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PubMed2001

Two disordered phases of the beta-tin structure in binary semiconductors.

The Ising model on a beta-tin structure has a phase diagram containing three distinct phases involving order, disorder, and a frustrated ordering. The x-ray crystallographic observation that no ordered beta-tin phases exist at room temperature in compound semiconductors may indicate either "paramagnetic" (dynamic) or frustrated (static) disorder. Density functional pseudopotential calculations determine which regimes real materials fall into and predict that in materials such as GaSb, there may be two temperature-driven transitions between beta-tin structures: from ordered, to frustrated order, to disordered.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Disorder, superlattice canting and chiral domains in zirconia-niobia ceramic alloys.

The structures of the zirconia-based ceramic oxide superlattice alloy phases Nb(2)Zr(x-2)O(2x+1) (x approximately 7-12) are reviewed. It is noted that recent investigations into the alloys' structure suggest they are not strictly crystalline, with consequences for their diffraction properties. It is suggested that several aspects of their behaviour may be interpreted as proper to a frustrated two-dimensional XY model, where the distinctive planes of oxygen atoms in the alloys form a lattice of planar XY 'spins'. Evidence is presented for the existence of frustration, which produces superlattice canting in the model including electron-microscope evidence for the existence of domains of staggered Ising-type chirality in the alloys, as predicted for the frustrated two-dimensional XY model by Villain [J. Phys. C (1977), 10, 1717-1734].

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Temperament, parenting, and depressive symptoms in a population sample of preadolescents.

BACKGROUND: Depressive symptoms can be triggered by negative social experiences and individuals' processing of these experiences. This study focuses on the interaction between temperament, perceived parenting, and gender in relation to depressive problems in a Dutch population sample of preadolescents. METHODS: The sample consisted of 2230 ten-to-twelve-year-olds from the North of The Netherlands. Perceived parenting (overprotection, rejection, emotional warmth) was assessed by the EMBU (a Swedish acronym for My Memories of Upbringing) for Children, temperament (fearfulness and frustration) by the parent version of the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire-Revised, and depressive problems by the Child Behavior Checklist (parent report) and the Youth Self-Report (child report). RESULTS: All parenting and temperament factors were significantly associated with depressive problems. Frustration increased the depressogenic effect of parental overprotection and lack of emotional warmth. Fearfulness increased the effect of rejection in girls, but not in boys. Furthermore, the association between frustration and depression was stronger in boys. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the hypothesis that the effect of specific parenting behaviors depends on the temperament and gender of the child.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Pearling instabilities in water-dispersed copolymer cylinders with charged brushes.

We investigate the structural behavior of a poly(styrene)-block-poly(acrylic acid) diblock copolymer which forms hexagonally-packed PS cylinders (C-phase) in the melt state. The water dispersion of this structure provides hairy cylinders which comprise a PAA swollen cylindrical brush with a height h tunable via its degree of ionization and the ionic strength in the solution, and a water-free, PS cylindrical core of constant radius R(C). Such system constitutes an "out-of-equilibrium" frustrated model system: the selective swelling of the PAA brush results in a frustration of the interface curvature, which the ratio h/R(C) allows to quantify. Upon heating at a temperature higher than the glass transition temperature of the PS core, the glassiness of the core is relieved and the mechanical constraints arising from the selective swelling of the structure can be relaxed: the cylinders undergo a cylinder-to-sphere transition upon annealing at high temperature, when above a frustration threshold h/R(C) approximately 1.8. Thanks to a careful mapping of the transition diagram, an undulating cylindrical morphology (UC) is identified between unchanged cylinders ( h/R(C) approximately 1.8) and spheres ( h/R(C) < or = 2.0), which appears to result from a Rayleigh-like pearling instability of the copolymer cylinders.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

