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PubMed1998

[Bone metabolism in non-cholestatic chronic hepatopathy].

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis may be associated with parenchymal hepatopathy and chronic alcoholism. Biochemical studies which are linked with bone metabolism and the bone densitometry may help to understand its physiopathology, before the symptoms appear and its consequences become inevitable. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study of bone metabolism and densitometry has been carried out in a population of 86 males, distributed in 4 groups: group I, control (17 men), group II, patients with chronic hepatopathy without alcoholism (25 patients), group III, chronic alcoholic without hepatopathy (21 patients), and group IV, patients with chronic alcoholic hepatopathy (23 patients). The results of densitometry and biochemical parameters in relation with bone metabolism are cross checked among these 4 groups. RESULTS: We found out that patients with chronic alcoholic hepatopathy have bone mineral density (BMD), at femoral level, significatively lower than that of the other 3 groups (p < 0.05). In chronic hepatopathy, regardless of its etiology, significant alterations in biochemical parameters of bone metabolism found, consisting basically in shrinked plasmatic level of 25-hydroxivitamin-D (25-OH-D) (p < 0.05). The plasmatic levels of calcitriol, magnesium and intact parathyroid hormone (PTHi) were significantly lower in chronic alcoholic hepatopathy than in the others 3 groups (p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Chronic hepatopathy is associated with deficiency in vitamin D. Alcoholism added to chronic hepatopathy has a negative influence on the plasmatic levels of calcitriol, magnesium and PTHi as well as in the femur BMD. Alcoholism not associated with chronic hepatopathy is not sufficient to cause significant alterations in the studied parameters.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Resting energy expenditure in obese African American and Caucasian women.

The prevalence of obesity among African American women approaches 50% and greatly exceeds rates for Caucasian women. In addition, black women lose less weight than white during obesity treatment and gain more weight when untreated. This study assessed resting energy expenditure (REE) and body composition in obese white (n = 122) and black (n = 44) women to explore the relationship between biological variables and these observed differences. REE and body composition were assessed by indirect calorimetry and densitometry, respectively, before weight loss. REE was significantly lower in black subjects (1637.6 +/- 236.9 kcal/d) than in white (1731.4 +/- 262.0) (p = 0.04). REE remained significantly lower in blacks than whites after adjusting for body weight (p = 0.02). REE, adjusted for fat-free mass, was also significantly lower in blacks than whites (p < 0.0001), although the overestimation of fat-free mass by densitometry in blacks may have contributed to this finding. There were no differences between the groups in respiratory quotient. These results suggest that a decreased REE may exist in obese black women, and it may be related to the observed differences between black and white women in the prevalence of obesity and in the response to weight loss treatment. These cross-sectional findings await confirmation in longitudinal studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Skeletal disease in primary hyperparathyroidism.

Most patients with primary hyperparathyroidism in the 1980s do not have evidence of bone disease when they are evaluated by conventional radiography. We sought to determine whether skeletal involvement can be appreciated when more sensitive techniques, such as bone densitometry and bone biopsy, are utilized. We investigated 52 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. They had mild hypercalcemia, 2.8 +/- 0.03 mmol/liter (11.1 +/- 0.1 mg/dl), low normal phosphorus, 0.9 +/- 0.03 mmol/liter (2.8 +/- 0.1 mg/dl), and no symptoms or specific radiological signs of skeletal involvement. The greatest reduction in bone mineral density was found at the site of predominantly cortical bone, the radius (0.54 +/- 0.1 g/cm; 79 +/- 2% of expected), whereas the site of predominantly cancellous bone, the lumbar spine (1.07 +/- 0.03 g/cm2), was normal (95 +/- 3% of expected). The site of mixed composition, the femoral neck (0.78 +/- 0.14 g/cm2), gave an intermediate value (89 +/- 2% of expected). Preferential involvement of cortical bone with apparent preservation of cancellous bone in primary hyperparathyroidism was confirmed by percutaneous bone biopsy. Over 80% of patients had a mean cortical width below the expected mean, whereas cancellous bone volume in over 80% of patients was above the expected mean. The results indicate that the majority of patients with asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism have evidence by bone densitometry and bone biopsy for cortical bone disease. The results also indicate that the mild hyperparathyroid state may be protective of cancellous bone. The therapeutic implications of these observations await further longitudinal experience with this study population.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2005

Urinary protein analysis in pre- and postoperative cancer patients.

