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At least 1,603 records · Page 89Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Dengue prevention and 35 years of vector control in Singapore.

After a 15-year period of low incidence, dengue has reemerged in Singapore in the past decade. We identify potential causes of this resurgence. A combination of lowered herd immunity, virus transmission outside the home, an increase in the age of infection, and the adoption of a case-reactive approach to vector control contribute to the increased dengue incidence. Singapore's experience with dengue indicates that prevention efforts may not be sustainable. For renewed success, Singapore needs to return to a vector control program that is based on carefully collected entomologic and epidemiologic data. Singapore's taking on a leadership role in strengthening disease surveillance and control in Southeast Asia may also be useful in reducing virus importation.

Aedes↗
PubMed2003

Larval habitats and distribution patterns of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse), in Thailand.

This study was conducted to survey larval breeding habitats and to obtain larval abundance during the dry period covering all 5 geographical zones of Thailand. Our results indicated Aedes aegypri is prevalent all over the country, whereas Aedes albopictus is more restricted to the remote area of the south. Water storage containers, especially water jars, served as a main larval breeding habitats of Ae. aegypti, whereas broken cans and plastic containers are considered primary breeding sites for Ae. alpopictus during the dry period. In addition, Aedes larval indices, container index (CI), house index (HI), and Breteau index (BI) were measured. CI and HI values from the central part were significantly higher than those from other areas (p<0.01). BI values of all collection sites were greater than 50 (a maximum BI value accepted by the Ministry of Public Health, Thailand). In brief, Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus populations heavily infested many towns and residential areas of the country. Drought could not limit the density of Aedes mosquitos in Thailand. Systematic vector control and vector surveillance programs by public health organizations, if practical, should be continuously conducted to reduce or prevent dengue risk.

Aedes↗
PubMed1989

The cost of anaplasmosis in the Red River Plains and south-east areas of Louisiana.

Losses from morbidity and mortality due to anaplasmosis were assessed in beef and dairy cattle of the Red River Plains and south-east areas of Louisiana. The cost of treatment and prevention of anaplasmosis and losses in milk production and those due to deaths or culling were valued at $0.5 million for the year 1983 in these two areas. The cost of prevention included the use of tetracyclines in feed and salt-mineral supplements, injectable tetracycline, vaccination and an estimated 10% of the cost of insecticidal ear tags, sprays, pour-on applications and dust bags. The remainder of these costs and the total cost of vector control in dairy cattle was attributed to the control of fly annoyance. Treatment costs included veterinary fees and the owner's treatment costs, including labour costs.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed2002

Combating malaria in Africa.

The spread of antimalarial drug resistance has major consequences for malaria control in tropical Africa. Here, the impact of chloroquine resistance on the burden of malaria is analyzed and its implications for the Roll Back Malaria initiative are examined. Malaria mortality has increased at least twofold during the past two decades. Combination therapy should be available for home treatment of young children. The potential toxicity of most antimalarials will require special surveillance programs. The main contribution to malaria control using methods to reduce the entomological inoculation rate is expected in areas with low or unstable transmission. Classic vector-control methods could potentially eliminate malaria in most urban areas and such programs deserve high priority.

Africa↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Selective primary health care: strategies for control of disease in the developing world. XI. Dengue.

Since World War II, dengue viruses have progressively extended their geographic domain and have increased as causes of human morbidity and mortality. This complex of four flaviviruses is principally transmitted to humans by the bite of Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever vector. Factors that promote the indoor storage of water are congenial to the breeding of A. aegypti. These include the dislocations of wars, overpopulation , and urbanization. By the mid-20th century, A. aegypti eradication campaigns had nearly succeeded in much of the Western Hemisphere. Since then, there has been a steady degradation in ability to cope with this species despite the fact that a newly emerged, severe immunopathologic disorder, dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome, endows dengue epidemics with grave consequences. Development of a vaccine against dengue is complicated by the need to develop four different live attenuated vaccines and by a justifiable caution imposed by dengue immunopathology. A wide range of proven methods have been and are available to reduce populations of A. aegypti. This paper argues that the eradication strategy adopted earlier in this century is still viable and cost effective. Critical to a successful control program is a prioritied approach, a thorough, disciplined planning effort, a commitment to assessment, adequate compensation of staff, and, above all, the will to succeed.