The prevalence of religious coping among persons with persistent mental illness.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of religious coping among persons with persistent mental illness and to gain a preliminary understanding of the relationship between religious coping and symptom severity and overall functioning. METHODS: A total of 406 individuals who were diagnosed as having a mental illness and who were patients at one of 13 Los Angeles County mental health facilities completed a survey consisting of the Religious Coping Index, the Symptom Checklist 90-R (SCL-90), the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale, and a 48-item demographic questionnaire. RESULTS: More than 80 percent of the participants used religious beliefs or activities to cope with daily difficulties or frustrations. A majority of participants devoted as much as half of their total coping time to religious practices, with prayer being the most frequent activity. Specific religious coping strategies, such as prayer or reading the Bible, were associated with higher SCL-90 scores (indicating more severe symptoms), more reported frustration, and a lower GAF score (indicating greater impairment). The amount of time that participants devoted to religious coping was negatively related to reported levels of frustration and scores on the SCL-90 symptom subscales. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study suggest that religious activities and beliefs may be particularly compelling for persons who are experiencing more severe symptoms, and increased religious activity may be associated with reduced symptoms. Religion may serve as a pervasive and potentially effective method of coping for persons with mental illness, thus warranting its integration into psychiatric and psychological practice.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1984

Aphorisms of suicide and some implications for psychotherapy.

An aphorism is a pithy short statement stating a general truth. This article presents twenty aphorisms about suicide. One example: "There are many pointless deaths, but never a needless suicide." What is implied is that every suicide is an effort to redress certain unfulfilled, thwarted or frustrated psychological needs. (These include the needs for affiliation, avoidance of pain, succorance--among some twenty psychological needs that have been identified.) The psychotherapeutic implication of this particular aphorism is fairly obvious: Reduce the sense of frustration or effect some satisfaction of the frustrated needs of the suicidal individual and the elevated level of perturbation will be mollified sufficiently so as to drop below the lethal threshold of suicidal action. For the twenty aphorisms about suicide, some implications for response and the management of suicidal persons are suggested in order to prevent suicide. In addition a few general suggestions are offered for the management of suicidal persons.

Aphorisms and Proverbs as Topic↗
PubMed1989

Pseudostupidity and analyzability.

This paper seeks to heighten awareness of pseudostupidity and the potential analyzability of patients who manifest it by defining and explicating it, reviewing the literature, and presenting in detail the psychoanalytic treatment of a pseudostupid patient. Pseudostupidity is caused by an inhibition of the integration and synthesis of thoughts resulting in a discrepancy between intellectual capacity and apparent intellect. The patient's pseudostupidity was determined in part by his need to prevent his being more successful than father, i.e., defeating his oedipal rival. Knowing and learning were instinctualized. The patient libidinally and defensively identified with father's passive, masochistic position. He needed to frustrate the analyst as he had felt excited and frustrated by his parents' nudity and thwarted by his inhibitions. He wanted to cause the analyst to feel as helpless as he, the patient, felt. Countertransference frustration was relevant and clinically useful in the analysis. Interpretation of evolving relevant issues led to more anxiety and guilt, less pseudostupidity, a heightened alliance, and eventual working through. Negative therapeutic reactions followed the resolution of pseudostupidity.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

GPs' perspectives of type 2 diabetes patients' adherence to treatment: A qualitative analysis of barriers and solutions.

BACKGROUND: The problem of poor compliance/adherence to prescribed treatments is very complex. Health professionals are rarely being asked how they handle the patient's (poor) therapy compliance/adherence. In this study, we examine explicitly the physicians' expectations of their diabetes patients' compliance/adherence. The objectives of our study were: (1) to elicit problems physicians encounter with type 2 diabetes patients' adherence to treatment recommendations; (2) to search for solutions and (3) to discover escape mechanisms in case of frustration. METHODS: In a descriptive qualitative study, we explored the thoughts and feelings of general practitioners (GPs) on patients' compliance/adherence. Forty interested GPs could be recruited for focus group participation. Five open ended questions were derived on the one hand from a similar qualitative study on compliance/adherence in patients living with type 2 diabetes and on the other hand from the results of a comprehensive review of recent literature on compliance/adherence. A well-trained diabetes nurse guided the GPs through the focus group sessions while an observer was attentive for non-verbal communication and interactions between participants. All focus groups were audio taped and transcribed for content analysis. Two researchers independently performed the initial coding. A first draft with results was sent to all participants for agreement on content and comprehensiveness. RESULTS: General practitioners experience problems with the patient's deficient knowledge and the fact they minimize the consequences of having and living with diabetes. It appears that great confidence in modern medical science does not stimulate many changes in life style. Doctors tend to be frustrated because their patients do not achieve the common Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) objectives, i.e. on health behavior and metabolic control. Relevant solutions, derived from qualitative studies, for better compliance/adherence seem to be communication, tailored and shared care. GPs felt that a structured consultation and follow-up in a multidisciplinary team might help to increase compliance/adherence. It was recognized that the GP's efforts do not always meet the patients' health expectations. This initiates GPs' frustration and leads to a paternalistic attitude, which may induce anxiety in the patient. GPs often assume that the best methods to increase compliance/adherence are shocking the patients, putting pressure on them and threatening to refer them to hospital. CONCLUSION: GPs identified a number of problems with compliance/adherence and suggested solutions to improve it. GPs need communication skills to cope with patients' expectations and evidence based goals in a tailored approach to diabetes care.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hospital assessments of children with learning problems: perspectives from special education administrators and hospital evaluators.