Urinary proteins from six patients with esophageal cancer and two with stomach cancer were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Analyses were performed on days-1 to 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 (or 22) after surgery. The protein patterns were scanned by densitometry and divided into nine fractions. The main proteins in the fractions (Fr.) were identified as follows: immunoglobulin G in Fr. A, Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP) in Fr. B, transferrin in Fr. C, albumin in Fr. D, alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein in Fr. E, alpha(1)-microglobulin in Fr. F, retinol binding protein in Fr. G, and beta(2)-microglobulin in Fr. I. The protein in Fr. H was not identified. The percentage of each fraction was calculated from the densitometry pattern of each lane. The percentage values were averaged among all the patients, and pre- and postoperative data were compared. The percentage of Frs. E, F, and G increased on days 1-7, and the changes in these three proteins were similar to changes in serum C-reactive protein (CRP). In particular, the percentage of Fr. G peaked within 1 day of operation, which was faster than for CRP. Conversely, other fractions decreased. These results suggest that urinary protein analysis is useful for monitoring the response to surgical stress.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Densitometric and morphometric evaluation of growth in primary cultures of rat ventral prostate epithelial cells.

This study describes a method for establishing primary cultures in 24-well culture vessels and evaluating the effects of serum, hormones, and other factors on cell growth using densitometry. Primary cultures of rat ventral prostate epithelial cells were grown in 24-well culture vessels containing F12K culture medium supplemented with various concentrations of the following substances: fetal bovine serum (FBS), horse serum (HS), testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), hydrocortisone (HC), zinc (Zn), transferrin (TR), cysteine (CYS), glutamine (GLT), selenium (SEL), and ascorbic acid (AC). The effect of each supplement on cell growth was evaluated on fixed and stained cultures using a photovoltaic cell densitometer designed to read the total culture surface of a 16-mm well. Increasing concentrations of both HS and FBS resulted in an increase in cell growth. T, Zn, HC, TR, and AC each had a stimulatory effect on cell growth. CYS, GLT, and DHT had little effect on cell growth, while SEL was inhibitory to cell growth. This data compares favorably with that obtained by other methods, such as morphometric analysis and ornithine decarboxylase production. These results indicate that densitometry is a useful method for determining the effect of supplements on cell growth in primary culture.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Quantitation of proteoglycans as glycosaminoglycans in biological fluids using an alcian blue dot blot analysis.

A method for quantitation of intact proteoglycans as GAGs in biological fluids (blood plasma, synovial fluid) or 4 M guanidine extracts of tissues has been published previously (S. Björnsson, Anal. Biochem. 210, 282-291, 1993). The method is based on the specific interaction between sulfated polymers and the tetravalent cationic dye Alcian blue at pH 1.5 in 0.4 M guanidine-HCl and in the presence of 0.25% Triton. The absorbance assay has a measuring range of 1-20 microgram of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) which is not sensitive enough to measure the low contents of proteoglycans in blood plasma, urine, or wound fluid. A dot blot assay is now described in which the Alcian blue-GAG complexes are collected on a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane, by filtration in a dot blot apparatus, and the stain is quantitated as reflectance by scanning and densitometry. The assay requires 10 microliter of sample and has a measuring range of 10-800 ng of GAG, corresponding to a concentration of 1-80 mg/liter, suitable for proteoglycans in biological fluids. The procedures for chemistry, scanning, densitometry, and curve fitting were each evaluated separately. The error contributed by chemistry accounted for a minor portion of the imprecision. The imprecision contributed by scanning was the most important source of within-run and between-run imprecision, and was caused by inequalities of the charge-coupled device along the scanning arm. Unexpectedly, curve fitting was also a major source of total imprecision in dot blot quantitation and differed with the type of equation used. The between-run imprecision calculated as CV (SD/mean . 100) was 13.0% at 8 mg/liter. The response of the assay was identical for six different commercial preparations of GAGs (chondroitin-4-sulfate, chondroitin-6-sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparan sulfate, and heparin) despite differences in degree of sulfation known to exist. There was no positive or negative interference by blood plasma, apart from a slight negative interference on the quantitation of heparan sulfate. Analysis of 319 paired blood plasma and urine specimens from hospitalized patients showed a variation of plasma GAGs of 0.1-17.6 and urine-GAGs of 0.0-45.6 mg/liter. There was no correlation between plasma and urine GAG concentrations.

