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PubMed2002

Body weight status of adults: United States, 1997-98.

OBJECTIVE: This report presents estimates for underweight, healthy weight, overweight, and obesity for U.S. adults aged 18 years and over. Based on self-reported height and weight, data are shown for selected population subgroups for both sexes and for men and women separately. METHODS: Body weight status of U.S. adults was estimated using data from the 1997-98 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) for 68,556 adults aged 18 years and over and Body Mass Index (BMI) (weight/height2) criteria established by the World Health Organization (WHO). The NHIS is administered in households throughout the United States using computer-assisted personal interviews (CAPI). The combined overall response rate in 1997-98 was 77.2%. Statistics shown in this report were age adjusted to the 2000 projected U.S. population. FINDINGS: Over one-half of adults (54.7%) were overweight and 1 in 5 (19.5%) were obese in 1997-98. Women (49.5%) were more likely than men (36.3%) to be of healthy weight although men and women were equally likely to be obese. Obesity was most prevalent among middle-aged adults, among black non-Hispanic adults and Hispanic adults, and among adults with less education and lower income. Rates of obesity by marital status differed by gender: married men (20.4%) had higher rates of obesity than separated and divorced men (16.8%), and married women (18.4%) had lower rates of obesity than separated and divorced women (23.2%). Obesity was lowest among adults living in the West and those living in a metropolitan statistical area (MSA), but outside the central city (i.e., the suburbs). CONCLUSIONS: Overweight and obesity were widespread in the United States in 1997-98 and prevalence varied significantly by population subgroup.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

[The demographic backdrop of families and children in Québec.].

This article presents the demographic background underlying the family evolution from the beginning of the XXth Century up to now. The first section describes the transformations of individual behaviour related to the family formation and stability. The main facts are the following : after a long period where a "legal" marriage corresponded to the beginning of a family, "living together" becomes more and more popular ; small families are replacing large families ; family planning becomes almost universal while more or less efficient contraceptive techniques are replaced by the most efficient ones; on the other hand, the marriage stability, formerly insured by an irrevocable commitment, is questionned as the rapidly increasing divorce rate shows. The second section examines the effects of these changes on the family environment of children ; it is shown that children born today are living in a more limited family environment : they will have only one brother or sister and very few cousins. Before they reach their majority very few will see the death of one of their parents ; however, the probability of seeing their parents obtain a divorce is increasing substantially, and a higher percentage of children will be raised in a lone parent family, by their mother in most cases. The observer is witnessing a rapid multiplication of various conjugal and family situations ; but no new dominant pattern has yet emerged.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1991

National survey of problems and competencies among four- to sixteen-year-olds: parents' reports for normative and clinical samples.

We compared parent-reported problems and competencies for national samples of 2,600 4-16-year-olds assessed at intake into mental health services and 2,600 demographically matched nonreferred children assessed in a home interview survey. Parents responded to the ACQ Behavior Checklist, which includes 23 competence items, three competence scales, 216 problem items, eight syndrome scales, Internalizing, Externalizing, and total competence and problem scores. Most items and scales discriminated significantly (p less than .01) between referred and nonreferred samples. There were important sex and age differences in problem patterns, but regional and ethnic differences were minimal. Somewhat more problems and fewer competencies were reported for lower- than upper-socioeconomic-status children. Referral rates were similar in the most urban and rural areas, but they were significantly higher in areas of intermediate urbanization. Correlations of problem scores with those obtained 10 years earlier in a regional survey and with surveys in other countries showed considerable consistency in the rank order of prevalence rates among specific problems. Apparently owing to its more differentiated response scales, the ACQ was susceptible to respondent characteristics that reduced its discriminative power below that of the Child Behavior Checklist. Comparisons of procedures for discriminating between the normal and the clinical range supported the value of a borderline category for children who are neither clearly normal nor clearly deviant. Interview data from the survey sample yielded significantly higher ACQ problem scores for children who had fewer related adults in their homes, those who had more unrelated adults in their homes, those whose biological parents were unmarried, separated, or divorced, those whose families received public assistance, and those whose household or family members had received mental health services. Children who scored higher on Externalizing than Internalizing problems tended to have unmarried, separated, or divorced parents and to come from families receiving public assistance. However, among children whose household or family members had received mental health services, there were greater proportions of both Externalizing and Internalizing patterns than among other children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[The dimensions of isolation in the elderly].

