Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Data Science”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,603 records · Page 89Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Municipal records in nineteenth century Dutch emigration research.

Dutch emigrant registration records for the nineteenth century are examined in an effort to shed light on the local circumstances of the Dutch emigration movement. "Since nineteenth century emigration took place mostly through primary contacts this article will examine the newly established immigrant settlements as 'communities transplanted'...which directs our research to include local municipal records such as population censuses, population registers (which were supplemented after 1861 with registers of in- and out-migration), tax records, and records of vital events like marriage, birth and death registers. The quality and availability of these records vary from place to place, but generally speaking, in the case of the Netherlands, they are of high quality since population registration at the municipal level was required by law. The source of information for the local records are the population registers (Bevolkings Registers) which were originally constructed on the basis of information obtained from the 1850 population census...."

Birth Certificates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rules of evidence in psychophysiological investigations.

Conventional rules encourage an investigator to focus primarily on quantifiable data. In psychophysiological studies, however, the most relevant data may be nonquantifiable, at least at the present time. Behavior, visceral or general, does not necessarily depend on the quantity of a particular stress, but rather is the result of a complex interactive central processing of afferent signals, reflecting more the relevance of actuating factors than their quantitative features. Thus, the rules of evidence must ask not only for measurement, when possible, but for context as well and for data on related intangibles that determine the significance of an experience to an affected individual. Such an inquiry requires the perspicacity of a skilled and disciplined observer. As the practiced ear of a well-trained cardiologist can draw reliable anatomical inferences from listening to the heartbeat, so the eyes and ears of an educated physician should be able to determine the significance of events to his patient with a fair degree of reliability. Both the physician and the cardiologist, however, must deal with the potential distortion brought on by their own biases. Despite problems of bias, lack of replicability, and the need to persist in efforts toward precise measurement, progress continues in understanding the contribution of psychosocial stresses to a variety of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, respiratory, cutaneous, and other bodily disturbances and the pathways and neurohumoral mechanisms whereby they are mediated. The agenda now calls for developing new strategies for dealing with the powerful intangibles that activate the mechanisms. Meanwhile, as Robert Morrison once cautioned, "We must not expect a science to know more than it does."

Behavior↗
PubMed2003

[Nursing care in the anesthesia recovery period: review of the literature].

The present study was undertaken after it was observed that patients submitted to surgical procedures arrived in recovery room with incomplete records, thus complicating continuing nursing care. The goal of the present study is to analyze bibliographic data from 1990 to 2002 on recovery room nursing care. The data was obtained from LILACS (Latin America Literature about Health Science), PERIENF (Nursing School Library of the University of São Paulo) and BDENF (Library of Federal University of Minas Gerais). The key words were nursing care, recovery room and immediate post-operative period. Only 16 articles were found, indicating a shortage of literature on this topic. The recovery room period is an important period of hospitalization and the data are essential for continuous care.

Anesthesia Recovery Period↗
PubMed2001

Review times in statistical journals: tilting at windmills?

Using limited data, I argue that the review times in statistics are far too long for the field to keep pace with the rapidly changing environment in science. I note that statisticians do not appear to believe in statistics because data on the review process are not widely available to members of the profession. I suggest a few changes that could be made to speed up the review process, although it would appear that a change in our culture is required before the problem will be solved.