BACKGROUND: The schooling of 1 of every 8 children is influenced by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The IDEA also governs, to a degree, the relationship between interdisciplinary hospital clinics that evaluate many of these children and the schools that provide educational services. Little is known about how this relationship functions or how educational personnel perceive reports from hospital settings. OBJECTIVES: To describe special education administrator and hospital evaluator perspectives on hospital assessments of children with learning problems. METHODS: A survey of attendees at a 1998 meeting of the Massachusetts Association of Special Education Administrators was conducted by use of a questionnaire using closed and open-ended questions. Subsequently, focus groups were held with hospital evaluators. RESULTS: Special education administrators describe a high level of frustration with hospital-school relations. They state that hospital reports do not meet the needs of children in the educational setting. They seek closer collaboration with medical evaluators. Evaluators working in hospital settings acknowledge frustration perceived by school personnel. They state that communication with educational personnel improves the quality of their reports and outcomes for the child. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital assessments of children with learning problems are associated with high levels of frustration among special education administrators. These assessments might be made more useful if careful attention were paid to the needs of educators. Greater communication between hospital evaluators and school personnel may increase the usefulness of hospital clinic assessments of children with learning problems.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2005

Care, communication and conversation.

The professionalisation of care has resulted in ever increasing specialisation, use of technical innovations and informatisation. This has had consequences for the level and way of involvement of the care provider vis-a-vis the patient. The result has been growing alienation on the part of the patient and flight into non-classical medicine, as well as frustration on the part of medical personnel, likewise with respect to the reactions of patients. A solution is usually sought in more communication. This might be styled the professional answer to alienation and frustration, whereby 'the human factor', it is hoped, can be better accounted for. Enhanced communication implies two elements: 1) to better cater for the feelings of patients by trained communicators, i.e. more openness, more client satisfaction; 2) to better take into account patient rights and to actually implement them. The question is whether measures in terms of communication, geared at enhancing client satisfaction and the implementation of patient rights, are the real answer to the above mentioned alienation and frustration. Perhaps the trouble has deeper reasons and requires taking other dimensions into account such as decency and human dignity, which cannot be captured simply in terms of satisfaction and rights. This would mean that the answer must be sought at a deeper level than communication. This level might be called 'conversation' (using a concept analysed by Michael Oakeshott). In the second part of the paper, the possible relationship between care and conversation will be briefly analysed.

Communication↗
PubMed1997

Intergenerational perceptions of English speaking and Spanish speaking Mexican-American grandparents.

Hispanics are facing a number of problems, such as poverty, hunger, and a high dropout rate at school. Health-care reform and changes in Medicaid and Medicare are bound to further challenge the resiliency of minority families. To strengthen families from within, relevant programming should be implemented. Information regarding the strengths and needs of Mexican-American grandparents was obtained in order to adapt existing grandparenting programs for this population. Mexican-American grandparents (n = 181), parents (n = 148), and grandchildren (n = 173) provided information on grandparent satisfaction, success, teaching, difficulty, frustration, and information needs. Multivariate analyses of variance found differences for English and Spanish speaking grandparents. Spanish speaking grandparents reported a greater need for information than English speaking grandparents, and more frustration when dealing with adolescents than with younger children. For the English speaking grandparents, all of the generations agreed that grandparents under the age of sixty-one experienced more frustration than their older counterparts, and those who spent more than five hours a month with their grandchildren were more effective in their role. Possible factors that account for the findings are discussed and recommendations for establishing a grandparent program are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Barriers to communication about diabetes mellitus. Patients' and physicians' different view of the disease.

