of guinea pigs injected with testis or sperm.

FEMALE GUINEA PIGS WERE INJECTED WITH THE FOLLOWING MATERIALS: homogenates of guinea pig testis in saline or in adjuvant; suspensions of washed guinea pig sperm in saline or in adjuvant; homogenates of rabbit testis in adjuvant; guinea pig sperm and rabbit sperm in adjuvant. Control animals were not injected or were injected with adjuvant alone. At various times between 15 and 39 days after injection, the animals were sacrificed. Their ilea and uterine horns were removed and tested in vitro for reaction to washed epididymal sperm of the guinea pig, rabbit, or bull. It was found that the animals which were injected with homologous testis or sperm in adjuvant possessed organs which responded strongly to the challenge with homologous sperm. The response was a contracture which began 10 to 30 seconds after the sperm were injected into the bath and lasted for 5 minutes to 4 hours, the longest period of observation. Responses which lasted for periods of 5 minutes to 30 minutes were obtained with the uteri of the animals injected with guinea pig testis in saline or with guinea pig sperm in saline. Animals which were injected with rabbit testis and adjuvant responded to rabbit sperm, and animals injected with guinea pig sperm and rabbit sperm in adjuvant reacted to both gametes. A large proportion of the control animals possessed organs which reacted weakly to the challenge with homologous sperm. Retesting the organ which had contracted following exposure to sperm indicated that desensitization had occurred. Testing with heterologous sperm indicated a species selectivity. The evidence is interpreted to mean that injections of sperm or testis induce a hypersensitivity which is similar in some respects but differs from true anaphylaxis. The findings are discussed from the point of view of the nature of the response and the implications regarding natural immunity to sperm.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Chromatin decondensation, pronucleus formation, metaphase entry and chromosome complements of human spermatozoa after intracytoplasmic sperm injection into hamster oocytes.

Obtaining karyotypes from human spermatozoa after microinjection into Syrian golden hamster oocytes is difficult and the hitherto reported results are unsatisfactory. This may be related to the injection and culture technique or to the high susceptibility of the hamster oocytes to undergo parthenogenetic activation or both. Therefore, we investigated the hamster oocyte-human sperm microinjection model using the following two approaches: (i) application of contemporary techniques for injection (touching the sperm tail) and culture (hamster embryo culture medium, HECM-3, 10% CO2) and (ii) omission of Ca2+ from the injection medium. Thus, in the first series of experiments, 252 hamster oocytes were injected with human spermatozoa. Among the 219 (87%) oocytes that survived the injection procedure, the mean percentages of male pronucleus formation [two pronuclei (2PN), two polar bodies (PB)], mitotic metaphase entry and sperm chromosome spreads were 41.4, 27.8 and 18.2% respectively. Analysis of the oocytes which failed to develop the male pronucleus following injection revealed that most of them had developed only the hamster female PN while the sperm nuclei were either intact or swollen (partially decondensed), indicating that failure of oocyte activation was not the likely reason for the failure of male PN formation in these oocytes. In the next series of experiments, sibling oocytes were alternately injected with spermatozoa suspended either in the regular (1.9 mM Ca2+) or Ca2+-free injection medium (experiment set 2, n=278). A significant improvement was noted in the mean percentages of oocytes with 2PN, 2PB, metaphase entry and sperm chromosome spreads in the Ca2+-free group versus the regular group (2PN, 2PB: 51 versus 36.6%, metaphase entry: 36.3 versus 26.9% and sperm chromosome spreads: 28 versus 20.4%; all P < 0.04). Thus, parthenogenetic activation appears to be one of the contributing factors for the failure of male PN formation after heterospecific hamster ICSI. From these experiments it can be concluded that application of the advanced injection and culture techniques and omission of Ca2+ from the injection medium are promising for the routine application of the hamster oocyte microinjection for karyotyping of human spermatozoa with poor fertilizing capacity.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Uptake and release of adrenal ascorbic acid in the guinea pig after injection of ACTH.

The effect of a single injection of ACTH (3 IU/100 g body weight) on the distribution of ascorbic acid (AA) and radiolabeled AA in 20 tissues was studied in adult male guinea pigs consuming 500 mg AA/kg diet. Saline- or ACTH-injected animals were simultaneously injected with [1-14C]AA, and killed at 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after injection. There was no significant difference between treatments in the weight of any tissue over the 6-h experimental period. As anticipated, the concentration of AA in the adrenals of animals injected with ACTH was 33% of that of animals injected with saline at 4 h. Unexpectedly, the concentration of radiolabeled AA in the adrenals at 0.5 h after ACTH injection was 172% of that after saline injection. The concentration of radiolabeled AA in the adrenal of the saline-injected animals increased slowly over time to reach a level similar to that of ACTH-injected animals by 6 h. There was no effect of ACTH on the level of AA or uptake in any of the other tissues examined. These results demonstrate that a single dose of ACTH markedly influences the retention of AA in the adrenal gland without similarly altering retention of AA in other tissues. Furthermore, ACTH treatment causes both accelerated uptake and release of AA into the adrenals.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1996

Somatotropin treatment does not affect nonesterified fatty acid response to adrenergic injections in underfed or overfed nonlactating cows.

This experiment was conducted to determine the respective effects of bovine somatotropin (bST) and energy balance on the in vivo responses of plasma nonesterified fatty acids and glucose to isoproterenol (a nonselective beta-agonist) or epinephrine injection in nonlactating nonpregnant cows. Two groups of adult Holstein cows were either underfed (n = 4) at 75%, or overfed (n = 5) at 150% of maintenance energy requirement, respectively. Cows received or did not receive a subcutaneous injection of Sometribove (500 mg) during two experimental periods (cross-over design). Adrenergic or placebo injections (4 nmol/kg body weight of epinephrine or isoproterenol or 4 mL of sterile saline) were administered intravenously on d 7-9 after bovine somatotropin injection, 1 h before 3.5 h after feeding for under- or overfed cows, respectively. Glucose and nonesterified fatty acid responses to each challenge were calculated as area under the response curve and above the base line, from the time of challenge until 60 min postchallenge. Basal plasma nonesterified fatty acids and their response to adrenergic injections were enhanced by underfeeding. Responses of nonesterified fatty acids to isoproterenol injection were higher than they were to epinephrine injection. Basal plasma glucose was enhanced by bovine somatotropin treatment, which increased the glucose response at 5 min after adrenergic injections. Response of plasma glucose was higher after epinephrine than after isoproterenol injection. Treatment with bovine somatotropin did not change plasma nonesterified fatty acid responses to epinephrine or isoproterenol injection in under- or overfed cows, at constant energy intake, whereas underfeeding modified these responses markedly.

Adrenergic Agonists↗