Biometry↗
PubMed1993

Effectiveness of intrapartum penicillin prophylaxis in preventing early-onset group B streptococcal infection: results of a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of intrapartum penicillin prophylaxis in preventing early-onset group B streptococcal (GBS) infection in neonates of women whose birth canals are colonized by group B streptococci. DATA SOURCES: Articles published between 1966 and 1992 identified from MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Science Citation Index and the Oxford Perinatal Database; the bibliographies of primary studies, textbooks and review articles and published abstracts from major conferences and symposia. DATA SELECTION: Studies were selected if four criteria were met: (a) the target population was intrapartum women and neonates, (b) the intervention was penicillin prophylaxis, (c) invasive early-onset GBS infection was an outcome measure, and (d) the studies were controlled trials or cohort studies. Seven primary studies were identified, four of which were randomized controlled trials. DATA EXTRACTION: Explicit methodologic criteria were used by two of the authors to assess independently the study quality; one of the reviewers was blind as to author, institution and journal. The baseline characteristics of the population, intervention and outcome were summarized twice and checked for accuracy by two of the authors. DATA SYNTHESIS: Five of the studies showed a trend toward a beneficial effect of penicillin prophylaxis, and two showed a statistically significant effect. The pooled odds ratio indicated a 30-fold reduction (95% confidence interval 0.0013 to 0.17) in the incidence of early-onset GBS infection with intrapartum penicillin prophylaxis. Subgroup analyses did not change these results. The magnitude of improvement observed did not differ between women with prenatal risk factors (premature rupture of the membranes and premature labour) and those without these risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: There is accumulative evidence that intrapartum penicillin prophylaxis is effective in preventing early-onset GBS infection. Such therapy is beneficial to women whose birth canals are colonized with group B streptococci. Further studies are needed to determine the optimum timing and method of detecting vaginal colonization during pregnancy.

Female↗
PubMed2001

Systemic hypotension and the development of acute sensorineural hearing loss in young healthy subjects.

BACKGROUND: Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) is an acute disorder whose origin is often unclear. A vascular disorder may be a causative factor. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether hypotension influences the genesis of SSHL in healthy subjects. DESIGN: To investigate the role of a 24-hour blood pressure (BP) profile in a population of young subjects with SSHL from January 1, 1996, to December 31, 1999, by a nonrandomized controlled trial. SETTING: The Ear, Nose and Throat Section of the Department of Surgical and Anaesthesiological Sciences and the Department of Internal Medicine, S. Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. PATIENTS: The study population consisted of 23 untreated healthy patients diagnosed as having SSHL compared with 20 age- and sex-matched normotensive control subjects. Both groups underwent 24-hour BP monitoring, and their BP profiles were analyzed and compared with routine BP values. The data were analyzed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 7.1, and the results are expressed as mean +/- SD. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The mean BP values were expected to be lower in the study population. RESULTS: The average clinic and ambulatory BP values were significantly lower in patients with SSHL, for systolic (clinic, P =.004; ambulatory BP, P =.02) and diastolic (clinic, P =.03; ambulatory BP, P =.03) values. The occurrence of persistent hypotension (the presence of >2 consecutive recordings of systolic BP of < or =105 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP of < or =60 mm Hg) was increased in the population with SSHL. CONCLUSION: Systemic hypotension must be considered as the possible cause responsible for the development of SSHL in young healthy subjects.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2001

The Web Experimental Psychology Lab: five years of data collection on the Internet.

In fall 1995, the worldwide-accessible Web Experimental Psychology Lab (http://www.genpsylab.unizh.ch) opened its doors to Web surfers and Web experimenters. It offers a frequently visited place at which to conduct true experiments over the Internet. Data from 5 years of laboratory running time are presented, along with recommendations for setting up and maintaining a virtual laboratory, including sections on the history of the Web laboratory and of Web experimenting, the laboratory's structure and design, visitor demographics, the Kids' Experimental Psychology Lab, access statistics, administration, software and hardware, marketing, other Web laboratories, data security, and data quality. It is concluded that experimental data collection via the Internet has proven to be an enrichment to science. Consequently, the Web Experimental Psychology Lab will continue and extend its services to the scientific community.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1976

Interim report on clinic intake and safety data collected from 17 NIDA-funded naltrexone studies.