Alcian Blue↗
PubMed1995

Schistosoma mansoni: characterization of excretory-secretory polypeptides synthesized in vitro by daughter sporocysts.

Excretory-secretory (ES) products of daughter sporocysts have been implicated in the modulation of snail host reproductive physiology. Because of the potentially important role of ES products in snail reproduction, newly synthesized ES polypeptides of in vitro-cultured Schistosoma mansoni daughter sporocysts were examined in pulse-chase studies using [35S]methionine followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), fluorography, and scanning densitometry. Fluorograms of SDS-PAGE-separated ES proteins revealed that sporocysts released a wide variety of polypeptides ranging in molecular weight from 17 to 200 kDa into supernatants during 6 days of in vitro culture at 26 degrees C. Moreover, the general pattern of synthesis and release of daughter sporocyst polypeptides into culture supernatants differed from those ES components previously described from primary or mother sporocysts. Although quantitative densitometry revealed that total labeled ES protein released into culture supernatants was consistent for all three pulse-chase periods, there were significant differences in the quantities of individual polypeptide peaks. The dynamics of the synthesis and release of eight polypeptides chosen for further analysis varied over time. Several ES polypeptides (110, 95, and 25 kDa) were released in relatively constant amounts, while some (69 and 44 kDa) increased and others (38 and 35 kDa) decreased in quantity over the same period of culture. It is hypothesized that the 38- and 35-kDa polypeptides may be important candidate inhibitory molecules because of the correlation between their early release into culture supernatants and the inhibitory effect of Day 1-2 daughter sporocyst ES products on polysaccharide synthesis in the albumen gland of the snail host.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Determination of small bowel viability using quantitative myoelectric and color analysis.

Intraoperative assessment of viability in ischemic bowel remains a major unsolved problem in general surgery. Bowel viability was assessed in 31 dogs 24 hr after mesenteric arterial ligation in a 40-cm segment of ileum. The purpose of this study was to evaluate two new quantitative methods of viability assessment, electromyography (EMG) and reflection densitometry. These methods were compared with traditional methods of bowel viability assessment. EMG was measured using a specially designed probe which contains an electronic control unit for computer-assisted data acquisition. A computer algorithm quantified the EMG. Reflection densitometry quantified bowel color in the red and blue spectrum. Presence of visible peristalsis, Doppler ultrasound, and a visual color grading system were also used in viability assessment. Each parameter was measured at 2-cm intervals along the ischemic segment. Resection and anastomosis of ischemic bowel were then performed. There were nine deaths from anastomotic leak, all resulting from further bowel necrosis. EMG was the only viability assessment parameter that correlated with survival. EMG at the resection margin in survivors was 29 +/- 3% vs 23 +/- 4% at the resection site of nonsurvivors (P < or = 0.047 by unpaired Students t test). These results suggest that quantitative EMG measurements may be useful in assessment of viability in ischemic bowel.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Measurements of lens transparency or its disturbances by densitometric image analysis of Scheimpflug photographs.