Aedes↗
PubMed1985

Mortality of Culicoides brevitarsis fed on cattle treated with ivermectin.

Adult female Culicoides brevitarsis Kieffer, important vectors of arboviruses affecting livestock in Australia, were fed on penned Hereford yearling cattle which had been given a single subcutaneous injection of ivermectin at a dose of 200 mcg/kg. The mean mortality of engorged females 48 hr after feeding on the treated cattle was 99% for 10 days posttreatment and in excess of 40% for 18 days posttreatment. Based on these results, it appears that ivermectin administered subcutaneously could be a useful tool for the control of Culicoides-transmitted diseases and would provide an attractive alternative to "slaughter out" programs in the case of a major exotic disease threat.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Comparative genomics of insect juvenile hormone biosynthesis.

The biosynthesis of insect juvenile hormone (JH) and its neuroendocrine control are attractive targets for chemical control of insect pests and vectors of disease. To facilitate the molecular study of JH biosynthesis, we analyzed ESTs from the glands producing JH, the corpora allata (CA) in the cockroach Diploptera punctata, an insect long used as a physiological model species and compared them with ESTs from the CA of the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Anopheles albimanus. The predicted genes were analyzed according to their probable functions with the Gene Ontology classification, and compared to Drosophila and Anopheles gambiae genes. A large number of reciprocal matches in the cDNA libraries of cockroach and mosquito CA were found. These matches defined known and suspected enzymes of the JH biosynthetic pathway, but also several proteins associated with signal transduction that might play a role in the modulation of JH synthesis by neuropeptides. The identification in both cockroach and mosquito CA of homologs of the small ligand binding proteins from insects, Takeout/JH binding protein and retinol-binding protein highlights a hitherto unsuspected complexity of metabolite trafficking, perhaps JH precursor trafficking, in these endocrine glands. Furthermore, many reciprocal matches for genes of unknown function may provide a fertile ground for an in-depth study of allatal-specific cell physiology. ESTs are deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers DV 017592-DV 018447 (Diploptera punctata); DR 746432-DV 747949 (Aedes aegypti); and DR 747950-DR 748310 (Anopheles albimanus).

Aedes↗
PubMed2000

Evaluation of conventional resistance to European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in experimental maize lines developed from a backcross breeding program.

Plant resistance is a promising control method for the two most damaging insect pests of maize, Zea mays L.: the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), and the western corn rootworm Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte. Fifteen experimental lines of maize, derived from a backcross breeding program designed to introgress resistance to European corn borer from Peruvian maize into two U.S. Corn Belt adapted inbred lines, were evaluated for resistance to European corn borer and western corn rootwonrm. The experimental lines were in the second generation of backcrossing. All experimental lines were resistant to leaf blade feeding by European corn borer. These lines had low levels of 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, a chemical commonly associated with leaf blade feeding resistance, indicating that this was not the mechanism of resistance to leaf blade feeding in these lines. Eleven experimental lines were resistant to leaf sheath and collar feeding by European corn borer. Useful sources of European corn borer ovipositional nonpreference and root feeding resistance to western corn rootworm were not identified. Some of the lines evaluated in this study may provide useful sources of resistance to both leaf blade and leaf sheath and collar feeding by European corn borer.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Flies and Helicobacter pylori infection.

Houseflies have been proposed to be a reservoir and vector for Helicobacter pylori. We assessed the effect of insecticide spraying in villages in The Gambia on H. pylori infection in young children. Effective control of flies did not prevent infection with H. pylori.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Evaluation of protective efficacy of K-OTAB impregnated bednets for cutaneous leishmaniasis control in Southeast Anatolia-Turkey.