For the aged, social isolation and loneliness are among the most frequent causes of hospitalization or placement in homes. A survey of 730 people over 65 shows that cohabitation becomes rarer with advancing age, a phenomenon that has grown increasingly important during the twentieth century. Social isolation, characterized by extremely infrequent contacts with other people, affects approximately one out of ten elderly people. Most at risk are those who retired from lower positions in employment, divorced people and widowers. The main causes are the absence of children and relatives in the immediate area, the fact of being divorced, the lack of professional apprenticeship and, above all, a psychological disposition to introversion. These concepts should form the basis for working out ways of preventing the generalization of a phenomenon which, in the absence of appropriate measures, might become a serious threat to the future of out society.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

[Psychogenic disorders in males and females].

The influence of sex difference on symptoms, behavior during illness, the interactional dynamics of conflict, and external society reality is studied here in two random samples of 615 and 739 patients who sought psychotherapeutic treatment. The comparison shows that greater importance is attached to interpersonal relations and social reality (early marriage with child, separation, divorce) as well as to coming to terms with these things emotionally among women, who were in the majority in all clinical studies. Women often fall ill because of difficult relationships from which they cannot free themselves inwardly and toward which the remain oriented with disappointment and complaints, even after actual separation. A stronger need for close personal relationships leads them (often against the background of a conflict-ridden parental family) to an early partnership that is often cemented by pregnancy, only to be dissolved later by divorce. The counter-image of such relational problems is more often found among male patients, who show difficulties in limiting their own autonomy and in establishing dependable emotional ties and social relations. The relationships between the different realities of the two sexes, the structure of their needs and the resulting predilection to illness are examined in detail.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Perceptions of postmastectomy patients. Part I. The relationships between social support and network providers.

With the increased incidence of breast cancer in the United States, emotional adjustment of postmastectomy patients is a growing concern. This study was designed to examine demographic and social network variables that relate to social support. Breast cancer patients (N = 613) who had a mastectomy within the past 24 months (means = 12 months) responded to the Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire (NSSQ). To supplement the quantitative data, interviews were conducted with 27 women. Results from the NSSQ indicated that women perceived greater emotional support (means = 4.25) than aid (means = 3.97) from their network providers. The average number of persons (both professional and lay) in the women's total network was 8.1, comprising 57% family members and 27% friends. Relationships with network providers were characterized as stable (5-year) and frequent (weekly). Social support increased with age, but the size of the network decreased. No significant difference existed between marital categories in emotional support or frequency of contact. Married or widowed women perceived similar amounts of aid, whereas single and divorced women indicated less. Divorced women reported significantly larger networks than the other three marital status categories. Persons with less education perceived greater emotional support than those with more education. Being married had a significant positive relationship to emotional support (p less than .001).

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Fractures on chest radiographs in detection of alcoholism.

The prevalence of fractures seen on chest radiographs among alcoholics varies in various series from 36.0% to 8.7% while that for controls remains below 5%. The aim of our study was to find out whether the selection of the alcoholic subjects could account for this four-fold variation. We therefore chose two groups of alcoholics, group 1 consisting of 76 mainly unmarried or divorced lower class alcoholics who had attended the emergency department while intoxicated, and group 2 consisting of 108 mainly married middle class alcoholics with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. The control group consisted of 98 randomly chosen hospital patients. There was no significant difference between group 1 and group 2 in the prevalence of fractures detectable with chest radiography (25% and 21.3% respectively). 8.2% of the controls also had fractures. The fracture prevalence did not correlate with socioeconomic group. Married alcoholics had significantly less thoracic fractures than unmarried, divorced or widowed alcoholics as a group. The sensitivity and specificity of the fractures visible on chest radiograph as a marker for alcoholism is not sufficient to warrant its use in clinical or research work.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Child support awards: differentials and trends by race and marital status.