BACKGROUND: Management of diabetes mellitus is difficult for both the patient and the clinician, and poor communication resulting from different conceptions of the disease and different treatment goals can exacerbate the problem. METHODS: We used qualitative methods, including semistructured interviews with patients and clinicians and direct observation of clinical precepting sessions by trained observers at an inner-city family practice training site. Transcripts from these sessions were analyzed for content (with the help of Nud.ist software) to identify themes that highlight problem areas in clinician-patient communication. RESULTS: The most important themes revolved around the concept of control, which was used in at least 3 different ways, and the concept of frustration. Frustration resulted from different understandings of the biology, physiology, and natural history of the disease, and approaches to treatment. In the interviews, clinicians often spontaneously acknowledged the multiple physical, psychological, and social obstacles to treatment confronted by their patients, but in observed practice they almost always focused entirely on managing blood sugar numbers. CONCLUSIONS: Different conceptions of the term "control" affect the ability of patients and clinicians to communicate effectively. The tendencies of clinicians to view their own management strategy as scientific truth, and their focus on managing numbers rather than attempting to understand their patient's conception of disease and their treatment goals, lead to frustration and are serious obstacles to effective collaboration.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

The patient's perspective of irritable bowel syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The researchers wanted to understand how irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) affects patients' lives and their interactions with physicians and the health care system. STUDY DESIGN: A qualitative study was performed using focus groups of people with physician-diagnosed IBS. Immersion/crystallization was used to identify overriding themes. POPULATION: Adult volunteers with a previous physician diagnosis of IBS were included. OUTCOMES MEASURED: The outcomes were patient-reported symptoms, episode triggers, treatments, lifestyle changes, and interactions with their physicians that were related to IBS, and overriding themes identified from the focus groups. RESULTS: The subjects described IBS as a chronic episodic illness that affects their daily lives. Interaction with the medical community seldom clarified understanding of the condition or improved its management. Three overriding themes emerged from the groups: a sense of frustration, a sense of isolation, and a search for a niche in the health/sick role continuum. Frustration was evident in the perceived inability to control symptoms, prevent episodes, identify episode triggers, and obtain medical validation of the condition. The constant anticipation of the next IBS episode, the need for immediate access to toilet facilities, and the nature of the bowel symptoms often required withdrawal from social activities and resultant isolation. CONCLUSIONS: IBS is perceived as a chronic condition resulting in frustration and social isolation, and physicians are perceived to be providing inadequate medical information or support to patients with IBS.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2003

Recurrent miscarriage.

Recurrent miscarriage is defined as the occurrence of three consecutive pregnancy losses during the first trimester. Although it affects only 1% of all couples, it is a most frustrating experience for the patient as well as for the clinician. Frustrating for the couple because they rarely obtain clear-cut reasons for the repeated failure to sustain a pregnancy, nor the prospect of a fail-safe treatment; frustrating for the clinician, too, because it is extremely difficult to disentangle the causes of sporadic and unavoidable miscarriage--most of which have a genetic background--from those of recurrent miscarriage. In the latter case, an underlying defect can potentially be detected and, ideally, should be amenable to treatment. Unfortunately, however, this is rather exceptional. In this paper, literature on genetic, anatomic, endocrine, metabolic, and autoimmune aspects of recurrent miscarriage are reviewed, and a survey of meaningful investigations and treatment is provided.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Benzodiazepines and forensic aspects].

