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PubMed1990

Hand Test characteristics of severely behavior handicapped children.

The Hand Test was administered to 98 severely behavior handicapped (SBH) children and a matched control group of public school children. The withdrawal score and associated variables, indicative of severe psychopathology, differentiated the two groups. In addition, a qualitative analysis of the SBH protocols tentatively suggested a preponderance of four behavioral types that could be described as the underproductive, perseverative, psychotic and impulsive child. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1979

Stereotypes concerning normal and handicapped children.

Individuals' attitudes were assessed toward various groups of children. In study 1 the respondents were 65 male and female teachers from across the state of Kansas. In study 2 the respondents were 89 men and women in attendance at the 1978 International Conference of the Association for Children with Learning Disabilities. In both studies the evaluations of the labels "gifted children," "normal children," and "physically handicapped children" were found to be significantly more positive than the evaluations of the labels "mentally retarded children," "learning disabled children," and "emotionally disturbed children." These results seem to indicate that definite negative stereotypes are held toward the latter three groups of children. In study 1 these findings were found to occur generally regardless of the respondents' sex, age, educational level attained, and amount of previous mainstreaming experience.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1983

Test performance of language-handicapped children with familiar and unfamiliar examiners.

The importance of examiner familiarity to children's performance on tasks requiring high or low levels of symbolic mediation was investigated. Thirty-four handicapped preschool children were examined within a repeated measures crossover design, once by one of two familiar classroom teachers and once by one of four strange teachers. Subjects performed significantly better with familiar than with unfamiliar examiners on high symbolic mediation tasks; no such differential performance was obtained on low symbolic mediation items. Findings are related to current efforts to identify procedural and situational variables in assessment, uncontrolled by present standard test administrations, that may preclude children's optimal performance.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1998

Profile of handicap situations in children with cerebral palsy.

The purposes of this study were to establish a profile of handicap situations in children with cerebral palsy and to identify some variables associated with the occurrence of these situations. Ninety-eight children with a diagnosis of cerebral palsy (mean age +/- 1 SD, 10.5 +/- 3.5 years) were recruited on a voluntary basis. The Life Habits Assessment (LIFE-H, version 1.0) was used to measure the degree of accomplishment in 12 categories of life situations (activities of daily living and social roles). Significant disruptions in the accomplishment of all life habit categories were revealed. The highest disruptions were observed in the following categories: recreation, community, personal care, education, mobility, housing and nutrition. Disruption progressed significantly with increased severity of cerebral palsy. Impairment type, severity, speech and language disorders, and comprehension difficulties explained a high percentage of the total variance (> 60%) in the accomplishment of life habits. The results suggest that life habits related to school and social integration are greatly disturbed.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1998

Hip and shoulder rotations during the golf swing of sub-10 handicap players.

The motion of the shoulders, arms and club during the golf swing has often been explained using the 'double pendulum' model. Despite subsequent explanations for the actions of the distal segments of the body, the coordination of more proximal segments during the swing is less well understood. To ascertain the pattern of centre of mass motion and hip and shoulder rotations that result in a high clubhead speed at impact, the swing used in driving from the tee of eight low-handicap golfers was videotaped and analysed using three-dimensional techniques. The shoulders rotated in excess of 90 degrees during the backswing and, in 75% of the golfers, continued rotating away from the flag as the hips began turning back towards it. This sequential pattern of hip and shoulder rotation indicated that they conformed to the 'summation of speed' principle, which is hypothesized to result in a greater torque being applied to the club before impact. The speed of the drive was also benefited by the centre of mass shifting exclusively in the intended direction of ball flight during impact.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Long-term sequelae in children treated for brain tumors: impairments, disability, and handicap.

Sixty-one long-term survivors, treated for brain tumors in childhood, were evaluated in term of neurological impairments, disability, and handicap. Thirty-eight patients (pts) (62%) had at least one impairment. Visual impairment was detected in 14 pts (24%), associated with recurrence (p = .012). Thirty-four patients (56%) had motor impairment, associated with sex (female) in irradiated patients; 13 (21%) had epilepsy, associated with supratentorial tumor site (p = .001). The same number of patients had brain atrophy; risk factors were hydrocephalus at diagnosis and perioperative complications. Sixteen patients (30%) had IQ score < 80, associated with young age at first treatment (p = .006) and recurrence (p = .043). Twenty-seven out of 61 of our patients (44%) were disabled: 12 mildly, 14 moderately, and 1 severely. Epilepsy was the most important risk factor for disability. Cognitive impairment, motor impairment, and epilepsy were associated with employment (43%); cognitive impairment was also associated with education.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Towards a new ICIDH. International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps.