This study has analyzed data from combined 1979 and 1982 April supplements to the Current Population Survey to study differences in the award of child support by race and marital status. The following findings emerge from this study: The percentage of women with children present from an absent father who are awarded child support varies greatly by race and marital status. Among all women, nonblacks are more than twice as likely as blacks to have a child support award, and the ever-married are almost six times as likely as the never-married to have an award. Among the ever-married, currently separated women are approximately half as likely as the ever-divorced to have secured an award. The lower probability of child support awards among blacks can be attributed in part to their disproportionate membership in marital status groups with lower award probabilities. Blacks are four and one-half times as likely as nonblacks to be among the never-married and almost twice as likely to be among the currently separated. Racial differences in award probabilities exist within all marital status groups except the never-married. Among the currently separated, blacks are one-third less likely than nonblacks to have an award. Among the ever-divorced, blacks are almost one-fourth less likely than nonblacks to have an award. Among the never-married, unlike the ever-married, virtually no statistically significant socioeconomic characteristics appear to distinguish mothers who have a child support award from those who do not. Among all women, 50 to 60 percent of the gross racial differential in award rates can be explained by observed differences in such economic and demographic characteristics as marital status, educational attainment, age, place of residence, and number of children. Among the ever-married, 50 percent of the gross racial difference can be explained by these factors. Among the ever-married, the likelihood of being awarded child support at marital disruption has increased over time, but this upward trend has been different for blacks and nonblacks. Among nonblacks, the proportion of women obtaining a child support award increased 1.3 percent per year between 1960 and 1975 and then declined 0.4 percent per year since then. Among blacks, the proportion increased 0.8 percent per year between 1960 and 1975 and then accelerated to 1.6 percent per year since then.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Black or African American↗
PubMed1986

Systemic lupus erythematosus--a medical and social profile.

The social functioning of 120 patients (114 women) with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was studied. The proportion of Chinese, Japanese and Native Indians was greater than expected. Familial incidences of SLE (12.5%) and rheumatoid arthritis (17.5%) were high. Sixty-one women had 76 pregnancies after the onset of SLE; although fetal wastage was common, outcomes were otherwise satisfactory. Social difficulties worsened with disease exacerbations, drug reactions and delay in diagnosis. Thirty-three percent completed their education after the onset of SLE. Sixty-three percent with a work history were employed and 52% were totally or partially self-supporting. Patients experienced problems with self-image (20%), sexual functioning (4%) and lifestyle (17%). SLE was not a barrier to marriage or a primary cause of divorce: 40% married after the onset of SLE and 12.5% had a history of divorce. In summary, SLE patients can function well socially; it is imperative to recognize the difficulties and provide support.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Hypertension and ischemic heart disease in a rural family practice in Israel.

Prevalence rates of hypertension and ischemic heart disease in a rural community in Israel in 1976 were 9.3% and 2.3%, respectively. The rates were related to age, sex, country of origin, education, occupation, marital status, household crowding, and smoking habits. A multiple regression analysis of all variables showed a significantly positive association between the prevalence of hypertension and age, number of children, Cochin or Moroccan origin, and divorce or widowhood. A negative association was found with agricultural work. The prevalence rate of ischemic heart disease correlated positively with age, Cochin origin, and divorce or widowhood. A stepwise linear regression analysis revealed that these variables accounted for 11.3% and 2.8% of the total variance observed, in hypertension and ischemic heart disease respectively.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Children and marital disruption: a replication and update.

Data from the 1980 June Current Population Survey are used to estimate the incidence and duration of marital disruption as experienced by children. Rates during the 1977-1979 period suggest that about two-fifths of children born to married mothers will experience the disruption of that marriage while they are children. When children born before their mothers' first marriage are included, half of recent cohorts are likely to spend some time in a single parent family. These rates increased consistently over the 1970s. For the majority of those who experience a marital disruption, over five years are likely to elapse before the mother remarries. Furthermore, about half of the children who go through a divorce and remarriage will experience the breakup of the new family as well. At the same time, the interval between separation and divorce is less than a year for most children involved. There are major differences in these rates by race and important differences as well by education and age of mother. Replication of our earlier estimates for comparable periods was quite good for the estimates of the experience of marital dissolution, but somewhat less so for the analysis of mother's subsequent remarriage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The changing suicide pattern in Canadian adolescents and youth, compared to their American counterparts.