Scheimpflug photography of the anterior eye segment with densitometric image analysis to measure lens transparency has proven its value in long-term follow-up studies of lens changes. The necessary technical conditions of the SL 45 Topcon camera guarantee high reproducibility. The technical control with respect to quality in case of repeated photography is ensured by an internal standard, the camera being equipped with a five-step scale of known density values. External standardization is done by taking the densitometer height of the cornea as standard. The coefficients of variation of internal and external standards were nearly equal (approximately 5%) over the 9-month period of observation of 100 patients (3,200 photos). The coefficients of variation correspond to the standard error found with repeated lens photos of volunteers' eyes evaluated by analysis of variance of the respective data sets. The standard error for distance measurements on the x-axis (cornea thickness, depth of anterior chamber, lens thickness, etc.) is less than 3%. Evaluation of follow-up examinations may most successfully be done by densitometric planimetry, which, in case of follow-up studies on opacified lenses, is superior to the usual measurements of densitometer height. The light scatter registered by Scheimpflug photography is highly individual. This is demonstrated by densitograms of normal lenses of persons of different age groups. Besides linear densitometry, various other procedures of densitometric planimetry are possible. The best results so far were obtained by multilinear densitometry, but the enormous amount of data obtained in this way renders routine application rather difficult.

Cataract↗
PubMed1980

Densitometric and visual measurements of human chromosome 21.

The finding of heteromorphisms in certain regions of human chromosomes is useful in chromosome identification, especially in the study of the origin of nondisjunction. Quantitation of heteromorphisms in the smaller human chromosomes is theoretically valuable but remains technically difficult. In this paper we evaluate two methods for quantitation of human chromosome 21--visual densitometric measurement of Q-banded 34-mm negatives. Thirteen parameters are defined for chromosome 21. We find three of them to show less variability between different measurements of the same cell and from cell to cell in the same individual: (1) the centromere index, defined as the ratio of length of the satellite, stalk, and short arm to the length of the satellite, stalk and short and long arms; (2) the ratio of length of the satellite to the length of the total heteromorphic region of the short arm; and (3) the ratio of the short arm intensity to the intensity of band q21. Another parameter, the ratio of satellite intensity to the intensity of band q21, is reproducible by visual measurement but not by densitometry. Based on these studies we conclude that densitometry is not necessarily better than visual quantitation of the heteromorphic region of chromosome 21.

Chromosome Banding↗
PubMed1991

Densitometric analysis of the local bleaching of the Neo-Timm staining pattern following intrahippocampal injection of diethyldithiocarbamate.

Treatment with certain metal chelating agents causes a time-dependent bleaching of the Neo-Timm staining pattern of zinc visualized in synaptic vesicles. In the present study, the extent and time course of the reversible chelation of hippocampal vesicular zinc was investigated following intrahippocampal injection of the chelating agent diethyldithiocarbamate. The carbamate (1.0 microliters 45 mg ml-1, 200 mM) was injected unilaterally into the hippocampal region of adult rats, which were allowed to survive 15 min-6 h before sacrifice. Control animals either received injections of distilled water or were untreated. Computerized optical densitometry was performed on cryostat sections of brains stained with the Neo-Timm method. Injection of diethyldithiocarbamate into the hippocampal region resulted in a localized bleaching of the Neo-Timm staining pattern. The extent of the bleaching varied with time being most pronounced at 15 min survival and gradually decreasing with time. After 6 h survival, a faint bleaching of the injected hippocampal region was barely seen. Computerized optical densitometry confirmed and extended the observations providing a semi-quantitative measure of zinc in synaptic vesicles.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Decreased mineralization in hemodialysis patients after subtotal parathyroidectomy.

Many hemodialysis patients undergo subtotal parathyroidectomy (sPTx) because of the complications of severe secondary hyperparathyroidism. In some patients, however, renal osteodystrophy fails to regress. In uremia, the high levels of circulating immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) which accompany osteitis fibrosa are associated with accelerated bone formation. After sPTx, the fall in iPTH may decrease mineralization and increase osteoid formation. Bone histomorphometry, densitometry, and serum biochemical determinations were done in 20 patients on regular maintenance hemodialysis and after sPTx in 3 additional patients. Densitometry at the radial diaphysis was inversely related to osteoid volume so that low bone mineral content indicated excess osteoid. Elevated serum alkaline phosphatase activity was associated with osteitis fibrosa. Tetracycline double labels identified 5 patients with an increased rate of mineralization. Levels of iPTH and serum phosphorus were positively correlated to the mineralization rate. The fall in iPTH after sPTx was accompanied by a reduction in osteitis fibrosa and decreased mineralization. The nonosteoblastic osteoid became more abundant. After sPTx some hemodialysis patients may convert the osteitis fibrosa to a poorly treatable low turnover osteomalacia.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Effect of pressure on intracardiac backscatter from microbubbles.