In 1995 a special issue of Disability and Rehabilitation was published on the use of the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH) which was issued by WHO in 1980. Since 1995 a lot of energy has been spent by WHO and other organizations aiming at the development of a new and improved ICIDH. In 1997, a draft ICIDH-2 (Beta-1 version) was circulated by WHO in order to be tested in the field. This paper informs the reader about the content of the draft ICIDH, the revision process planning and some Dutch comments relating to the actual draft.

Persons with Disabilities↗
PubMed2004

Function and disability in late life: comparison of the Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument to the Short-Form-36 and the London Handicap Scale.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument's (LLFDI) concurrent validity, comprehensiveness and precision by comparing it with the Short-Form-36 physical functioning (PF-10) and the London Handicap Scale (LHS). METHODS: We administered the LLFDI, PF-10 and LHS to 75 community-dwelling adults (> 60 years of age). We used Pearson correlation coefficients to examine concurrent validity and Rasch analysis to compare the item hierarchies, content ranges and precision of the PF-10 and LLFDI function domains, and the LHS and the LLFDI disability domains. RESULTS: LLFDI Function (lower extremity scales) and PF-10 scores were highly correlated (r = 0.74 - 0.86, p > 0.001); moderate correlations were found between the LHS and the LLFDI Disability limitation (r = 0.66, p < 0.0001) and Disability frequency (r = 0.47, p < 0.001) scores. The LLFDI had a wider range of content coverage, less ceiling effects and better relative precision across the spectrum of function and disability than the PF-10 and the LHS. The LHS had slightly more content range and precision in the lower end of the disability scale than the LLFDI. CONCLUSIONS: The LLFDI is a more comprehensive and precise instrument compared to the PF-10 and LHS for assessing function and disability in community-dwelling older adults.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Androgens and the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis: unraveling direct and indirect pathways of immunosuppression in song sparrows.

The immunocompetence handicap hypothesis proposes that testosterone (T)-dependent sexual signals are honest indicators of male health or genetic quality because only high-quality males are able to withstand the obligate effects of T-induced immunosuppression. In birds, the basic assumption that T suppresses immune function is equivocal, and the physiological mechanisms underlying T-induced immunosuppression remain to be investigated. We explored the proximate pathways of T-induced immunosuppression in song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) by treating captive nonbreeding males with different androgens and measuring several components of acquired immune function. Males implanted with T suppressed cell-mediated and humoral immune responses compared to males implanted with 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), dehydroepiandrosterone, or control (empty) implants. Furthermore, T treatment increased plasma levels of corticosterone and decreased body mass and fat stores in relation to other treatments. The failure of DHT to depress immune function suggests that T-induced immunosuppression does not occur through a direct pathway because both T and DHT bind to androgen receptors on target cells. Instead, we outline indirect pathways that are likely responsible for suppression of the avian immune system that include stress-induced immunosuppression, aromatization to estrogen, and alterations in energy allocation that constrain expenditures toward immune system activation.

Androgens↗
PubMed1996

Orthodontics for the handicapped child.

The broad spectrum of difficulties that exist in providing orthodontic treatment for handicapped children is well known and few practitioners offer such a service. The present article offers an analysis of the problems involved and provides some practical answers designed to overcome them. It describes some of the newer modalities that have become available to the dental profession over the last few years and shows how advantage may be gained by their exploitation, in orthodontic treatment. Additionally, some of the older and largely-forgotten methods, appropriately modified and updated, are represented in this context, where they find particular relevance. Guidelines are given to enable the orthodontic profession to gain therapeutic access to a section of the population that urgently requires treatment.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1993

Identifying hearing loss and hearing handicap among chronic care elderly people.

This research assessed the appropriateness of the 1989 ASHA Draft Guidelines for the Identification of Hearing Impairment/Handicap in Adult/Elderly Persons for an institutionalized population. We tested 104 elderly chronic care residents using a conventional audiometer, an AudioScope3TM screener, and the Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly. Results showed that this population is capable of performing these tests. Screening should be done at 2,000 Hz only. However, the prevalence of hearing loss is so high (69%) that we recommend conventional testing of all institutionalized elderly where feasible.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

A candidate gene for mild mental handicap at the FRAXE fragile site.