In 17 studies of naltrexone, a totoal of 1,536 patients had been logged in as potential study subjects as of February 29, 1976. Of these, 883 had been started on study medication, including 107 on placebo as controls. A relatively high rate of attrition was seen in all studies over the first two months of study medication; this attrition rate tended to flatten out at about the fourth month. Of the 883 subjects beginning study medication, 47 (5.3%) were subsequently terminated for medical reasons. The data available on 45 of these subjects indicate equivalent percentages, both with respect to the total number of dropouts in the two study medication groups (naltrexone: 39 of 676, or 5.0%; placebo: 6 of 107, or 5.6%) and to the number of dropouts which the clinic reported as "possibly drug-related" (naltrexone: 6 out of 676, or 0.9%; placebo: 1 of 107, or 0.9%). However, one of the "possibly drug-related" dropouts developed idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura after the administration of naltrexone for approximately 13 months during four separate treatment admissions. Statistical review of the data and subsequent analyses of the five double-blind, placebo-controlled studies administered by the National Academy of Sciences revealed no significant medication-group differences with respect to the physical/psychiatric or laboratory data. A review of the symptom data and analyses indicates that the frequency of occurrences of certain of the gastrointestinal tract symptoms recorded was somewhat higher in those subjects treated with naltrexone. Specific symptoms involved included "Loss of Appetite", "Abdominal Pain or Cramps", "Nausea or Vomiting", and "Constipation". However, the relative severity of these symptoms for all subjects experiencing any symptomatology was not statistically differentiable with respect to study medication group.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2003

Interaction of science, consumer practices and policy: calcium and bone health as a case study.

Data to support a relationship between calcium and bone health are a major part of the body of evidence that underlie calcium-related policy in the United States. Examples of these policies include dietary intake recommendations, health claims for calcium and osteoporosis on food labels and an objective to improve calcium intake of the U.S. population in Healthy People 2010. Median calcium intakes among females fall below recommended levels after childhood even when supplemental calcium intakes are included. This is a concern in light of data that support a positive relationship between calcium and bone health. Most of the studies on the calcium-bone relationship have focused on older women, and several have used fracture as the endpoint; a meta-analysis of their results suggests that increased calcium intake is associated with approximately 30% decrease in fracture risk. Studies in children, adolescents and premenopausal women have focused on the relationship between calcium and bone mineral density rather than fracture; most of these also support a positive relationship between calcium intake and skeletal health although some data gaps remain. Calcium appears to be a threshold nutrient (e.g., intakes above a certain level do not result in further benefit to bone). The effect of increased calcium intake on bone density does not appear to persist unless the higher intakes are sustained. There are certain conditions, such as lactation, during which calcium intake does not appear to influence bone. Other factors that may influence the effect of calcium on bone include bone-specific genotypes and physical activity.

Bone Diseases↗
PubMed2004

Can Tai Chi improve vestibulopathic postural control?

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the rationale and scientific support for Tai Chi as an intervention for vestibulopathy and to offer recommendations for future studies. DATA SOURCES: A computer-aided search, including MEDLINE and Science Citation Index, to identify original Tai Chi studies published in English; relevant references cited in the retrieved articles were also included. STUDY SELECTION: A preliminary screening selected all randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non-RCTs, case-control studies, and case series that included Tai Chi as an intervention and had at least 1 outcome variable relevant to postural stability. DATA EXTRACTION: Authors critically reviewed studies and summarized study designs and outcomes in a summary table. DATA SYNTHESIS: Twenty-four Tai Chi studies met screening criteria. No studies specifically studying Tai Chi for vestibulopathy were found. Collectively, the 24 studies provide sometimes contradictory but generally supportive evidence that Tai Chi may have beneficial effects for balance and postural impairments, especially those associated with aging. Ten RCTs were found, of which 8 provide support that Tai Chi practiced alone, or in combination with other therapies, can reduce risk of falls, and/or impact factors associated with postural control, including improved balance and dynamic stability, increased musculoskeletal strength and flexibility, improved performance of activities of daily living (ADLs), reduced fear of falling, and general improvement in psychologic well-being. Studies using other designs support the results observed in RCTs. CONCLUSIONS: At present, few data exist to support the contention that Tai Chi specifically targets the impairments, functional limitations, disability, and quality of life associated with peripheral vestibulopathy. There are, however, compelling reasons to further investigate Tai Chi for vestibulopathy, in part because Tai Chi appears useful for a variety of nonvestibulopathy etiologic balance disorders, and is safe. Especially needed are studies that integrate measures of balance relevant to ADLs with other psychologic and cognitive measures; these might help identify specific mechanisms whereby Tai Chi can remedy balance disorders.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Understanding practice from the ground up.