The backscatter from sonicated albumin microbubbles (Albunex) was analyzed using acoustic densitometry in an in vitro pulsatile heart model to evaluate the effects of pressure on the backscatter from Albunex, and the cardiac cyclic changes of intracardiac backscatter from sonicated albumin microbubbles in 16 healthy persons were analyzed. It was found that the Albunex microbubbles were compressed in systole and decompressed in diastole, causing corresponding changes of backscatter in cardiac cycle. Although the intensities of backscatter in diastole and systole were related to the concentration of microbubbles, the concentration of microbubbles had no effect on the difference of end-diastolic and end-systolic backscatter. The difference of the backscatter was highly correlated with end-systolic pressure (r = 0.96, P = 0.001). In human studies, we also observed same intracardiac cyclic changes of backscatter from sonicated albumin microbubbles. Our study indicates that it is possible to evaluate the intracardiac pressure non-invasively by analyzing the intracardiac backscatter from the microbubbles with acoustic densitometry.

Acoustics↗
PubMed2000

Effects of IGF-I treatment on osteopenia in rats with advanced liver cirrhosis.

IGF-I is an anabolic hormone which has been reported to increase bone formation in several conditions of undernutrition. Advanced liver cirrhosis is associated with osteopenia and also with low serum levels of IGF-I. Previous results showed that low doses of IGF-I increase osteoblastic activity and decrease bone reabsorption in early liver cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether IGF-I-treatment also induces beneficial effect on osteopenia associated with advanced cirrhosis. Rats with ascitic cirrhosis were divided into two groups: group CI (n=10) which received saline and group CI+IGF (n=10) which were treated with IGF-I (2 microg/100 g bw x day, sc, during 21 days). Healthy controls which received saline were studied in parallel (CO n=10). On the 22nd day, the animals were sacrificed, and bone parameters were analyzed in femur. Posterior-anterior diameter was similar in all groups. No significant differences were observed in bone content of calcium, total proteins, collagen and hydroxyapatite in cirrhotic rats as compared with controls. However, CI rats showed significant reductions in total bone density (-13.5%, p<0.001) assessed by densitometry and radiological study. In CI+IGF rat bone density (assessed by densitometry) improved significantly as compared with CI animals. In summary, osteopenia characterized by loss of bone mass and preserved bone composition was found in rats with advanced cirrhosis induced by CCl4 and phenobarbital in drinking water. This bone disorder is partially restored by treatment with low doses of IGF-I during only three weeks. Thus, IGF-I could be considered as a possible therapy for osteopenia associated with advanced liver cirrhosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Osteoporosis: current approaches and future prospects in diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management.

This review summarizes some of the major advances in our understanding and management of osteoporosis. Bone densitometry is the key to diagnosis but has limitations. Ultrasound and peripheral densitometry may provide new, rapid screening tools. Biochemical markers may provide an assessment of fracture risk as well as the response to therapy. Studies of the genetics of ostoporosis may also provide new approaches to diagnosis. The interactions between local and systemic factors, particularly between estrogen, cytokines, and prostaglandins, have suggested a mechanism for bone loss in rodent models. Nutritional deficits of calcium, vitamin D, and vitamin K may play a role in pathogenesis. Therapy is largely based on fracture prevention with calcium, vitamin D, and exercise programs, coupled with antiresorptive therapy. New approaches involving anabolic agents are under development. Our goal must be to increase our understanding of pathogenesis and to develop new cost-effective therapeutic agents as rapidly as possible so as to prevent an epidemic of osteoporotic fractures throughout the world in the next millennium.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Densitometric assessment of regional left ventricular systolic function during graded ischemia in the dog by use of dual-energy digital subtraction ventriculography.