Adverse effects of benzodiazepines are well known since the first one was used in 1958 (chlordiazepoxide). The literature collects study-cases or rarely controlled studies concerning side effects or paradoxical reactions to benzodiazepines. They mostly described drowsiness and behavioral disinhibition, including increased well-being feeling but also hostility, rage access with feeling of invulnerability, serious crimes and sometimes homicides. Delusional, manic, confusional or depressive states are also pointed out. Rate for aggressive behaviour is 0.3 to 0.7% but distinction should be done between accidental or "idiosyncratic" reaction and voluntary sought disinhibition, clearly more frequent. No benzodiazepine has any specificity for these adverse effects but pharmacology, doses, associated drugs (or alcohol) and psychopathology interact to produce hazardous psychic states. Pharmacology: GABA induces a decrease in serotonin compound and vigilance. Pharmacokinetic: first dose effect or over-dose effect, short half-life, lipophily, affinity, digestive absorption, active metabolites interact. Psychopathology: age, alcohol association, psychological status (high initial level of hostility, impulsivity, frustration, personality disorder and depressive status). External conditions: chronic illness, affective and professional frustrations, physical or psychic exhaustion contribute also. Some benzodiazepines (flunitrazepam, diazepam, clorazepate, triazolam, alprazolam, lorazepam, for example) are more often concerned for pharmacokinetics characteristics but also prescription habits. Forensic aspects should be considered in case of homicide. Especially, reality of benzodiazepines consumption and awareness of the potential paradoxical reaction should be precisely evaluated. Special focus on voluntary induced disinhibition has to be done for forensic considerations. Relationship but also crime facilitations are sometimes consciously sought. Some benzodiazepines have already been identified for this use: flunitrazepam, clorazepate but also triazolam and temazepam in UK, alprazolam in USA. Flunitrazepam is prohibited in USA and considered as narcotics in France. A Swedish study showed that violent acts were more frequent and serious in juvenile offenders taking flunitrazepam/alcohol than other young offenders staying in the same correctional institution. They recommended classification of flunitrazepam as narcotic. A study from Belgium with drug addicts concluded in the same way and asked for an increased information of professionals and a more efficient control of the delivery. Before concluding to idiosyncratic effect, and then possibly to penal irresponsibility, the forensic approach should consider: firstly the reality of the benzodiazepines absorption and implication in committing violence (urine test, chronology, amnesia); secondly, the association of unusual behaviour and converging circumstances (pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, psychopathology, external conditions); thirdly the consumer's knowledge of the disinhibition effect. In our prison practice, we have to be particularly cautious as population frequently associates personality disorder, drug addiction and high level of frustration related to penitential context. Special information should be given to inmates when benzodiazepines are prescribed, but more extensively, a preventive strategy should be adopted in general population.

Aggression↗
PubMed2005

Smart tutor: a pilot study of a novel adaptive simulation environment.

Computer-based learning environments create the possibility of dynamic adaptation to address learner capabilities and user performance. Software algorithms, code-named Smart Tutor, for motor skill learning were developed and applied to an abstract environment for laparoscopic surgery (RapidFire). Smart Tutor dynamically adjusts the environment to minimize frustration and optimize learning conditions for all learners. This study compared the first generation RapidFire / Smart Tutor (RF / ST) to the Minimal Invasive Surgery Trainer Virtual Reality (MIST VR) system for laparoscopic performance improvement and level of frustration. Two groups of novice laparoscopic learners were assessed by pre- and post- training paper cutting exercise and subjective surveys. Users of both systems showed improvement of laparoscopic skills as measured by the paper cutting exercises. No differences were shown between groups for level of improvement. However, a significant difference was seen in the subjective ratings on the post-training survey with less frustration for the RF / ST training group. Important information was acquired for refinements of the Smart Tutor algorithms.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1991

[Relations between the indicators of humoral immunity and psychological adaptation of pilots].

Peripheral blood serum A, M and G immunoglobulins were measured in 123 pilots, 22 to 42 years of age, distributed in groups as to the degree of frustrational tension (FT), related frustrational tension (RFT) and frustrational intolerance (FI). Inverse correlation was found between the indices of psychic adaptation (FT, RFT and FI) and the M immunoglobulin content. No evident correlation was traced between the levels of the circulating A and G immunoglobulins and the psychological peculiarities assessed in the pilots.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Psychophysiological correlates of infant temperament: stability of behavior and autonomic patterning from 5 to 18 months.

The stability of infant temperament and autonomic patterning (heart period and cardiac vagal tone) was examined longitudinally when infants were 5, 10, and 18 months of age. Behavioral measures of reactivity and regulation to frustration tasks, and maternal perceptions of infant temperament were obtained at each age along with baseline measures of cardiac activity. No stability was found from 5 to 10 months while some stability of behavior and autonomic patterning was identified from 10 to 18 months, with the exception of negative reactivity. High levels of cardiac vagal tone (V) were associated with negative reactivity at 18 months. When examining groups based on degrees of reactivity and regulation, we found infants who responded negatively to frustration but who also displayed more regulatory behavior to have higher V.

Arousal↗