Large-scale field trials were performed in an endemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in both urban and rural settlements of Sanliurfa City, SE Anatolia, Turkey, to evaluate the efficacy of insecticide impregnated bednets. An intervention field trial promoting the use of K-OTAB (deltamethrin-tablet formulation) impregnated bednets by the local inhabitants of five quarters for cutaneous leishmaniasis was performed between July 2000 and July 2001. The aim was to examine the monthly and annual efficacy of such bednets in controlling cutaneous leishmaniasis and to compare effect of impregnated bednets (IB) with non-impregnated bednets (NIB). Results showed significant (P < 0.05) reduction in cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence in the intervention areas from 1.87 % to 0.035% in Yenice and from 2.3% to 1.32% in Suruç B. In contrast, cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence increased in the untreated control areas from 1.03% to 1.38% in Suruç A. The annual incidence of the second control area for cutaneous leishmaniasis experiments showed almost no change at all(1.1% in July 2000; 1.02% in July 2001). Similar to results of control areas, cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence rates showed an increase despite the bednets in the Suruç C (1.22% to 1.47%) where NIBs were distributed.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Production of polyhedra of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus using the Sf21 and Tn5B1-4 cell lines and comparison with host-derived polyhedra by bioassay.

Both wild-type and recombinant baculoviruses are becoming more attractive for the control of insect pests. Thus, there is an increased incentive to address and resolve logistical problems associated with large-scale production of these viruses. In this study, we have compared the potential of two insect cell lines, Tn5B1-4 and Sf21, for the production of polyhedra and compared the efficacy of both cell culture-derived and host-derived viruses by bioassay. The efficacy of both wild-type AcMNPV and AcAaIT, a recombinant baculovirus expressing an insect-specific scorpion toxin, were compared. Yields of polyhedra from Tn5B1-4 were sixfold higher than those from the cell line Sf21. Morphological analysis of polyhedra derived from cell culture showed greater variability in size relative to host-derived polyhedra. The maximum size of cell culture-derived polyhedra was over 1.5 times larger than that of insect-derived polyhedra. The efficacy of AcMNPV and AcAaIT derived from cell culture, or from amplification in larvae of Trichoplusia ni or Heliothis virescens, was compared by bioassay in H. virescens. There was a significant difference between the slopes for lethal time data for host-derived and cell culture-derived wild-type virus. Mortality occurred at a faster rate following infection with host-derived virus. No significant difference was seen for the recombinant virus AcAaIT. Lethal doses of cell- and host-derived polyhedra were not significantly different. The reasons for and implications of this for pest control are discussed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Social and economic factors and the control of lymphatic filariasis: a review.

Formal control programmes do not exist for lymphatic filariasis in much of the endemic world. The literature on the social, economic and clinical impacts of the disease is so sparse as to provide virtually no guidance on whether the disease should be accorded more importance in national or local public health programmes. This type of research is a major priority. Putting together what little is known about the socioeconomic determinants of filariasis with the fairly extensive experience in control leads to a finding that control programmes must be undertaken at the community level to be effective. Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) is a readily available and apparently safe drug that can be deployed successfully for community control. While research currently is exploring the potential for individuals to protect themselves with DEC or a newer drug, ivermectin, community-wide control is unlikely to be achieved in that way. Under some special circumstances, controlling the mosquito vectors may be sufficient to control the disease, and in other cases, it may complement chemotherapy, but in general, it cannot be relied upon as a primary measure. DEC may be used in a variety of regimens which vary in their cost, duration, incidence of side effects and degree of community participation. Some, including DEC-medicated salt, are particularly attractive alternatives for many filariasis-endemic areas. The search for less expensive, yet effective, control options must continue, and this requires research not only into the costs of the various options, but also into the determinants of community acceptance, compliance and participation.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Towards the elimination of onchocerciasis.