Densitometric analysis of images obtained by digital subtraction angiography (DSA) allows for more reproducible and less operator-dependent quantitation of ventricular function. Conventional DSA uses temporal subtraction but is limited by misregistration artifacts. Dual-energy digital subtraction angiography (DE-DSA) is immune to such misregistration artifacts. The ability of DE-DSA to quantitate changes in regional ventricular volume resulting from ischemia was tested. Densitometric analysis of both phase-matched and ejection fraction DE-DSA images was used to quantitate regional left ventricular systolic function during four levels of ischemia ranging from mild to severe in open-chest dogs (n = 10). DE-DSA left ventriculograms were obtained by means of central venous injections of iodinated contrast medium. Ischemia was graded according to percentage of systolic wall thickening as measured by sonomicrometry. Phase-matched end-systolic images were obtained at each of four levels of ischemia by subtracting an end-systolic control image from each end-systolic ischemic image. Ejection fraction images were obtained at the control level and at each level of ischemia by subtracting an end-systolic image from an end-diastolic image of the same cardiac cycle. The resulting wall motion difference signals represent the changes in regional ventricular volumes and were quantitated by densitometry. Densitometry was able to detect the effect of all levels of ischemia on regional function, even the mildest. Densitometric analysis of both phase-matched and ejection fraction DE-DSA images provides a sensitive technique for detecting and quantitating the changes in regional left ventricular systolic volume that occur with ischemia.

Angiography, Digital Subtraction↗
PubMed1990

Pseudogene/functional gene ratio in late-onset 21-hydroxylase-deficient adrenal hyperplasia.

Late-onset adrenal hyperplasia caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency leads to hyperandrogenic symptoms in 1% to 6% of hyperandrogenic women. Normally there are two 21-hydroxylase genes present in a 1:1 ratio. Gene CYP21A is a nonfunctional pseudogene, whereas CYP21B is an active gene. Abnormalities of the CYP21A/CYP21B gene ratio may serve as a marker for late-onset adrenal hyperplasia. Eight hyperandrogenic patients with late-onset adrenal hyperplasia and five control subjects were studied by evaluation of autoradiograms of Taq I and Kpn I digests by means of laser densitometry. Seven of eight (87%) patients with late-onset adrenal hyperplasia had an abnormal CYP21A/CYP21B gene ratio on laser densitometry, suggestive of CYP21A gene duplication, CYP21B gene deletion, or the conversion of a CYP21B gene to a CYP21A gene. One of the five control subjects had a heterozygous deletion of the CYP21A gene. The CYP21A/CYP21B gene ratio may serve as a useful genetic marker for late-onset adrenal hyperplasia in a non-high-risk population.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1985

Comparison of the substance P- and dynorphin-containing projections to the substantia nigra: a radioimmunocytochemical and biochemical study.

A series of knife cuts were made in the striatonigral pathway and changes in dynorphin B (Dyn) and substance P (SP) input to the substantia nigra were examined using radiolabeled antibodies and radioimmunoassay (RIA). Cryostat cut sections were incubated with primary antibody followed by a secondary antibody labeled with 125I. Apposition of the radiolabeled sections to LKB Ultrofilm generated an image that was qualified by computerized optical densitometry. The striatonigral system served as a model system for comparing the quantitative capabilities of radioimmunocytochemistry with RIA. The results indicated a strong correlation between optical densitometry measurements and RIA for both Dyn (r = 0.97) and SP (r = 0.98) antisera. This suggests that radioimmunocytochemistry may be used for quantitative, as well as, qualitative descriptions of the distribution of tissue antigens. Knife cuts separating the rostral caudate putamen from the substantia nigra resulted in less than 40% depletion of dynorphin and substance P in the nigra pars reticulata, leaving the levels of both peptides relatively unchanged in the pars lateralis. More caudal knife cuts resulted in progressively greater depletions of both peptides in the pars reticulata and pars lateralis.

Animals↗