Canada has a high rate of suicide among adolescents and youth--higher than the rate in the United States. The study of variation in societal suicide rates is still guided primarily by Durkheim's (1897) theory which proposed a primarily social integration/regulation theory of suicide. There is evidence that social and economic predictors of suicide vary depending upon the particular subgroup--women or men, and young or old. Rates of birth, divorce, marriage, and unemployment were analyzed and compared to rates of suicide from 1965-1985 in Canada and the United States for particular subgroups. In Canada, measures of domestic integration (divorce and birth rates) and the economy (unemployment rate) predicted youth suicide rates more successfully than they did adult suicide rates. In the United States for the same period, there was less variation in the predictors of suicide by age. Further research as well as caution about overgeneralizing the results are warranted.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Multiple sclerosis: the impact on family and social life.

In a cross-sectional study of 117 randomly selected patients (52 men, 65 women) with definite multiple sclerosis, it was found that 76 percent were married or cohabitant, 8 percent divorced. Social contacts remained unchanged for 70 percent, but outgoing social contacts were reduced for 45 percent. Ninety-five percent lived in own house or flat and 70 percent received disablement pension. More than half of the patients (56.4 percent) were dependent on help from close relatives, most frequently spouse. The need for help, the risk of divorce, loss of contact with relatives, difficulty in going out, need for structural changes in home and need for pension became greater with increasing physical handicap. No significant differences between gender were found. It is concluded that patients and relatives are under increased social strain, when multiple sclerosis progresses to a moderate handicap (Kurtzke Disability Rating Scale, 3-5).

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[In vitro fertilization neonates transferred to neonatal medicine. Mid-and long-term outcome in 99 families].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the physical and neurodevelopmental status of children born after in vitro fertilization (IVF) as well as the family condition. DESIGN: Follow-up study including physical and developmental examination in available families, and/or interviews of parents/pediatricians/teachers/social workers. SETTING: The Port-Royal neonatal intensive care unit and follow-up clinic. SUBJECTS: From 1.1.1987 to 31.12.1992, in 32 single, 71 twin, 28 triple, and one quadruple pregnancies resulting from IVF (total 132), one or more neonates were admitted to the Port-Royal NICU. The outcome is presented for the 99 families followed longer than two years (199 neonates, 166/199 born prematurely). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Neurological sequelae (minor, moderate, major), developmental quotients, school level, behavioral disturbances, family conditions. RESULTS: From 21 singletons (2 deaths, 1 lost), 18 survivors were followed: 17 were normal above 2 years (10 above 3 years went to school), 1 had a severe cerebral palsy with low IQ. From 57 twin pregnancies (7 fetal and 9 neonatal deaths), the 98 survivors were followed: 78 were normal above 2 years (65 above 3 years went to school), 20 had some neuro-developmental deficits (of 14 above 3 years, 12 went to school); 25 families had had or still had problems (deaths and/or anomalies (9 cases) and/or sequelae); 3 mothers were single parents (2 divorces and one split). From 20 triple pregnancies (1 fetal and 3 neonatal deaths), 54 out of 56 survivors were normal above 2 years (33 above 3 years went to school); 3 siblings (1 deaf and 1 with cataract) were put in foster care after severe maternal beating; 2 mothers were single parents (one divorce and one split); 4 mothers had repeated breakdowns; one father tried suicide. From one quadruple pregnancy (one fetal and one neonatal deaths), the 2 survivors were normal above 3 years and went to school. Most sequelae involved very low birthweight babies, in association with a number of sleep and behavioural disturbances. From 98 mothers, 16 had 18 spontaneous pregnancies (11 full-term newborns, 5 miscarriages, 1 extra-uterine pregnancy, 1 abortion) and 3 mothers had another IVF pregnancy (a few others had IVF failures).

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The road to improved registration of vital statistics at community level.