BACKGROUND: Our objective was to understand family practices from the ground up through intensive direct observation of the practice environment and patient care. METHODS: Eighteen practices were purposefully drawn from a random sample of Nebraska family practices that had earlier participated in a study of preventive service delivery. Each practice was studied intensely over a 4- to 12-week period using a comparative case study design that included extended direct observation of the practice environment and clinical encounters, formal and informal interviews of clinicians and staff, and medical record review. DESIGN: This multimethod assessment process (MAP) provided insights into a wide range of practice activities ranging from descriptions of the organization and patient care activities to quantitative documentation of physician- and practice-level delivery of a wide range of evidence-based preventive services. Initial insights guided subsequent data collection and analysis and led to the integration of complexity science concepts into the design. In response to the needs and wishes of the participants, practice meetings were initiated to provide feedback, resulting in a more collaborative model of practice-based research. CONCLUSIONS: Our multimethod assessment process provided rich data for describing multiple aspects of primary care practice, testing a priori hypotheses, discovering new insights grounded in the actual experience of practice participants, and fostering collaborative practice change.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2005

Room for improvement? Reporting response rates and recruitment in nursing research in the past decade.

AIMS: This paper reports an analysis of recruitment and response rates in published nursing research in three peer reviewed nursing journals in 2002. We wished to establish if the deficits in reporting nursing research identified a decade earlier had been addressed. BACKGROUND: This analysis was informed by our personal experiences of research which produced widely differing response rates. An examination of the literature revealed a lack of consensus on desirable response rates in nursing research. Previous analyses have shown deficits in describing participants, sampling methods and reporting recruitment. METHODS: Papers reporting empirical research in three nursing journals in 2002 were reviewed in terms of a number of variables including research methodology, respondent type, recruitment method, response rate, location, and data collection method. Nominal coding was used as necessary. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences and a variety of descriptive statistics were employed. RESULTS: Half of the papers did not report a response rate. Of those which did, over three-quarters of both qualitative and quantitative studies had response rates of 60% or more. Research conducted in hospital and educational settings produced higher response rates than those in community settings. Studies with response rates of less than 60% did not always refer to their rates in the study limitations, and low response rates do not appear to be a barrier to publication. CONCLUSION: Reporting of sampling, recruitment and response rates in nursing research must be improved to support nursings' claim to be an evidence-based profession and to underpin clinical governance requirements. Only through improvements in the quality of nursing research publications can knowledge be extended and a better-informed research community be created.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prediction of treatment response using gene expression profiles.

This paper concerns prediction of clinical outcome from gene expression profiles using work in a different area, nonlinear system identification. In particular, the approach can predict long-term treatment response from data of a landmark article by Golub et al. (Golub, T. R.; Slonim, D. K.; Tamayo, P.; Huard, C.; Gaasenbeek, M.; Mesirov, J. P. et al. Science 1999, 286, 531-537) that has not previously been achieved with these data. The present paper shows that, for these data, gene expression profiles taken at time of diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia contain information predictive of eventual response to chemotherapy. This was not evident in previous work; indeed, the Golub et al. article did not find a set of genes strongly correlated with clinical outcome. However, the present approach can accurately predict outcome class of gene expression profiles even when the genes do not have large differences in expression levels between the classes.

Antibiotics, Antineoplastic↗
PubMed2004

Monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors in early Parkinson's disease: meta-analysis of 17 randomised trials involving 3525 patients.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify more reliably the benefits and risks of monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors (MAOBIs) in early Parkinson's disease. DATA SOURCES: Searches of the Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science for years 1966-2003, plus major journals in the field, abstract books, and proceedings of meetings, for randomised trials comparing MAOBIs with placebo or levodopa. DATA EXTRACTION: Available data on mortality, motor complications, side effects, treatment compliance, and clinician rated disability (for example, unified Parkinson's disease rating scale) were extracted from 17 trials and combined using standard meta-analytic methods. RESULTS: No significant difference in mortality existed between patients on MAOBIs and control patients (odds ratio 1.13, 95% confidence interval 0.94 to 1.34; P = 0.2). Patients randomised to MAOBIs had significantly better total scores, motor scores, and activities of daily living scores on the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale at three months compared with patients taking placebo; they were also less likely to need additional levodopa (0.57, 0.48 to 0.67; P < 0.00001) or to develop motor fluctuations (0.75, 0.59 to 0.95; P = 0.02). No difference existed between the two groups in the incidence of side effects or withdrawal of patients. CONCLUSIONS: MAOBIs reduce disability, the need for levodopa, and the incidence of motor fluctuations, without substantial side effects or increased mortality. However, because few trials have compared MAOBIs with other antiparkinsonian drugs, uncertainty remains about the relative benefits and risks of MAOBIs. Further large, long term comparative trials that include patient rated quality of life measures are needed.