The cytogenetic expression of the folate sensitive fragile site, FRAXE, is due to the expansion of a GCC repeat in proximal Xq28 of the human X chromosome and is associated with a mild form of mental handicap. Normal individuals have 6-35 copies of the repeat whereas cytogenetically positive, developmentally delayed males have > 200 copies and show methylation of the associated CpG island. Through the use of conserved sequences adjacent to the FRAXE GCC repeat, we have isolated a 1495 bp cDNA which begins 331 bp distal to the FRAXE site and extends to a region > 170 kb distal in Xq28. The cDNA sequence possesses both a putative start of translation and a poly-A tail. The predicted protein has amino acid motifs which share significant homologies with the human AF-4 gene which encodes a putative transcription factor. On northern analysis, the cDNA detects a 9.5 kb transcript in human brain, placenta and lung. This transcript is present in multiple human brain tissues, but is more abundant in the hippocampus and the amygdala, thus providing possible functional insights. RT-PCR of normal adult brain RNA provides evidence for the existence of the 1495 bp transcript represented by the isolated cDNA.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1977

Parental reactions to the birth of a handicapped child.

Study of the theories of crisis reaction and grief and mourning therapy provide an enlightened understanding of parental reactions to the birth of a handicapped child. This article explores ways in which the hospital social worker can assist parents in meeting this crisis and in dealing with the issues this reality presents.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1978

The prevalence and severity of major disabling conditions--a reappraisal of the government social survey on the handicapped and impaired in Great Britain.

This paper re-examines the data gathered for the Government Social Survey on the Handicapped and Impaired in Great Britain. The underlying cause of disablement is considered in conjunction with severity and prevalence. When these are taken together a picture emerges in which stroke, arthritis, and circulatory disorders are the most frequent cause of severe disability in the community. An attempt is also made to examine the way in which the survey might be biased by the non-inclusion of those in institutions.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Survey of hepatitis B viral markers at a public day school and a residential institution sharing mentally handicapped students.

The prevalence of hepatitis B virus markers was studied among employees and clients at a nonresidential public school for the mentally handicapped and at a privately operated residential facility. In the residential institution, 73 (80%) of 91 clients and 15 (16%) of 92 workers had positive tests for hepatitis B virus markers. Twenty-three clients, including six carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (subtype ayw), received their education their education at the public school. Only two students (4%) who did not live at the residential institution and one employee (2%) had positive tests for hepatitis B virus markers. One of these students had acute hepatitis B infection, with hepatitis B surface antigen subtype ayw; the subtyping suggested that he had acquired the infection from one of the six carriers from the residential institution. Testing for IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen in single serum samples facilitated the identification of acute and chronic hepatitis B infection in children and staff of both facilities. The results show hepatitis B can be transmitted in this setting, and vaccination may be warranted for susceptible students and staff.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Disability parameters, chronic strain, and adaptation of physically handicapped children and their mothers.

Investigated the contribution of disability parameters and chronic disability-related strain to the adaptation of 50 congenitally physically handicapped 6- to 11-year-old children and their mothers. Multiple dimensions of adaptation, disability status, and chronic disability-related strain were assessed with a variety of procedures. The mothers reported their children and themselves to display significantly worse adaptation than expected for a general sample. The adaptation of these children and their mothers, however, was not significantly related to the children's disability status nor the chronic strain thereto related. An exception was that the children's social functioning could be significantly explained by both of these factors. The inability to explain most dimensions of adaptation in the children and their mothers as it relates to the conceptual model guiding this research is discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

Family resources as resistance factors for psychological maladjustment in chronically ill and handicapped children.

The hypothesis that their psychological adjustment is related in part to resources present in their families was investigated in 153 children, age 4-16, who had one of five chronic physical disorders: juvenile diabetes, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, chronic obesity, spina bifida, or cerebral palsy. Their mothers completed standardized psychometric instruments to measure specific dimensions of family psychological and utilitarian resources and of child adjustment. Variation in children's psychological adjustment was related both to their psychological and utilitarian family resources. Psychological family resources contributed uniquely to the prediction of adjustment beyond that provided by utilitarian family resources. These results are discussed as having implications for the identification of chronically ill and handicapped children at risk for adjustment difficulties.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

The social environment and the adaptation of mothers of physically handicapped children.

Evaluated relationships between social environmental characteristics and adaptation in 50 mothers of congenitally physically handicapped 6- to 11-year-old children. Mothers reported on utilitarian resources, child adjustment, psychosocial family resources, service utilization, and three dimensions of adaptation. Analyses of the concurrent correlational design indicated significant proportions of the variance in mental and social functioning were explained by features of the social environment. Mother's physical health could not be significantly predicted. Consistently strong contributions were made by psychosocial family resources in all adaptation domains.

Adaptation, Psychological↗