At the beginning of a longitudinal study to evaluate the use of Village Health Workers (VHW) to collect vital statistics at the grassroot, 100 out of a total of 342 house-hold heads were randomly selected and interviewed. Information on births, child deaths, attitude to registration, and some factors militating against successful registration of vital statistics at the grassroot were inquired into and is discussed. There were a total of 6 stillbirths and 100 deaths in children (aged 0-14 years) in the last 5 years following the training of VHW for the community. Only 4 (3.4%) of these deaths wee officially registered. The top 4 causes of death in the children were febrile convulsion, malaria fever, measles and acute respiratory tract infection (ARI). Thirty six percent of the household heads felt reporting of deaths in children was unnecessary and 63.1% of children had birth certificates. Only 14% of the respondents had marriage certificates and out of a cumulative total of 43 divorces, only 21 had divorce certificates. Ignorance, poverty, traditional beliefs, lack of motivation and reduced accessibility to registration centres are major hindrances to successful registration of vital statistics at the grassroot.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Chronic diseases in immigrants from Russia (CIS) at a primary care clinic and their sociodemographic characteristics].

397 new immigrants to Israel ("olim") were under medical treatment at a primary care clinic during the first year (1990-1991) after their immigration to Israel ("aliyah") from 14 republics of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS, formerly the Soviet Union). Most of the olim were between 1-19 years of age. More than three-quarters were married and about a third of the women were widowed or divorced. The other patients were bachelors, separated men or women, or divorced men. More than a third had 16 years or more of education. More than a third of the families consisted of 2 members, while more than three-quarters had both parents, and about a quarter only 1 parent, usually the mother. Half the families had children; more than a quarter of the adults had not been employed in the CIS, while in Israel 58.8% were. 464 diagnoses of chronic diseases had been made in the CIS, (1.2/person), of which 75% were verified in Israel. 185 cases (0.5/person) not previously reported were diagnosed or had developed in Israel. The most frequent were cardiovascular, and next digestive tract disease, followed by endocrine, metabolic and musculoskeletal-connective tissue diseases. The overall prevalence rate of ischemic heart disease among men aged 20 < or = 65 years was 18.8%, compared to 5.8% among veteran Israelis. Among women the rates were 9.5% and 4.0%, respectively. The prevalence of hypertension (> or = 160/95) was 14% among men and 21% among women; in veteran Israelis it was 14% for both men and women. The prevalence of diabetes among men was 4.1%, and 5.4% among veteran Israelis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of the risks of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV infection in a rural region of Senegal in 1991].

This study was performed in the Sereer region 150 km to the east of Dakar, the capital of Senegal. The population of the region is characterised by large seasonal migration, a high divorce rate (41% of marriages end in divorce) and frequent polygamy (1.8 married women per married man). We organised the medical centres in the region to monitor actively the epidemiology of HIV infection. Three populations were targeted: pregnant women presenting for their first prenatal consultation; patients presenting with STD; and people with chronic (more than three weeks) cough. The patients consulting for STD were recruited two ways: those presenting spontaneously and those identified during home interviews by the team performing a parallel sociological study of behaviour. Overall, the prevalence of HIV seropositivity was 0.2% of the women and 1.3% of the men (the difference is not significant). The seropositive individuals identified were 2 pregnant women and 5 patients (3 of 409 women and 2 of 84 men) with STD. There was no significant difference between the sex, age, marital status, or type of recruitment (spontaneous or identified by the sociological survey) of the HIV seropositive and seronegative individuals. The prevalence of treponema antibodies was 1.8% among pregnant women, 2% among STD patients and 2.4% among patients with chronic cough. There was no significant difference according to age, sex, marital status or motivation for consultation. More than half the patients consulting for STD presented biomedical disease. The majority of the STD patients were women: 70% of those spontaneous consulting; 90% of those identified by the survey; and 92% of those with biomedical disease were women.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[The adoption of heroin addicts++ as a strategy of ambulatory treatment].

The authors describe the ambulatory treatment of a young man, the son of a divorced mother, where they used a methodology called Combined Treatment of Heroin Addicts, which was done in stages. They used family sessions, with a concomitant hearing of the patient alone, combined with the use of an opioid antagonist, called naltrexone. The young man was adopted by an uncle, married to his mother's sister, because his mother was divorced, living alone, and was too old to support, contain and provide her son with the necessary basis for treatment. The uncle assumed the tutorage of the case completely and gave his nephew the basis for identification and psychic maturation. The young man has now a year of treatment with a satisfactory evolution: he has had good results in his studies, has achieved good family and social integration, and does not use heroin.

Adoption↗