Antiparkinson Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Creatine: a review of efficacy and safety.

OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of the data on the efficacy and safety of the nutritional supplement creatine. DATA SOURCES: Human studies in English in MEDLINE, Current Contents, BIOSIS, Science Citation Index, and the popular media (including a LEXIS-NEXIS search and information from the World Wide Web and lay media) for 1966 to July 1999 using the search terms creatine, creatine supplement#, creatine monophosphate, and creatine NOT kinase. DATA SYNTHESIS: Creatine use is common among professional athletes. Its use has spread to college athletes, recreational athletes, and even children. Most creatine supplement regimens include a loading dose of 20 to 30 grams divided in 4 equal doses for 5 to 7 days, followed by a 2 gram per day maintenance dose. The increased creatine in the muscle may allow larger stores of phosphocreatine to build, and provide extra energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate. Despite the many clinical trials, high-quality research is lacking. Laboratory investigations of endurance isotonic exercises, strength and endurance during isotonic exercises, isokinetic torque, isometric force, and ergometer performance have yielded roughly an equal number of published studies showing a positive effect or lack of effect. Field studies (i.e., on subjects participating in sports activities) are less impressive than laboratory studies. Performance was more often improved for short-duration, high-intensity activities. Reports have linked creatine to weight gain, cramping, dehydration, diarrhea, and dizziness. Creatine may decrease renal function, but only two case reports of this effect have been published. Creatine appears to be well tolerated in short-term trials. CONCLUSION: While creatine may enhance the performance of high-intensity, short-duration exercise, it is not useful in endurance sports. Because commercially marketed creatine products do not meet the same quality control standards of pharmaceuticals, there is always a concern of impurities or doses higher or lower than those on the labeling. Consumers should balance the quality of information supporting the use of creatine with the known and theoretical risks of using the product, including possible renal dysfunction.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Methyldigoxin Reference Standard (Control 881) of National Institute of Hygienic Sciences].

Methyldigoxin was tested for preparation of the "Methyldigoxin Reference Standard (Control 881)". Analytical data obtained were as follows: infrared spectrum 3456, 1738, 1086 cm-1; ultraviolet spectrum lambda max = 219 nm; absorbance E1cm1% (219 nm) = 193.1; water 0.99%; optical rotation [alpha]546.1(20) = +22.5 degrees; thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography indicates two impurities, respectively; quantitative analysis of acetone 3.87%; assay by spectrophotometry 100.3% against Digoxin Reference Standard (Control 802). On the basis of the above results, this material was authorized as the National Institute of the Hygienic Sciences Reference Standard (Control 881).

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Overview: Using mode of action and life stage information to evaluate the human relevance of animal toxicity data.

A complete mode of action human relevance analysis--as distinct from mode of action (MOA) analysis alone--depends on robust information on the animal MOA, as well as systematic comparison of the animal data with corresponding information from humans. In November 2003, the International Life Sciences Institute's Risk Science Institute (ILSI RSI) published a 2-year study using animal and human MOA information to generate a four-part Human Relevance Framework (HRF) for systematic and transparent analysis of MOA data and information. Based mainly on non-DNA-reactive carcinogens, the HRF features a "concordance" analysis of MOA information from both animal and human sources, with a focus on determining the appropriate role for each MOA data set in human risk assessment. With MOA information increasingly available for risk assessment purposes, this article illustrates the further applicability of the HRF for reproductive, developmental, neurologic, and renal endpoints, as well as cancer. Based on qualitative and quantitative MOA considerations, the MOA/human relevance analysis also contributes to identifying data needs and issues essential for the dose-response and exposure assessment steps in the overall risk assessment.

Aging↗