Human onchocerciasis is a severely disabling filarial disease that is endemic in 28 African countries, six Latin American countries and Yemen. The disease causes a high burden of blindness and visual loss, along with itching and other severe dermal manifestations. It constitutes a significant obstacle to socio-economic development in highly endemic riverine areas, where the Simulium blackflies that act as vectors breed. Onchocerciasis has been subject to control efforts for more than 50 years, initially mainly through vector control but since 1988, with free access to ivermectin (Mectizan), also through large-scale chemotherapy. The Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa operated successfully from 1974 to 2002 in 11 countries, covering the worst savannah foci of the disease through vector control and, in its later stages, also through ivermectin distribution. The African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control was established in 1995, to cover the remaining endemic areas in Africa, with the sustainable annual distribution of ivermectin by 2010 its main goal. Meanwhile, the Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas is making rapid progress in the virtual regional elimination of the disease through ivermectin distribution, which is achievable primarily because the vectors in the western hemisphere are less efficient than those elsewhere. The global elimination of onchocerciasis as a public-health problem is now within reach but this will require long-term strategies to secure the great gains made so far, through ivermectin treatment and local vector control. Research is needed to define the optimal approaches with the existing tools and to intensify the development of alternative strategies, such as macrofilaricidal drugs for wide-scale use.

Africa↗
PubMed1984

The evolution of ocular onchocerciasis in the Volta River Basin Area over a period of five years of vector control.

The results of an ophthalmological evaluation conducted in seven West African savannah villages before and after 5 years of vector control, were analysed to determine the effect of an interrupted or greatly reduced transmission of Onchocerca volvulus on the evolution of ocular onchocerciasis. Cross-sectional data showed a significant reduction of the prevalence of ocular onchocerciasis in five of the villages, and the rates of irreversible ocular lesions and blindness were generally lower after 5 years of vector control. A longitudinal study of a defined population showed that the ocular status of most patients with ocular onchocerciasis remained stable or improved over the 5 year period, particularly in lightly infected cases. The evolution of ocular onchocerciasis showed a deterioration in a minor proportion, restricted to cases of already existing severe lesions, resulting in blindness. A comparison of ophthalmic data from adjacent areas without vector control, indicates that a five year period of vector control may reduce the risk of developing eye lesions or blindness due to onchocerciasis by 50%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Evidence for p-glycoprotein modification of insecticide toxicity in mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex.

Pesticide resistance has parallels with multi-drug resistance syndrome of tumours in clinical medicine, which has been linked to an ATP-dependent pump, p-glycoprotein (P-gp). P-gps pump drugs out of the cell, thereby reducing cellular concentrations of the chemical. P-gps have been found in several invertebrate species and have been shown to provide a defence against environmental xenobiotics, including pesticides. This study used a model cell culture system to investigate the interaction of pesticides with P-gp. Ivermectin and endosulfan were shown to be strong inhibitors of dye transport out of cells, which is a standard measure of P-gp modulation. We then investigated the action of a P-gp inhibitor, verapamil (calcium channel blocker), on insecticide toxicity to fourth-instar mosquito larvae of the Culex pipiens L. complex (Diptera: Culicidae). Verapamil increased toxicity to examples of three insecticide classes (cypermethrin, endosulfan, ivermectin), but not to chlorpyrifos (organophosphate). The discovery of a novel protective mechanism in mosquitoes, with a wide substrate range, has implications for the control of important pest and vector species.

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Mem↗
PubMed1994

Non-biting Muscidae and control methods.

Many non-biting muscids (filth flies) are characterised by the habit of visiting manure or rotting organic material to feed and/or oviposit. As these flies also often have close associations with human beings, as well as human habitations and domestic animals, they are potentially both a nuisance and a contributory factor in the transmission of diseases. The authors examine the biology, economic importance and control of four of the most important non-biting muscids: housefly, Musca domestica; face fly, Musca autumnalis; Australian bush fly, Musca vetustissima; sheep head fly, Hydrotaea irritans.

Animals↗